GEE5 (Living in the IT Era)
THE COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER
Introduction to ICT
GEE5 (Living in the IT Era)
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INPUT DEVICES
The following are some of the most common and important input
devices of a computer:
▪ Keyboard – is the most common input device that accepts
letters, numbers, and commands from the user.
▪ Mouse – lets one select options from on-screen menus. A
mouse is used by moving it on a flat surface and pressing its
two buttons (left and right), and a used wheel that is located
between the buttons.
▪ There are also alternatives to using a mouse. A trackball has
a ball that can rotate using a finger or the palm of hand to
move the pointer. A touchpad also called a trackpad is a
touch sensitive pad that lets the user move the pointer by
touching and dragging his or her finger on the pad.
Touchpads are commonly built-in on laptop computers.
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▪ What makes a computer work in the first
place? By definition, a computer is an
electronic device that manipulates information
or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and
process data. It contains both hardware
components and software applications.
▪ The hardware pertains to the computer’s
physical devices. It is any part of the computer
that can be seen and touched. A computer’s
hardware consists of interrelated electronic
devices that are used to manipulate the
computer’s operation, input devices, and
output devices.
INPUT DEVICES
▪ Microphone – allows a user to speak into the computer to input data
and instructions. While there are available standalone microphones
for computers, most of the time, user buy a headset-a combination
of microphone and earphones-for the sake of practicality.
▪ Scanner – converts printed material (such as text and pictures) into
a form the computers can use. There are different types of scanners
available; the most common is the flatbed scanner. Scanners look
like miniature printers with a flip-up cover protecting the glass
platen. They are often built into multifunction printers (MFPs).
Another type becoming common nowadays is the handheld or
portable scanners. Portable scanners can be small enough to fit
inside one’s pocket. Pen scanners are just a bit bigger than fountain
pens and can scan text of a document line by line. They do not give
high resolution scans and more expensive than flatbed scanners.
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INPUT DEVICES
▪ Digital Camera – allows one to take pictures then transfer the
photographed images to the computer or printer instead of storing the
images on a traditional film.
▪ PC video camera – is a digital video camera that enables users to create a
movie or take still photographs electronically. With the PC video camera
attached to the computer, users can see each other as they communicate
via the computer.
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OUTPUT DEVICES
An output device is any hardware component that transmits information to one
or more people. The three commonly used output devices are as follows:
▪ Printer – produces text and graphics on a physical medium such as paper.
The two types of printers are the impact printers and the non-impact
printers.
1. An IMPACT PRINTER makes contact with the paper by pressing an inked
ribbon against the paper using a hammer or pins. An example of an impact
printer are dot-matrix printers.
2. NON-IMPACT PRINTERS do not use a striking device to produce
characters on the paper, and because these printers do not hammer against
the paper, they are much quieter. Examples of non-impact printers are
inkjet printers and laser printers.
OUTPUT DEVICES
▪ MONITOR – displays text, graphics, and videos on a
screen. Many monitors look similar to a television. The
three types of monitors available in the market are the
following:
1. CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT) – is a vacuum tube
containing an electron gun at one end and a fluorescent
screen at another end. From this electron gun, a process
called thermionic emission generates a strong beam of
electrons. These electrons travel through a narrow path within
the tube with high speed using various electromagnetic
devices and finally strike the phosphor points present on the
fluorescent scree, thus creating an image. Monitors employ
CRT technology used most commonly in the manufacturing of
television screens. A stream of intense high energy electrons
is used to form images on a fluorescent screen.
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OUTPUT DEVICES
2. LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD) – is a flat-panel display
that consists of a layer of color or monochrome pixels
arranged schematically between a couple of transparent
electrodes and two polarizing filters.
3. LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE (LED) – is a flat-panel display
that uses light-emitting diodes for back-lighting. The
display is of LCD only but the back-lightning is done by
LEDs, LED monitors are said to use much lesser power
than CRT and LCD. Thus, they are also considered
environment-friendly.

SPEAKER – allows one to hear music, voice, and other

sounds. The signal used to produce the sound that comes
from a computer speaker is created by computer’s sound
card.

