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CHAPTER 3
THE TIME-INDEPENDENT SCHRODINGER
EQUATION
Dosen Pengampu:
Prof. Dr. I Wayan Santyasa, M.Si.,
Putu Widiarini, S.Pd., M.Pd.,M.Sc.,
Oleh :
Ni Putu Indah Pratiwi 1713021029/ VI B
[ ]
if , then ifr and its second derivative always have the same sign argue that
such a function cannot be normalized.
Solution :
Beginning with the Schrodinger equation we find
√
Where we have made the substitution . Now we can see that the solution is
Which has known, square integrable solutions. The second case is E < V , which gives us
the differential equation
( )
( ( )) ( ( ))
( ( ))
With l = (2n+1)
√
√ ( )
√ ( )
∫ | |
∫ | |
∫ ∫
| | | ∫
[ ]
| | ∫
∫| | ( ) | | ∫ | |
√ ( )
√ ( )
√ ( )
( ) { }
3. Problem 3.6 A particle in the infinite square well has as its initial wave function an even
mixture of the first two stationary states:
[ ]
a) Normalize (That is, find A. This is very easy if you exploit the
orthonormality of and Recall that, having normalized at you can rest
assured that is stays normalized if you doubt this, check it explicitly after doing part
b).
b) Find and [ ] . (Express the latter in terms of sinusoidal functions of
time, eliminating the exponentials with the help of Euler’s formula:
⁄ .
c) Compute 〈 〉. Notice that is oscillates in time. What is the frequency of the
oscillation? What is the amplitude of the oscillation? (If your amplitude is greater
than ⁄ go directly to jail).
d) Compute 〈 〉. (As Peter Lorre would say, ―Do it ze kveek vay, Johnny!‖)
e) Find The expecatation value of H. How does it compare wiht
f) A classical particel in this well would bonce back and fort between the walls. If its
energy is equal to the expectation value you found in (e), what is the frequency of the
classical motion? How does it compare with the quantum frequency you found in
(c)?
Solution:
Time dependence: we will need to know how these 2 states evolve in time. Since
they are eigenstates of H, we must have =i ⁄ which has
the solution
⁄
b) Find and | | . Express the latter in terms of sin and cos using
Use ⁄ .
⁄ ⁄
From above, ( ), and
√ [ ( ) ( ) ]
√
[ ( ) ( ) ]
√
⁄ ⁄
| | | | | | ( )
| | | | | |
| | [ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ]
where I used the info given, that . Note the oscillation in time.
c) Compute 〈 〉 Notice that it oscillates in time. What is the frequency of the
oscillation? What is the amplitude of the oscillation?
〈 〉 ∫ | | | |
⁄
∫
⁄
where note the 1st two terms vanished because they were even in , but now last one
wasn't. So this is a particle which is sloshing back and forth in the well. Again I
would have given you this integral on a real test.
〈 〉 ∫ | |
∫ [ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ]
( ) ( )
∫ ( ) * + ∫ ( )
( )
∫ ( ) ( ) ∫ * ( ) ( )+
* ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )+
* + ( )
〈 〉 * + [ ]
Amplitude = ( ) ( )
Angular frequency =
d) Compute 〈 〉
〈 〉 ∫ ( )
⁄ ⁄
( )
〈 〉 ∫ ( )
∫ | | | |
where in the 2nd to last step I used ∫ , etc. from the properties of sin,
cos, or recall that eigenfunctions belonging to different eigenvalues are orthogonal.
In the last step I used the normalization of .
f) frequency of the classical motion
〈 〉
√
( )
Classical frequency
4. Problem 3.8 A particle in the infinite square well has the initial wave function
a) Normalize . Graph it. Which stationary state does it most closely resemble?
On that basis, estimate the expectation value of the energy.
b) Compute 〈 〉, 〈 〉 and 〈 〉, at . (Note: This time you cannot get 〈 〉 by
differentiating 〈 〉, because you only know 〈 〉 at one instant of time). How does 〈 〉
compare with your estimate in (a)?
Solution:
a) Normalize
∫ ∫
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
b) Compute 〈 〉 〈 〉, and 〈 〉 at t = 0
〈 〉 ∫ ∫
∫
[ ]
[ ]
〈 〉 ∫ ∫ { [ ]}
∫ { }
[ ]
〈 〉 ∫ ( )
Now,
[ ]
〈 〉 ∫ ∫
[ ]
[ ]
〈 〉
5. Problem 3.10 The wave function (Equation 2.14) has got to be normalized; given that
the fa's are orthonormal, what does this tell you about the coefficients cn?
