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ABSTRACT
Packaging industry’s raw material producers face continuous challenges of Anita Magdolna Szabó1,
sustainable development. Besides raw material and energy consumption László Koltai2,
mitigation, essential functions of product protection must be maintained.
Re-use and recycling of waste materials must be provided, which is required Lóránt Fodor1
by the European Union directives as well. Multi-beverage carton recycling is
even more difficult due to the use of various materials, due to their diverse 1
Department of Machine and
properties and qualities. The introduced paper is part of a complex study, Product Design, Budapest
which aims to prove that utilizing dry-grinding technology and no additives, University of Technology
semi-finished products can be produced for the packaging industry. and Economics
2
Department of Media Technology
KEY WORDS and Light Industry Engineering,
multi-layered packaging, beverage cartons, dry-grinding, recycling, eco-design Óbuda University
Corresponding author:
Anita Magdolna Szabó
anitam.szabo@gmail.com
(1)
14
Where mA - Grammage [g/m2], m - mass of the speci-
men [g], A - surface area of the test specimen [m2]. Test specimen manufacturing
Thickness determination After fractioning, test specimens were produced from
the grinded materials for further analysis. The 1.5 mm
Subsequently, test specimen thickness was determined thick test specimen was prepared using COLLIN P 200
using semi-automatic Lorentzen-Wettre type thickness E-type heat press. According to the literature upper
measuring device, with an average of 10 measurements and lower face of the press was adjusted to T = 180°C
for each sample, according to the ISO 534:2011. temperature. 120 mm x 120 mm x 1.5 mm test specimen
plates were prepared. The 1.5 mm metal frame was filled
Apparent Sheet Density determination up by the pulp and placed in the heated press. After
closing of the press, and setting the temperature reheat
The apparent sheet density of packaging value to T0 = 180°C, pressure was increased from p0 = 0bar to
was determined by calculation (2) these indi- p1 = 100 bar, for 5 minutes (t = 300 s). Then cooling the
cates compactness of the structure. press heads down to T1 = 40°C, and lowering pressure
to p2 = 0 bar, prepared specimen were removed.
(2)
Grinding
Preparation for grinding, as described in “Preparation »»Figure 4: P200 COLLIN this heat press
for laboratory testing“ section, was that prepared
cartons were cut into 20 mm wide stripes, then were
cut up and grinded by a 4 knife FRITSCH Cutting Mill. Test specimen
The process is shown in Figure 3. Then resulting
powder particle size distribution was examined. At the preparatory stages of basic and mechanical tests,
specimens were kept at 50±2% relative humidity on T =
23°C±1 temperature. After this experiments took place.
Grammage determination
»»Figure 3: FRITSCH Cutting Mills
The grammage value determined by calculation of
the specimen as described in previous section.
Fractioning
Thickness measurement
The laboratory fractionation shaker used for fraction-
ing has defined hole size sieve series between Ø3.15 Thickness of the test specimen was measured
mm and Ø0.063 mm, with an eccentric drive and a by Lorentzen Wettre digital thickness gauge
timer. Each sieve has the remaining chips that can be at ten points according to ISO 534:2011.
read by 0.01 g accuracy. In five simultaneous mea-
surements, a 60 seconds shaking timer, 100 g – 100
g samples per raw material were fractionated. Mechanical tests
The structure of the grinding was examined Specimens were measured against resistance by mechan-
(Figure 7) by Tuxen type BCT-type stereo micro- ical stress experiments. Aluminum-free, and aluminium
scope with video camera and external light. TS constituent beverage carton specimens, their material
View was the image processing software used. composition, the irregular distribution of their com-
(7)
(3)
Where ITear = Tear index (mNm2/g), as a base for STear
Where ST - Tensile Strength (N/m), b - Clamping Length (m) = Tear strength (Nm) mA = Grammage (g/m2).
From the absolute elongated values, read from the Bending stiffness test
device, knowing the clamping length average linear
strains of the specimens were calculated (4). The specimen stiffness was measured with the Loren-
tzen type of instrument according to ISO 5628:2012.
The device measures the force required for the 15
(4) degree bending of the specimen, in case of a 25 mm
lever arm. The received data is in pond units that
Where ΔL - the Difference Between the Original Length needed conversion and summary to mN. During the
(L0) and the Elongated Length (L1), L0- Initial Length experiments, 38 x 70 mm sized specimens were used.
(mm).