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SYSTEM UNIT
The system unit is the enclosure are composed of the
main elements of a computer that are used to administer
data. This can be referred to as a computer case or
tower. The circuitry of the system unit containing the
primary components of a computer with connectors into
which other circuit boards can be positioned is
recognized as motherboard.

STORAGE DEVICES
A computer can be utilized with only processing,
memory, input, and output devices. To make it very
valuable, however, a computer also needs a place to
hold program files and all related files when they are not
in use. The goal of using a storage is to keep data
permanently.

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SYSTEM UNIT
There are many types of storage devices which include the
flash disk drive, a small in size, a portable storage device
often referred to as pen drives, thumb drives, or jump
drives. It has a memory capacity of 2GB, 4GB, 8GB, 16GB,
32GB, 64GB, 128GB, ITB, and now up to 2TB. Another type
of storage is the hard disk drive. It is known that most of
personal computers have at least one non-removable hard
disk that is regarded as a non-volatile memory which
permanently store and retrieves data.
Another storage device is the compact disc. It is a flat,
round, and portable metal disc. One type of compact disc
is a CD-ROM, which be accessed using most CD and DVD
drives. Another type of compact disc is a DVD-ROM, which
has enough storage capacity to store a full-length movie.
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WHY IS A COMPUTER SO POWERFUL?
2. Reliability and Consistency – The electronic components in modern
computers are dependable because they have a low failure rate. The high
reliability of components enables the computer to produce consistent results.
3. Accuracy – Computers process large amounts of data and generate error-
free results, provided the data is inputed correctly and the instructions work
properly. If the data is inaccurate, the resulting output will be incorrect. A
computing phrase known as garbage in, garbage out points out the accuracy
of a computer’s output depends on the accuracy of the input.
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WHY IS A COMPUTER SO POWERFUL?
Computers are powerful for a variety of reasons. They work with remarkable
speed, reliability, consistency, and accuracy. Computers can store huge
amounts of data and information. Also computers allow users to communicate
with other users or computers. A user is anyone who communicates and
interacts with a computer or make use of the information it generates.
1. Speed – In the system unit, operations get done through electronic
circuits. When data, instructions, and information drift along these circuits,
they travel at incredibly fast speeds. Most computers bring out billions of
operations in a single second. The world’s fastest computer can perform
trillions of operations in one second.
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WHY IS A COMPUTER SO POWERFUL?
4. Communications – It is unbearable to go through a day without
communication. Communication happens between two or more people
sending and receiving messages form one another. The one sending the
message is referred to as the sender while the one receiving the information is
known as the receiver. The message being transported can contain facts,
thoughts, perceptions, judgments, beliefs, attitudes, commands, and even
reactions.
For example, tow computers connected by a communications device, such as
modern, can share store data, instructions, and information. These two
computers can be located in the same room or thousands of mile away from
each other in two different countries.
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CLASSIFYING COMPUTERS
Computers can be classified based on size and computing
power. However, as technology advances, these classifications
tend to overlap as modern computers have become smaller, yet
more powerful, and relatively cheaper.
The general classifications of computers are as follows:
1. Personal computer – is a small, single-user computer
based on a microprocessor. In addition to the
microprocessor, a personal computer has keyboard for
entering data, a monitor for displaying information, and a
storage device saving data.
2. Workstation – is a powerful, single-user computer. A
workstation is like a personal computer, but it has a more
powerful microprocessor and a higher-quality monitor.
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Computers can also be identified in several types. These types
have been identified due to the introduction of mobile devices
and the proliferation of internet-capable devices. Specialized
computers are now also classified according to specific uses.
The different types of computers are as follows:
• Desktop computers – these are computers designed to be placed on a desk,
and are normally built up of a few different parts, including the computer case,
central processing unit (CPU), monitor, keyboard, and mouse.
• Laptop computers – are battery-powered computer devices which are portable
hence can be used almost anytime, anywhere.
• Tablet computers – are handheld computers with touch-sensitive screen for
typing and navigation.
• Smartphones – are handheld telephones which can do a lot of things that
computers can do, including browsing and searching from the internet and
•
even playing console games.
Wearable – include fitness trackers and smartwatches that can be worn
throughout the day.
• Smart TVs – are the latest television sets that include applications present in
computers. For example, video can be streamed from the Internet directly onto
the TV. The TV can also be used as a computer monitor and gaming monitor.
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CLASSIFYING COMPUTERS
3. Minicomputer – is a multi-user computer capable
of supporting from 10 to hundreds of users
simultaneously.
4. Mainframe – is a powerful multi-user computer
capable of supporting many hundreds or
thousands of users simultaneously.
5. Supercomputer – is an extremely fast computer
that can perform hundreds of millions of
instructions per second. Below is a picture of
NASA’s Pleiades supercomputer that has 246,048
CPU cores and a total memory of 938 TB.
DIGITAL AGE, INFORMATION AGE, AND COMPUTER AGE
-Period in human history characterized by the shift from traditional industry to
information-based economy brought by industrialization
-characterized by the digital industry creating a knowledge-based society
surrounded by a high-tech global economy that exerts its influence on how
manufacturing process and the service sector work in an efficient way
MEDIA – refers to the means of communication that uses unique tools to
interconnect among people.
Forms of Media today:
1. Television
2. Radio
3. Cellular Phones
4. Internet (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Youtube).
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MEDIA IN DIGITAL AGE

