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“PENGANTAR FISIKA KUANTUM”

CHAPTER 3
THE TIME-INDEPENDENT SCHRODINGER
EQUATION

Dosen Pengampu:
Prof. Dr. I Wayan Santyasa, M.Si.,
Putu Widiarini, S.Pd., M.Pd.,M.Sc.,

Oleh :
Ni Putu Indah Pratiwi 1713021029/ VI B

PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN FISIKA


JURUSAN FISIKA DAN PENGAJARAN IPA
FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM
UNIVERSITAS PENDIDIKAN GANESHA
SINGARAJA
2020
1. Problem 3.2 Show that E must exceed the minimum value of for every
normalizable solution to the time-independent Schrödinger Equation. What is the
classical analog to this statement? Hint: Rewrite Equation 3.4 in the form

[ ]

if , then ifr and its second derivative always have the same sign argue that
such a function cannot be normalized.
Solution :
Beginning with the Schrodinger equation we find


Where we have made the substitution . Now we can see that the solution is

entirely dependent on the quantity E V then we get the differential equation

Which has known, square integrable solutions. The second case is E < V , which gives us
the differential equation

Which have permitted solutions of non-complex exponentials . However,


these standard exponential solutions are not square integrable over all space because they
blow up at either infinity or negative infnity, hence can never be normalized.
2. Problem 3.4 Solve the time-independent Schrödinger Equation with appropriate
boundary conditions for an infinite square well centered at the origin [

– ]. Check that your allowed energies are


consistent with mine (Equation 3.23), and confirm that your can be obtained from
mine (Equation 3.24) by the substitution
Solution :
( )

( )

( ( )) ( ( ))

( ( ))

With l = (2n+1)

√ ( )

√ ( )

∫ | |

∫ | |

∫ ∫

| | | ∫
[ ]
| | ∫

∫| | ( ) | | ∫ | |

√ and same for A

√ ( )

√ ( )

√ ( )

( ) { }

3. Problem 3.6 A particle in the infinite square well has as its initial wave function an even
mixture of the first two stationary states:
[ ]
a) Normalize (That is, find A. This is very easy if you exploit the
orthonormality of and Recall that, having normalized at you can rest
assured that is stays normalized if you doubt this, check it explicitly after doing part
b).
b) Find and [ ] . (Express the latter in terms of sinusoidal functions of
time, eliminating the exponentials with the help of Euler’s formula:
⁄ .
c) Compute 〈 〉. Notice that is oscillates in time. What is the frequency of the
oscillation? What is the amplitude of the oscillation? (If your amplitude is greater
than ⁄ go directly to jail).
d) Compute 〈 〉. (As Peter Lorre would say, ―Do it ze kveek vay, Johnny!‖)
e) Find The expecatation value of H. How does it compare wiht
f) A classical particel in this well would bonce back and fort between the walls. If its
energy is equal to the expectation value you found in (e), what is the frequency of the
classical motion? How does it compare with the quantum frequency you found in
(c)?

Solution:

a) Normalize . (That is, find A)


First we'll need to find , ], the 1st 2 stationary states. From notes or just
from guessing with the standing wave boundary conditions at x = 2, they are

corresponding to energy eigenvalues

Time dependence: we will need to know how these 2 states evolve in time. Since
they are eigenstates of H, we must have =i ⁄ which has
the solution

Now, on to business. The normalization condition is


1=∫ | |
= ∫ | | | |
=

where the last 2 terms vanish because they are odd in x. So

b) Find and | | . Express the latter in terms of sin and cos using
Use ⁄ .
⁄ ⁄
From above, ( ), and
√ [ ( ) ( ) ]

[ ( ) ( ) ]

⁄ ⁄
| | | | | | ( )
| | | | | |

| | [ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ]

where I used the info given, that . Note the oscillation in time.
c) Compute 〈 〉 Notice that it oscillates in time. What is the frequency of the
oscillation? What is the amplitude of the oscillation?

〈 〉 ∫ | | | |



where note the 1st two terms vanished because they were even in , but now last one
wasn't. So this is a particle which is sloshing back and forth in the well. Again I
would have given you this integral on a real test.