Answer:
∑| |
〈 〉∑ | |
∫ [ ]
∫ [ ]
∫ ( ) ( )
with m = n
∫ ( ) ( )
with m n
∑ √ ∑ ( )
√ ( )
∫ ∑ ∑
∑ √ ( )
∫ | |
∫ | |
∑| | ∫ ( )
∑| | ∫ ( )
Because ∫ ( ) = , then
∑| |
∑| |
〈 〉 ∑ | |
̂
〈 〉 ∫ ̂ ∫ | |
〈 〉 ∑| | ∫ ( )( ) ( ( ))
( ) ( )
( ( )) ( )
〈 〉 ∑| | ∫ ( )
Because ∫ ( ) = , then
〈 〉 ∑| |
Because , then
〈 〉 ∑| |
6. Problem 3.12
a) The raising and lowering operators generate new solutions to the Schrodinger
equation, but these new solutions are not correctly normalized. Thus is
proportional to , and is proportional to , but we'd like to know
the precise proportionality constants. Use integration by parts and the Schrodinger
equation (Equations 3.43 and 3.46) to show that
∫ | | ∫ | |
√
b) Use Equation 3.52 to determine the normalization constra An in Equation 3.50.
(You’ll have to normalize ―by hand‖). Answer:
⁄
( )
√
Solution:
a) Integration by parts and the Schrodinger equation (Equations 3.43 and 3.46)
∫ | | ∫
∫ [( ) ] [( ) ]
∫ ( ) [( ) ]
∫ * +
∫ | | ∫ * +
∫ ∫ ∫ ...(1)
The first integral in Eq. (A) is found by using integration by parts, let
Then,
∫ ∫
* | ∫ +
∫
integral in Eq.1 is
∫ ∫
The third and final integral in Eq. (1) in once again sloved with integral by parts, let
u=x dv =
du = dx
then,
∫ ∫
* | ∫ +
∫ | | ∫ * +
∫ * +
( )
We next have to prove the solutions of the raising and lowering operators.
Assume that for some constant c, with and normalized
∫ | | | | ∫ | | | |
√ , so
√
Similarly, b for some constant b, so
∫ | | | | ∫ | | | |
( )
(√ )
(√ )( √ )( √ ) (√ )
( )
| | ∫ | | √
Or
( )
So,
( )
√
7. Problem 3.14 Using the results of Problems 3.12 and 3.13,
a) Compute 〈 〉 〈 〉 〈 〉 , and 〈 〉 , for the states and . Note: In this and most
problems involving the harmonic oscillator, it simplifies the notation if you
⁄
introduce the variable √ and the constant
b) Check the uncertainty principle for these states.
c) Compute and for these states (no new integration allowed!). Is their sum
what you would expect?
Solution:
a) Compute 〈 〉 〈 〉 〈 〉 〈 〉
is even, is odd, in x in either case | | is even, so 〈 〉 ∫ | |
〈 〉
〈 〉
√
〈 〉 ∫ ( ) ∫ ( )
√
〈 〉 ∫ √ ∫ ( )
√
〈 〉 ∫ √
√ √
√
〈 〉 ∫ ∫
√
⁄
〈 〉 √ ∫ * ( )+
√
〈 〉 ∫ ( √ )
√ √
〈 〉 〈 〉
〈 〉 〈 〉
√ √
√
〈 〉= 〈 〉=, ;〈 〉= m 2
〈 〉=,
8. Problem 3.16 Use the recursion formula (Equation 3.68) to work out
Solution:
Recursion formula (Equation 3.68)
For the allowed values of K, the recursion formula reads
If , there is only one term in the series (we must pick to kill , and
in Equation 3.68 yields ):
and hence
⁄
So
The coefficient of
9. Problem 3.18 In this problem we explore some of the more useful theorems (stated
without proof) involving Hermite polynomials.
a) The Rodrigues formula states that
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) [ ] [ ]
( ) [ ]
[ ]
( )
( )
( ) [ ] [ ]
( ) ( ) {[ ] }
{ [ ] }
10. Problem 3.20 This problem is designed to guide you through a "proof" of Plan-cherel's
theorem, by starting with the theory of ordinary Fourier series on a. finite interval, and
allowing that interval to expand to infinity.
a) Dirichlet's theorem says that "any" function f(x) on the interval [-a, +a] can be
expanded as a Fourier series:
∑[ ⁄ ⁄ ]
∑ ⁄
⁄
∫
∑ ∫
√ √
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
∑ * + ∑ * +
( ) ( )
∑ [ ] ∑ [ ]
( ) ( )
∑ [ ] ∑ [ ]
So teher are two values for , one for positive n’s , where the other is for the
negative values of n’s ,
Thus
( )
∑
∫ ∑ ∫
( )
∫ ∫
( )
∫
( )
∑
∑ √
√ ∑
√ ∑
√ ∑
( )
What we can write also is ∫ , so
√ ∫
√ ∫
√ ∑
√ ∑
11. Problem 3.22 A free particle has the initial wave function where A and a are constants (a
is real and positive).
a) Normalize
b) Find Integral of the form
fro some very large . Qualitatively, what happens to | | as time goes on?
d) Find 〈 〉 〈 〉 〈 〉, 〈 〉 and . Partial answer: 〈 〉 but it may take
some algebra to reduce it to this simpel from.
e) Does the uncertainty principle hold? At what time does the system come closest to
the uncertainty limit?