GARY VAYNERCHUK IS
A BUSINESS

MESSENGER MEDIUM BLOGGER. HE

STARTED HIS WINE
BUSINESS USING A
The one who delivers The tool used in BLOG.
the message sending a message

BLOG – expressing one’s feeling and WANDERLASS IS A

thought was given a new concept
through online writing or blogging. MESSAGE TRAVEL BLOGGER.
SHE TRAVELED 60
Blog is a combination of two words – The media is considered to be the COUNTRIES AND
web and log. A person who writes message itself for those who create TERRITORIES ON 6
blogs is called a blogger. and own the rights of content. CONTINENTS.

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EVOLUTION OF MEDIA EVOLUTION OF MEDIA

Media has transformed itself based on two things:
(1) How information is presented and (2) how connection is established

1436 – Development of printing press by Johannes Gutenberg which used relief

printing and a molding system
1800s – development of telegraph then telephone which made two-way
communication possible
1900s – broadcasting and recorded media (radio and television); audio (lower
frequency) and video (higher frequency) can be transmitted via radio waves
2000s – films and movies, communication devices became pervasive, social
media started to develop

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CURRENT TRENDS IN ICT CURRENT TRENDS IN ICT

TREND – refers to something hip or popular at a certain point in time
1. IoT (Internet of Things) and Smart Home Technology – interconnected
systems of electronic devices that can be used by humans in the most
convenient ways (e.g. home appliances, lights, TV, washing machine, etc. all
controlled by phone)
2. Augmented Reality (interactive experience of real-world environment with
computer-generated perceptual information) and Virtual Reality (use of
computer technology to create a simulated environment)
3. Machine Learning – computer systems that are able
to perform task without giving any explicit instructions,
and only rely on patterns and inference
4. Automation
5. Big Data – describes large and complex volumes of
data. Analysis of big data can help management make
better decisions.
6. Everything on Demand – ICT makes the demand
available online (music, movies, cars, online shops)
7. Physical-Digital Integrations – ICT helps store big
data and eventually programs can do automated
results and processing (paperless transactions)

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IMPACT OF ICT ON INDIVIDUALS, ORGANIZATIONS, AND SOCIETY ETHICAL ISSUES IN ICT

POSTIVE EFFECTS Plagiarism: ✓ It is an act of theft. This simply occurs when a person copies another
person’s ideas, words, writing, and call it as his or her own. Those who
✓ Improved access to education committed such action may lead to serious legal and ethical defilements.
✓ Access to information and communication Exploitation: ✓ It is an action in which one deals with a person dishonestly, unethically,
✓ Security and dishonorably, in order to take advantage of the latter’s works and/or
resources. This leads to unlawful actions.
NEGATIVE EFFECTS Libel: ✓ It may be categorized as insult, slur, or slander. Either written (Libel) or
spoken (Slander) or even through actions, as long as the accusation is
✓ Reduced personal interaction and physical activity not true and without evidences it may lead to libel.
✓ Job loss or increase in unemployment ✓ It refers to an act of installing or copying of software into the computer in
Software
✓ Security the absence of an end-user licensing agreement (EULA), and/or
Piracy:
producing a copy disregarding the copyrights.