〈 〉 ∫ | |

∫ [ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ]

( ) ( )
∫ ( ) * + ∫ ( )
( )

∫ ( ) ( ) ∫ * ( ) ( )+

* ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )+

* + ( )

〈 〉 * + [ ]

Amplitude = ( ) ( )
Angular frequency =

d) Compute 〈 〉

〈 〉 ∫ ( )

⁄ ⁄
( )

e) Find the expectation value of H. How does it compare with E1 and E2

〈 〉 ∫ ( )

∫ | | | |

where in the 2nd to last step I used ∫ , etc. from the properties of sin,
cos, or recall that eigenfunctions belonging to different eigenvalues are orthogonal.
In the last step I used the normalization of .
f) frequency of the classical motion

〈 〉

Classical motion frequency


( )

Classical frequency

4. Problem 3.8 A particle in the infinite square well has the initial wave function

a) Normalize . Graph it. Which stationary state does it most closely resemble?
On that basis, estimate the expectation value of the energy.
b) Compute 〈 〉, 〈 〉 and 〈 〉, at . (Note: This time you cannot get 〈 〉 by
differentiating 〈 〉, because you only know 〈 〉 at one instant of time). How does 〈 〉
compare with your estimate in (a)?
Solution:
a) Normalize

∫ ∫

[ ]
[ ]

[ ]

To graph this function, note that at the endpoints (i.e., and ),


. Also, expanding out the integrand gives , which clearly indicates that this
wave function has a parabolic shape. We can find the extrema of this parabola by
taking the derivative and setting it equal to or ⁄ . The
second derivative tells us the orientation of the parabola: −2, so the curve is concave
downward as shown on the graph on the next page. As one can see from an
inspection of this curve (see figure on next page), this wave function resembles the
harmonic oscillator solution in the ground state since it resembles a sine
function (note that we will be investigating simple harmonic oscillators in section
III.E). As such, we can guess the expectation value of the energy will follow Eq.
(III-31):

b) Compute 〈 〉 〈 〉, and 〈 〉 at t = 0

〈 〉 ∫ ∫


[ ]

[ ]

〈 〉 ∫ ∫ { [ ]}

∫ { }

[ ]

The particle initially has an expectation of being at rest.

〈 〉 ∫ ( )

Now,

[ ]

〈 〉 ∫ ∫

[ ]

[ ]
〈 〉

From this, it is clear that

5. Problem 3.10 The wave function (Equation 2.14) has got to be normalized; given that
the fa's are orthonormal, what does this tell you about the coefficients cn?
Answer:

∑| |

(In particular, | | is always Show that

〈 〉∑ | |

Incidentally, it follows that 〈 〉 is constant in time, which is one manifestation of


conservation of energy in quantum mechanics.
Solution:
The wave function (Equation 2.14)

∫ [ ]

∫ [ ]

∫ ( ) ( )

with m = n

∫ ( ) ( )

with m n

we can normalize when


∑ √ ∑ ( )

√ ( )

∫ ∑ ∑

∑ √ ( )

∫ | |

∫ | |

∑| | ∫ ( )

∑| | ∫ ( )

Because ∫ ( ) = , then

∑| |

So that results are obtained;

∑| |

〈 〉 ∑ | |
̂

With Potential Energy equal to zero then;

〈 〉 ∫ ̂ ∫ | |

〈 〉 ∑| | ∫ ( )( ) ( ( ))

( ) ( )

( ( )) ( )

〈 〉 ∑| | ∫ ( )

Because ∫ ( ) = , then

〈 〉 ∑| |

Because , then

〈 〉 ∑| |

6. Problem 3.12
a) The raising and lowering operators generate new solutions to the Schrodinger
equation, but these new solutions are not correctly normalized. Thus is
proportional to , and is proportional to , but we'd like to know
the precise proportionality constants. Use integration by parts and the Schrodinger
equation (Equations 3.43 and 3.46) to show that

∫ | | ∫ | |

And hence (with to keep the wave functions real)


| | √


b) Use Equation 3.52 to determine the normalization constra An in Equation 3.50.
(You’ll have to normalize ―by hand‖). Answer:

( )