The two kind of specimens was tested with ten-
Specimens with various material composition of are ten parallel measurements. Using the readings,
comparable, due to the Tensile index values. This is bending force values were determined by calcu-
nothing more than tensile strength weighed by gram- lation of the bending stiffness (Koltai, 2013).
mage. However, this requires the grammage values:
mass of the heat-pressed specimen expressed in grams
per square meter, defined in section “Mechanical tests”
section. As a result tensile index was determined (5). Results
16
The polietilene was detectabled with Fourier transform mm and 1.6 mm sieve diameter. The Ø1.6 mm sieve for
infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The result shows a Figure 5. aluminum-free particles had 36.1%, while aluminium
constituent had 46.1% of the particles remained. In the
Ø1.0 mm sieve, there were approximately the same
amount, aluminum-free 26.7% and aluminum constit-
uent 25.5%. The Ø0.63 mm sieve had aluminum-free
22.8%, and 19.4% of the aluminum constituent parti-
cles. On the 0.071 mm sieve there were typically scrabs
of cellulose fiber, while on the Ø1.6mm one beverage
carton pieces were found. The results shows Figure 6.
Fractioning
After grinding - what we described in “Grinding” »»Figure 7: Below 0.315 mm particle microscopes,
section - we performed fractionation as described CS stereomicroscope TS view
in “Fractioning “ section. It can be concluded that
the largest fraction was between 1.6 mm and 3.15
mm range. There was fractionated chips of the alu- Results of test specimens
minum-free sample of 4.61 g, which is 46% of the
total fraction, while from the aluminum ones 3.61 g
was that the total fraction of 36% into this range. Optical structure examination results
Based on the average of the measured values diagram, it The recordings made as described in “Optical
is observed that although both show about the same size structure experiments“ section. On these pictures
distribution of raw materials, the aluminum-containing aluminum, molten polyethylene (PE) and cellu-
granules of the Tetra Pak Ø 1.6 mm sieve had 1.00 grams, lose fibers can be well recognized. (Figure 8)
while the Ø 0.063 mm sieve had 0.37 grams more. For
both aluminium constituent and aluminum-free Tetra
Pak particle diameter was mostly in the range of 0.63
»»Figure 8: Surface image, BTC stereo microscope TS view Results of mechanical tests
Despite the mechanical strength of the recordings, it can Results of tensile test
be concluded that the structure has a specific incoher-
ence. Due to the three material components, specific We measured in the present experiment, with presented
cavity system can be observed on the surface of the at “Tensile test “ section instrument, and calculated
sample. This structure shows the structure of fiber-rein- using the formula number 3. These values are Tetra Pak
forced composites, wherein the PE is matrix material, the aluminum-free ST = 987N/m, Tetra Pak with aluminium
reinforcing material in the cellulosic fiber and alumi- ST = 2396 N/m. The average elongation of hot-pressed
num. The molten polyethylene (PE) is able to keep the specimens was determined with the reading values and
structure of the sample. Problematic structural element the formula 4. These values are Tetra Pak aluminum-free
is the aluminum (Al), as compression occurred below specimen ε = 0.05, for the Tetra Pak aluminium specimen
the melting point of aluminum so that, in areas where ε = 0.055.
a greater surface area (2-3 mm) aluminum veil, the ele- The tensile strength index was calculated as formula 5.
ments can connect to a lesser extent compared to areas The values of grammage was using, what was presented
where only cellulose and polyethylene (PE) is present. in “Results of grammage determination“ section. In the
present study, tensile index of the analyzed specimens
Results of grammage determination for Tetra Pak aluminum-free were IT = 10.49 Nm/g and for
Tetra Pak aluminium IT = 18.7 Nm/g.
Grammage determination as defined in “Mechanical
tests “section. These values for Tetra Pak aluminum-free It can be concluded that there is almost 44% difference
mA = 94g/m2, Tetra Pak aluminium mA = 128 g/m2. between the two specimens. The higher tensile index of
the aluminum containing specimen is mainly due to the
Results of tickness measurement higher PE content, so 30% increase in the polyethylene
ratio a 44% increase can be achieved in the value of Ten-
The thickness value of the specimen was read sile index. The result is important because when lower
with the method described in “Thickness mea- PE content is associated with the packaging material, it
surement“ section. The average thickness is calcu- can be processed using this technology, by addition of
lated from the measured values was s = 1.46 mm. relatively little waste PE. There is significant difference
The measured values compared to s = 1.46 mm between test specimen tensile indexes depending on
average thickness, showed a 12% difference. their raw materials, even if they have the same grinding
conditions, the same production temperature and the
same thickness ratio. According to our prior assumption
tensile index of the Tetra Pak test specimens containing
aluminium than the aluminium-free ones.