Solution:
a) Normalize
| |
∫ | | | | ∫
And therefore,
| |∫ | | √
⁄
( )
√
b) Find
( ) ( ⁄ )
∫ ∫
√
⁄
∫
√
⁄
√
∫
√
⁄
⁄
( ) √
√
⁄
⁄
⁄ ⁄
⁄
∫
√
⁄ *( ⁄ ) +
⁄
∫
√
√ ⁄ ( ⁄ )
⁄
√
√ ⁄
⁄ ⁄ ⁄
( )
√ ⁄
c) Find | |
⁄ ⁄
⁄ | | √
√
| |
⁄
√
√
√ | | √
| |
| | | |
x x
d) Find 〈 〉 〈 〉 〈 〉, 〈 〉 and .
〈 〉
〈 〉 ∫ | | 〈 〉
〈 〉 √ ∫ √ √
〈 〉 ∫
⁄
( )
√
( )
| |
| | √ √
√
〈 〉 √ ∫
√ (√ √ ) ( )
( )( )
〈 〉
√
e) time does the system come closest to the uncertainty limit
√ √ √ ⁄
∫ ∫
| |
Where is a real constant.
b) Let be the step function:
[In the rare care where it actually matters, we define to be ⁄ .] Show that
⁄
Solution:
a) Consider the integral
∫ ( )
∫ ( )
| |
∫
| |
∫
| |
∫
| |
| |
b) Step function:
| ∫
| ∫
| ∫
[ ] ∫
∫ ∫
Solution:
a) The potential looks like
The solutions split themselves in to even and odd. To determine the number of
bound states let’s write the wave functions for the even solutions. We have:
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
Now let’s do the odd solutions. We have for the wave functions for the bound states
(if there are any) given by:
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
Here there may or may not be a solution. Both graphs have their y-intercepts at 1,
but if c is too large ( too small), there may no intersection (red line), where as if c
is smaller (yellow line) there will be. (Note that which implies that is
not a solution, since is then non-normalizable.) So there could be an odd solution
for:
look like:
14. Problem 3.28 Analyze the odd bound-state wave functions for the finite square well.
Derive the transcendental equation for the allowed energies, and solve it graphically.
Examine the two limiting cases. Is there always at least one odd bound state?
Solution:
We have,
Continuity of gives :
Continuity of ⁄ gives :
√
Or
√ ⁄
Wide, deep well: Intersections are at etc. Thiss fills the rest of the states for the
infinite square well.
Shallow, norrow well: if ⁄ , there is no odd bound state. The corresponding
contion on V0 is
cot (z)
(z /z)2 - 1
zo
15. Problem 3.30 The Dirac delta function can be thought of as the limiting case of a
rectangle of area 1, as the height goes to infinity and the width goes to zero. Show that
the delta-function well (Equation 3.96) is a "weak" potential (even though it is infinitely
deep), in the sense that . Determine the bound-state energy for the delta-function
potential, by treating it as the limit of a finite square well. Check that your answer is
consistent with Equation 3.111. Also show that Equation (3.151) reduces to Equation
(3.123) in the appropriate limit.
Solution:
Equation 2.155 √ We want α = area of potential held constant as a →
occurs at very small . Solve Eq. 2.156 for very small , by expanding :
√ ⁄ ( ⁄ )√
So,
but,
So, = √
( ) √
= , jadi
16. Problem 3.32 Determine the transmission coefficient for a rectangular barrier (same as
Equation (3.127), only with in the region . Treat separately the three
cases and (note that the wave function inside the barrier is
different in the three cases). Partial answer. For , This is a good example of
tunneling—classically the particle would bounce back.
( √ )
Solution:
√ √
1. Continuity of at – : .
2. Continuity of at – : .
( ) ( )
3. Continuity of at : .
4. Continuity of at : .
( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( )
{[ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] }
* +
But sinh , cosh , so
* +
* +
( )
. But , so
* + ( √ )
( ) ( )
Where
(You can also get this from Eq. 2.169 by switching the sign of and using sin
( )
. ,
1) Continuity of at – : .
2) Continuity of at : .
3) Continuity of at : .
4) Continuity of at : .
| |
(You can also get this from Eq. 2.169 by changing the sign of and taking the limit
, using sin ). . This case is identical to the one in the book, only
with so
( √ )
17. Problem 3.34 Construct the S-matrix for scattering from a delta-function well (Equation
3.96). Use it to obtain the bound state energy, and check your answer against Equation
3.111.