Solution:
a) Integration by parts and the Schrodinger equation (Equations 3.43 and 3.46)

∫ | | ∫

∫ [( ) ] [( ) ]

∫ ( ) [( ) ]

∫ * +

at this point, note that

As such, we can simplify the integral above as

∫ | | ∫ * +

∫ ∫ ∫ ...(1)

The first integral in Eq. (A) is found by using integration by parts, let

Then,

∫ ∫

* | ∫ +

Where | since the wave function must be normalizable. The second

integral in Eq.1 is

∫ ∫

The third and final integral in Eq. (1) in once again sloved with integral by parts, let
u=x dv =
du = dx
then,

∫ ∫

* | ∫ +

Since | 0 , plug eq. 2, 3, 4 in to eq. 1

∫ | | ∫ * +

∫ * +

( )

We next have to prove the solutions of the raising and lowering operators.
Assume that for some constant c, with and normalized

∫ | | | | ∫ | | | |

So, c =√ Note however, to achieve consistency withthe integrals above,

√ , so


Similarly, b for some constant b, so

∫ | | | | ∫ | | | |

So √ , to achieve consistency with the integrals above, √


So √
b) Equation 3.52 to determine the normalization constra An in Equation 3.50. (You’ll
have to normalize ―by hand‖)
( ) ( )

( )

(√ )

(√ )( √ )( √ ) (√ )

( )
| | ∫ | | √

Or

( )

So,

( )

7. Problem 3.14 Using the results of Problems 3.12 and 3.13,
a) Compute 〈 〉 〈 〉 〈 〉 , and 〈 〉 , for the states and . Note: In this and most
problems involving the harmonic oscillator, it simplifies the notation if you

introduce the variable √ and the constant
b) Check the uncertainty principle for these states.
c) Compute and for these states (no new integration allowed!). Is their sum
what you would expect?
Solution:

a) Compute 〈 〉 〈 〉 〈 〉 〈 〉
is even, is odd, in x in either case | | is even, so 〈 〉 ∫ | |
〈 〉
〈 〉


〈 〉 ∫ ( ) ∫ ( )

〈 〉 ∫ √ ∫ ( )


〈 〉 ∫ √
√ √


〈 〉 ∫ ∫


〈 〉 √ ∫ * ( )+


〈 〉 ∫ ( √ )
√ √

b) Check the uncertainly principle for these states

〈 〉 〈 〉

〈 〉 〈 〉

√ √

c) Compute (T) and (V)

〈 〉= 〈 〉=, ;〈 〉= m 2
〈 〉=,

〈 〉+〈 〉=〈 〉=, as expected

8. Problem 3.16 Use the recursion formula (Equation 3.68) to work out
Solution:
Recursion formula (Equation 3.68)
For the allowed values of K, the recursion formula reads

If , there is only one term in the series (we must pick to kill , and
in Equation 3.68 yields ):

and hence

(confirming Equation 3.68).


So

By convention the coefficient of

(which agrees with Table 2.1).

So

The coefficient of

9. Problem 3.18 In this problem we explore some of the more useful theorems (stated
without proof) involving Hermite polynomials.
a) The Rodrigues formula states that

( )

Use it to derive and .


b) The following recursion relation gives you Hn+\ in terms of the two preceding
Hermite polynomials:

Use it, together with your answer to (a), to obtain and


c) If you differentiate an Mth-order polynomial, you get a polynomial of order (n — 1).
For the Hermite polynomials, in fact,
d) is the nth z-derivative, at z = 0, of the generating finction exp
or, to put it another way, it is the coefficient of ⁄ In the Taylor seris
expansion for this function:

Use this to rederive .