18
beveragecarton.eu/uploads/Modules/Publica-
Results Bending stiffness experiment tions/2011acepr020712.pdf [Accessed 9th May 2013]
3. Baka, É.: Mitől klímabarát az italos karton?
The test method described in “Bending stiffness test“ [Online] http://www.iksznet.hu/index.
section determined using the average force required php [Accessed 9th May 2013]
to bending. We have found that the average bending 4. Crattenand, F., Tetra Pak International S.A.
strength is the following: for aluminum-free Tetra Pak FS Ingram in The Gale Directory of Company
= 32.57 mN, while aluminium Tetra Pak FS = 66.97 mN. Histories, Retrieved 30 October 2011
This value is 51.37% higher in the case of the specimens 5. Compostar (2013) Productos compostar [Online]
containing aluminum, the stiffer structure is due the PE Avaible from: http://www.compostar.ar/produc-
content. tos_conpostar.php [Accessed 9th May 2013]
6. Ecopack (2012) Produtos [Online] Avaible
from: http://www.ecopak.com.br/site/pro¬du-
tos.php [Accessed 9th of May 2013].
Conclusion 7. European parliament and council directive 94/62/
ec – of 20 december 1994 – on packaging and
packaging waste http://europa.eu/legislation_sum-
Sustainable development, as EU requirement introduce maries/environment/waste_management/l21207_
it, takes the whole life cycle into account and it is an ex- hu.ht-m#amendingact [Accessed 9th October 2013]
tremely important area. Our research is a new alternative 8. EVD (2010) Material and manufacturing
for beverage carton packaging recycling of dry grinding [Online] Avaible from: http://www.evd-diez.
technology. de/material/material-and-manufactur¬ing.
html [Accessed 9th of May 2013]
Experiments reported in this article start with this tech- 9. Italos Karton Környezetvédelmi Egyesülés. (2010).
nology, along with new method of using no additives, Papírgyári hasznosítás. [Online] Available from:
only mechanical and thermal energy is made using http://www.iksznet.hu/cikkek/papirgyari-hasznositas.
specimens were examined. Our experiments show that (Accessed 9th of May 2013) [Accessed 9th May 2013]
our previous hypothesis is true and the polyethylene (PP) 10. Koltai L. (2013) Csomagoló és papíripari any-
affects the specimen structure. agismeret, Budapest, Óbuda University, Rejto Sandor
Faculty of Light Industry and Environmental Protect-
Present study packaging specimens are made of alumi- ing Engineering, pp.47-50, 56-59, 72-75, 82-86.
num and non-aluminum beverage cartons. We confirmed 11. Leander, L., Tetra Pak (1996) ISBN 91-630-4789-6.
in our experiments, that preliminary working hypothesis A vision becomes reality. A company history with
that the polyethylene (PE) ratio in the sample speciment a difference, lund: tetra pak international), pp. 18
are affected by the structure of the bodies and the me- 12. Recipak (na) As Melhores ideias para o futuro de
chanical properties. meio ambiente [Online] Avaible from: http://www.
recipak.com.br/ [Accessed 9th of May 2013].http://
Specimens containing aluminium comprise a polyeth- www.ecopak.com.br [Accessed 9th May 2013]
ylene (PE) volume 33% greater than aluminium-free 13. Sedig, K. (2002) Swedish Innovations, Stockholm:
ones. Their tensile strength was greater by 44% and their The Swedish Institute (ISBN 91-520-0910-6), pp. 45
bending stiffness was 51.37% higher than the aluminum- 14. Simon, I. (2012) Tetrapak dobozok cel-
free ones. However, tear strength difference between the lulóztar-talmának meghatározása a termékdíjjal
two specimens was only 11.67% for the benefit of the összefüggésben, a nemzeti adó- és vámhivatal
aluminium and more polyethylene containing Tetra Pak szakértői intézetében, Determination Of Cel-
specimen. The two types of specimens had nearly the lulose Content in Tetra Pak Containers at The
same elongation. Forensic Institute of The National Tax and Cus-
toms Administration, In The Context of The Envi-
ronmental Tax, BSc thesis, University Óbudai
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