Solution:
Subtract
( )
Blows up at :
But k = √
18. Problem 3.36 A particle in the infinite square well (Equation 3.15) has the initial wave
function
⁄
Find 〈 〉 as a function of time.
Solution:
( ) ( )
√ [ ]
| | ( ) | |
√
[ ]
√
[ ]
√
| | [ ( )]
〈 〉 ∫ | | 〈 〉 〈 〉 ( )∫
Where 〈 〉 is the expectation value of x in the nth stationary state. The remaining
integral is:
∫ ( ) ( ) ∫ [ ( ) ( ) ]
[( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )]
Evidently then,
〈 〉 ( ) ( ) ( )
19. Problem 3.38 Find the allowed energies of the half-harmonic oscillator
⁄
{
(This represents, for example, a spring that can be stretched, but not compressed.) Hint:
This requires some careful thought, but very little actual computation.
Solution:
Since The schrodinger time-independent
equation is then
and must be square integrable. This problem is same as usual harmonic oscillator
except that we must choose only those eigenfunction which satisfy of the half harmonic
oscillator, that is if , then we know that
satisfies the above de an bc if is odd. Thus, the energy eigenvalues of the half harmonic
oscillator are
20. Problem 3.40 In Problem 3.22 you analyzed the stationary Gaussian free particle wave
packet. Now solve the same problem for the traveling Gaussian wave packet, starting
with the initial wave function
∫
√
Given the initial wave function, we can find through the Plancherel theorem:
∫
√
⁄
( ) ∫
√
⁄
⁄
( )
( ( ))
⁄
( )
√
where Maple is used for integrals. Count | | can be done using Maple, with the
results:
( ⁄ )
√
( )
⁄
The above results are reduced to a stationary wave packet when .
√ ⁄
which is the same result as in stationary wave packages. So even though the packet here
is moving at a constant speed, it spreads at the same speed as a stationary packet.
21. Problem 3.42 If two (or more) distinct (If the two solutions differ only by a
multiplicative constant (so that, once normalized, they differ only by a phase factor ),
they represent the same physical state, and in this case they are not distinct solutions.
Technically, by "distinct" I mean "linearly independent.") solutions to the (time-
independent) Schrodinger equation have the same energy , these states are said to be
degenerate. For example, the free particle states are doubly degenerate—one solution
representing motion to the right, and the other motion to the left. But we have
encountered no
Solution:
* +
But
* +
* +
It follows that
Solution:
(ii) Ground state is even. Exponential decay outside, sinusoidal inside the
wells, hyperbolic cosine in barrier. First excited state is odd – hyperbolic sine in
barrier. No nodes for , one node for .
(iii) same as (ii), but wave function very small in barrier region.
Essentially two isolated finite square wells; and are degenerate (in energy);
they are even and odd linear combinations of the ground states of the two separate
wells.
the more curved the wave function, the higher the energy. This is consistent with the
graphs above.]
c) In the (even) ground state the energy is lowest in configuration (i), with , so
the electron tends to draw the nuclei together, promoting bonding of the atoms. In the
(odd) first excited state, by contrast, the electron drives the nuclei apart.
23. Problem 3.46 Consider the potential
{
where and are positive real constants with the appropriate units (see Figure 3.18). A
particle starts out in the "well" , but because of tunneling its wave
function gradually "leaks" out through the delta-function barrier.
a) Solve the (time-independent) Schrodinger equation for this potential; impose
appropriate boundary conditions, and determine the "energy", . (An implicit
equation will do.)
b) I put the word "energy" in quotes because you'll notice that it is a complex number!
How do you account for this, in view of the theorem you proved in Problem 3.1a?
c) Writing (with and Γ real), calculate (in terms of Γ) the
characteristic time it takes the particle to leak out of the well (that is, the time it takes
before the probability is l/e that it's still in the region
Solution:
√
where
Boundary conditions:
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
b) This wave function is not normalized and the theorem in 3.1a applies only to
normalized states
c) Calculate (in terms of Γ) the characteristic time it takes the particle to leak out of the
well (that is, the time it takes before the probability is l/e that it's still in the region
| | | |
where a is a positive constant and "sech" stands for the hyperbolic secant.
a) Show that this potential has the bound state
( )
where a is a positive constant and "sech" stands for the hyperbolic secant.
a) Graph this potential.
Let us make all constants one so as to make graphing easier and possible on
Mathematica or GnuPlot.
Check that this potential has the state
∫ | |
| | ∫
| | | | |
√
( )
( )
√
√ √
√ √
As we can see satises the Schrödinger Equation.
We have
( )
( )
( )( )
,
( )
( )( )
( )( )