Solution:
a) The rodrigues formula it to derive and

( )

( ) ( )

( ) [ ] [ ]

( ) [ ]

[ ]

( )

( )

b) Together with your answer to (a), to obtain and as follows;

c) For the Hermite polynomials, in fact;


d) In the Taylor seris expansion for this function:

( ) [ ] [ ]

( ) ( ) {[ ] }

{ [ ] }

10. Problem 3.20 This problem is designed to guide you through a "proof" of Plan-cherel's
theorem, by starting with the theory of ordinary Fourier series on a. finite interval, and
allowing that interval to expand to infinity.
a) Dirichlet's theorem says that "any" function f(x) on the interval [-a, +a] can be
expanded as a Fourier series:

∑[ ⁄ ⁄ ]

Show that this can be written equivalently as

∑ ⁄

What is cn, in terms of an and bn ?


b) Show (by appropriate modification of Fourier's trick) that


c) Eliminate n and cn in favor of the new variables and


√ ⁄ . Show that (a) and (b) now become

∑ ∫
√ √

where Δk is the increment in k from one n to the next.


d) Take the limit to obtain Plancherel's theorem. Note: In view of their quite
different origins, it is surprising (and delightful) that the two formulas [one for
in terms of the other for in terms of ] have such a similar structure in
the limit
Solution:
a) Starting by make a usage of Euler’s identity i.e, , where
can find the sine and consine from identit, so

Now we can write dirichlet’s theorem as

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
∑ * + ∑ * +

( ) ( )
∑ [ ] ∑ [ ]

( ) ( )
∑ [ ] ∑ [ ]

So teher are two values for , one for positive n’s , where the other is for the
negative values of n’s ,

Thus

( )

b) From completeness we know that

To find we need to multiply both sides by then integrate from –

∫ ∑ ∫

( )
∫ ∫
( )

I use to get second line the orthonormality propriety.


( )

c) using and √ we can write

( )

∑ √

√ ∑

√ ∑

but is equal to the increament from n to the next, so thus ,

√ ∑

( )
What we can write also is ∫ , so

√ ∫

√ ∫

d) as (i.e., becomes a diffrerntial ), and the sum become an


integration, therefore,

√ ∑

For the limits of the integration will changes

√ ∑
11. Problem 3.22 A free particle has the initial wave function where A and a are constants (a
is real and positive).
a) Normalize
b) Find Integral of the form

Can be handled by ―completing the square‖. Let √ [ ⁄ ] and note that


⁄ Answer:
⁄ ⁄[ ⁄ ]
( )
√ ⁄
c) Find | | express your answer in terms of the quantiy

√ ⁄[ ⁄ ] Sketch | | (as a function of ) at and again

fro some very large . Qualitatively, what happens to | | as time goes on?
d) Find 〈 〉 〈 〉 〈 〉, 〈 〉 and . Partial answer: 〈 〉 but it may take
some algebra to reduce it to this simpel from.
e) Does the uncertainty principle hold? At what time does the system come closest to
the uncertainty limit?
Solution:
a) Normalize

| |
∫ | | | | ∫

but the integrand is an even function over a symmetric region, so we write :


| |
| |
| | ∫ | | * +

And therefore,

| |∫ | | √


( )


b) Find

( ) ( ⁄ )
∫ ∫









( ) √


⁄ ⁄



⁄ *( ⁄ ) +



√ ⁄ ( ⁄ )


√ ⁄
⁄ ⁄ ⁄
( )
√ ⁄
c) Find | |

⁄ ⁄
⁄ | | √

| |



√ | | √
| |
| | | |

x x

d) Find 〈 〉 〈 〉 〈 〉, 〈 〉 and .
〈 〉
〈 〉 ∫ | | 〈 〉

〈 〉 √ ∫ √ √

〈 〉 ∫


( )

( )

| |

| | √ √

〈 〉 √ ∫

√ (√ √ ) ( )

( )( )

〈 〉

e) time does the system come closest to the uncertainty limit

√ √ √ ⁄

Closest at t = 0, at which time it is right at the uncertainty limit.


12. Problem 3.24 Two expressions [ ] involving delta functions are said to
be equal if

∫ ∫

For any (ordinary) function


a) Show that

| |
Where is a real constant.
b) Let be the step function:

[In the rare care where it actually matters, we define to be ⁄ .] Show that

Solution:
a) Consider the integral

∫ ( )

∫ ( )

| |

| |


| |


| |

| |
b) Step function:

| ∫

| ∫

| ∫

[ ] ∫

∫ ∫

13. Problem 3.26 Consider the double delta-function potential


[ ]
where and are positive constants.
a) Sketch this potential.
b) How many bound states does it possess? Find the allowed energies, for
⁄ and for ⁄ and sketch the wave functions.

Solution:
a) The potential looks like

The solutions split themselves in to even and odd. To determine the number of
bound states let’s write the wave functions for the even solutions. We have:

Next continuity at gives

The derivative is discontinuous, so we use the ideas in problem, where ( )

. Evaluating the left hand,

( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )

This is an equation that’s transcendental and must be solved graphically. Graphing

the results in Mathematica, we have, defining and and plotting

the solutions are: using the find root command. Thus


for the even solutions we have one bound state and the energy of the bound state is
given through k and we have,

( ) ( )
Now let’s do the odd solutions. We have for the wave functions for the bound states
(if there are any) given by:

Net continuity at gives the

derivative discontinuous, so we use the ideas in problem. Where ( )

. Evaluating the left hand side, we have:

( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )

This is another transcendental equation. Using the same definitions, as before, we


will plot . Using Mathematica again, we have:

Here there may or may not be a solution. Both graphs have their y-intercepts at 1,
but if c is too large ( too small), there may no intersection (red line), where as if c
is smaller (yellow line) there will be. (Note that which implies that is
not a solution, since is then non-normalizable.) So there could be an odd solution

for or . So we have one bound state if and two . So

for:

The energies of the two bound states are given by ( ) or

( ) using the formula for the even solutions. If

and energy ( ). The wave functions

look like:

14. Problem 3.28 Analyze the odd bound-state wave functions for the finite square well.
Derive the transcendental equation for the allowed energies, and solve it graphically.
Examine the two limiting cases. Is there always at least one odd bound state?
Solution:
We have,

Continuity of gives :

Continuity of ⁄ gives :

Dividing these two gives :


Or
√ ⁄
Wide, deep well: Intersections are at etc. Thiss fills the rest of the states for the
infinite square well.
Shallow, norrow well: if ⁄ , there is no odd bound state. The corresponding

contion on V0 is

cot (z)

(z /z)2 - 1

zo

    z

15. Problem 3.30 The Dirac delta function can be thought of as the limiting case of a
rectangle of area 1, as the height goes to infinity and the width goes to zero. Show that
the delta-function well (Equation 3.96) is a "weak" potential (even though it is infinitely
deep), in the sense that . Determine the bound-state energy for the delta-function
potential, by treating it as the limit of a finite square well. Check that your answer is
consistent with Equation 3.111. Also show that Equation (3.151) reduces to Equation
(3.123) in the appropriate limit.
Solution:
Equation 2.155 √ We want α = area of potential held constant as a →

0. Therefore ; √ So is small, and the intersection in Fig. 2.18

occurs at very small . Solve Eq. 2.156 for very small , by expanding :
√ ⁄ ( ⁄ )√

So,
but,
So, = √

So a dapat dihilangkan dengan limit a 0

( ) √

= , jadi

16. Problem 3.32 Determine the transmission coefficient for a rectangular barrier (same as
Equation (3.127), only with in the region . Treat separately the three
cases and (note that the wave function inside the barrier is
different in the three cases). Partial answer. For , This is a good example of
tunneling—classically the particle would bounce back.

( √ )

Solution:

√ √

1. Continuity of at – : .
2. Continuity of at – : .

( ) ( )
3. Continuity of at : .
4. Continuity of at : .

( ) ( )

( )( ) ( )( )

{[ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] }

* +
But sinh , cosh , so

* +

* +

( )
. But , so

* + ( √ )

( ) ( )
Where

(You can also get this from Eq. 2.169 by switching the sign of and using sin
( )

. ,

(In central region , so )

1) Continuity of at – : .
2) Continuity of at : .

3) Continuity of at : .
4) Continuity of at : .

Use (4) to eliminate D in (2.5): , and add to


(4.5):

| |

(You can also get this from Eq. 2.169 by changing the sign of and taking the limit
, using sin ). . This case is identical to the one in the book, only
with so

( √ )

17. Problem 3.34 Construct the S-matrix for scattering from a delta-function well (Equation
3.96). Use it to obtain the bound state energy, and check your answer against Equation
3.111.
Solution:
Subtract

Multiply by and add :

To get bound state energy, set , matrix

( )

Blows up at :

But k = √

18. Problem 3.36 A particle in the infinite square well (Equation 3.15) has the initial wave
function

Find 〈 〉 as a function of time.
Solution:

( ) ( )

√ [ ]

| | ( ) | |

[ ]

[ ]

| | [ ( )]

〈 〉 ∫ | | 〈 〉 〈 〉 ( )∫
Where 〈 〉 is the expectation value of x in the nth stationary state. The remaining
integral is:

∫ ( ) ( ) ∫ [ ( ) ( ) ]

[( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )]

Evidently then,

〈 〉 ( ) ( ) ( )

19. Problem 3.38 Find the allowed energies of the half-harmonic oscillator

{

(This represents, for example, a spring that can be stretched, but not compressed.) Hint:
This requires some careful thought, but very little actual computation.
Solution:
Since The schrodinger time-independent
equation is then

and must be square integrable. This problem is same as usual harmonic oscillator
except that we must choose only those eigenfunction which satisfy of the half harmonic
oscillator, that is if , then we know that
satisfies the above de an bc if is odd. Thus, the energy eigenvalues of the half harmonic
oscillator are

20. Problem 3.40 In Problem 3.22 you analyzed the stationary Gaussian free particle wave
packet. Now solve the same problem for the traveling Gaussian wave packet, starting
with the initial wave function

where is a real constant.


Solution:
Normal conditions are the same as for stationary cases:

( )

To find we follow the same procedure as in the stationary case. So we get



Given the initial wave function, we can find through the Plancherel theorem:




( ) ∫



( )

So now we can find a general solution:


( )

( ( ))

( )

where Maple is used for integrals. Count | | can be done using Maple, with the
results:

( ⁄ )

( )

The above results are reduced to a stationary wave packet when .

At , √ so | | √ ⁄ the correct wave packet


Therefore Gaussian is centered at Increases, becomes smaller but in this case,
the Gaussian peak moves according to 〈 〉 ⁄ . The top speed is ⁄ .

With direct integration we found 〈 〉 ⁄ . Calculating the other way requires a


little effort but we can use Maple to do most of it. The result is:
〈 〉
⁄ ⁄
〈 〉
〈 〉
All these results are reduced to those for the stationary wave packet of the problem when
. Thus the uncertainty principle becomes
√ 〈 〉 〈 〉 〈 〉 〈 〉

√ ⁄

which is the same result as in stationary wave packages. So even though the packet here
is moving at a constant speed, it spreads at the same speed as a stationary packet.
21. Problem 3.42 If two (or more) distinct (If the two solutions differ only by a
multiplicative constant (so that, once normalized, they differ only by a phase factor ),
they represent the same physical state, and in this case they are not distinct solutions.
Technically, by "distinct" I mean "linearly independent.") solutions to the (time-
independent) Schrodinger equation have the same energy , these states are said to be
degenerate. For example, the free particle states are doubly degenerate—one solution
representing motion to the right, and the other motion to the left. But we have
encountered no
Solution:

Abstract that equation, we will find

* +

But

* +

* +

It follows that

But the constant must be zero


22. Problem 3.44 {Attention: This is a strictly qualitative problem—no calculations
allowed!) Consider the "double square well" potential (Figure 3.17). Suppose the depth
and the width a are fixed, and great enough so that several bound states occur.
a) Sketch the ground-state wave function and the first excited state , (i) for the case
, (ii) for , and (iii) for .
b) Qualitatively, how do the corresponding energies ( and ) vary, as b goes from 0
to ? Sketch and on the same graph.
c) The double well is a very primitive one-dimensional model for the potential
experienced by an electron in a diatomic molecule (the two wells represent the
attractive force of the nuclei). If the nuclei are free to move, they will adopt the
configuration of minimum energy. In view of your conclusions in (b), does the
electron tend to draw the nuclei together, or push them apart? (Of course, there is
also the internuclear repulsion to consider, but that's a separate problem.)

Solution:

a) (i) ordinary finite square well. Exponential decay outside; sinusoidal


inside (cos for , sin for ). No nodes for , one node for .

(ii) Ground state is even. Exponential decay outside, sinusoidal inside the
wells, hyperbolic cosine in barrier. First excited state is odd – hyperbolic sine in
barrier. No nodes for , one node for .
(iii) same as (ii), but wave function very small in barrier region.
Essentially two isolated finite square wells; and are degenerate (in energy);
they are even and odd linear combinations of the ground states of the two separate
wells.

b) We know that for b = 0 the energies fall slightly below

the width of each (isolated) well is a, so

Hence the graph (next page). [Incidentally, within each well, , so

the more curved the wave function, the higher the energy. This is consistent with the
graphs above.]
c) In the (even) ground state the energy is lowest in configuration (i), with , so
the electron tends to draw the nuclei together, promoting bonding of the atoms. In the
(odd) first excited state, by contrast, the electron drives the nuclei apart.
23. Problem 3.46 Consider the potential
{

where and are positive real constants with the appropriate units (see Figure 3.18). A
particle starts out in the "well" , but because of tunneling its wave
function gradually "leaks" out through the delta-function barrier.
a) Solve the (time-independent) Schrodinger equation for this potential; impose
appropriate boundary conditions, and determine the "energy", . (An implicit
equation will do.)
b) I put the word "energy" in quotes because you'll notice that it is a complex number!
How do you account for this, in view of the theorem you proved in Problem 3.1a?
c) Writing (with and Γ real), calculate (in terms of Γ) the
characteristic time it takes the particle to leak out of the well (that is, the time it takes
before the probability is l/e that it's still in the region

Solution:

a) Impose appropriate boundary conditions, and determine the "energy", .


where

Boundary conditions:

 ( )

 ( )
( ) ( ) ( )

( )

( )

b) This wave function is not normalized and the theorem in 3.1a applies only to
normalized states
c) Calculate (in terms of Γ) the characteristic time it takes the particle to leak out of the
well (that is, the time it takes before the probability is l/e that it's still in the region

| | | |

Time for | | to drop to of its initial value

24. Problem 3.48 Consider the potential

where a is a positive constant and "sech" stands for the hyperbolic secant.
a) Show that this potential has the bound state

and find its energy. Normalize and sketch its graph.


b) Show that the function

( )

(where √ ⁄ as usual) solves the Schrödinger equation for any(positive)


energy .
Since tanh as ,
for large negative .
This represents, then, a wave coming in from the left with no accompanying reflected
wave [ ] What is the asymptotic form of at large
positive ? What are and for this potential? Note: is a famous example of
a "reflectionless" potential—every incident particle, regardless of its energy, passes
right through.
c) Construct the S-matrix for this potential, and use it to locate the bound states. How
many of them are there? What are their energies? Check that your answer is
consistent with part (a).
Solution:
Consider the potential

where a is a positive constant and "sech" stands for the hyperbolic secant.
a) Graph this potential.
Let us make all constants one so as to make graphing easier and possible on
Mathematica or GnuPlot.
Check that this potential has the state

and find its energy. Normalize , and sketch its graph.


We check that satises the Schrödinger Equation and solve for the energy E.

Solving for we find that

To normalize , we use the normalization condition

∫ | |

| | ∫

| | | | |

The maximum of occurs at √

b) Show that the function

( )

(where √ ⁄ as usual) solves the Schrödinger Equation for any (positive)


energy . Since tanh as ,
for large negative .
This represents, then, a wave coming in from the left with no accompanying reflected
wave What is the asymptotic form of at large positive
? What are and for this potential? Comment: This is a famous example of a
reflectionless potential - every incident particle, regardless of its energy, passes
right through.
We start by checking that satisfies the Schrödinger Equation.

( )

Simplifying and replace k for √ we obtain



√ √
√ √
Also


√ √
√ √
As we can see satises the Schrödinger Equation.
We have

For large positive tanh as

So ( ) . For the transmission coeffcient , we take the ratio of the

squares of the amplitudes of

( )
( )

( )( )

The transmission coeffcient is 1, which implies that .


c) For scaltering from the left ,

,
( )

From problem 3.35 we immediately conclude:

( )( )

( )( )

This agrces wiht . Evidently there is just one bound state.

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