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7 KEY TERMS
39 KEY TERMS
ACM Association of Computing Machinery Artificial Intelligence It is defined as the science of making computers or machines in general do things
ENIAC Electronic Numeric Integrated and Calculator that require intelligence when done by humans.
Automation It is the technique making an apparatus, a process, or a system operate
ICT Information and Communications Technology automatically.
IDI ICT Development Index Big Data It is a term that describes large volumes of data and can be analyzed for insight
which can help management make better decisions and come up with more
IT Information Technology effective strategic plans.
ITU International Telecommunication Union Blog It is a combination of two words-wed and log. It works the same way as it would on
pen and paper, but the secrecy becomes irrelevant given that a blog can be seen
USB Universal Serial Bus by anyone online.
Blogger It is a person who writes blogs.
Communication It is a process whereby information is exchanged between individuals through
verbal and non-verbal means.
Communication Device It is a hardware component that aids a computer to send (transmit) and receive
data instructions, and information to and from one or more computers.

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KEY TERMS KEY TERMS

Compact Disc It is a flat, round, portable metal disc.
Computer It is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its
won memory, that can accepts data, manipulate the data according to specified
rules produce results, and store the results for future use.
Desktop Computer It is designed to be placed on a desk, and is typically made up of a few different
parts, including the computer case, monitor, keyboard, and mouse.
Information Age It is a period in human history characterized by the shift from traditional industry
that the industrial revolution brought through industrialization, to an economy based
on information computerization.
Information Technology It pertains to the industry that involves computers, software, networking, and other
IT infrastructures to help relay or manage information deemed important in modern-
day.

Exploitation It refers to an action of making use of and benefiting from digital resources such as Input Device It is any hardware component that allows one to enter data or instructions into a
changing grades by hacking the system. computer.

Hard Disk It offers much greater storage capacity than a floppy disk, Zip disk, or USB flash Intelligent System It is a far more complex machine capable of learning.
drive. Laptop Computer It is battery-powered computer that is more portable than a desktop, allowing one to
Information It is technology that supports activities involving information such as gathering, use it almost anywhere.
Communication processing storing, and presenting data. Increasing, these activities also involve Libel It refers to publication of a false statement that damages one’s business or
Technology collaboration and communication. personal reputation.
Information It refers to the knowledge obtained from reading investigation, study, or research. Mainframe It is a powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or
thousands of users simultaneously.

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KEY TERMS KEY TERMS

Media It refers to communication devices. Communication devices are used in interaction Port It is an endpoint of communication in an operating system.
and/or communication. Smartphone It is a mobile phone that performs many of the functions of a compute, typically having a
Minicomputer It is a multi-user computer capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds of users touchscreen interface, Internet access, and an operating system capable of running
simultaneously. downloaded applications.
Modem It is a device or program that enables a computer to transmit data over, for Software Piracy It refers to an act of installing a copy of software into one’s computer without permission,
example, telephone or cable lines. and/or producing a copy disregarding the copyrights.
Motherboard It is a circuitry of the system unit commonly part of or is associated to a circuit Storage It holds data, instructions and information for future use.
board. Supercomputer It is an extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per
Output Device It is any hardware component that transmits information to one or more people. second.
Personal Computer It is a small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor. System Unit It is box-like case that contains the electronic components of the computer which are used
Plagiarism It means using someone’s intellectual property. E.g. ideas and written works and to process data.
claiming it is one’s own. Technology It makes communication much easier and faster through telephones, fax machines, and
mobile devices.

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KEY TERMS
Trend It refers to a particular style in fashion, devices, or entertainment. There could be a
new trend coming along to replace the old.
USB Flash Drive It is a portable storage device that has much more storage capacity than a floppy disk
or Zip disk but is small and lightweight enough to be transported on a keychain or put
in a pocket.
User It is anyone communicates and interacts with a computer or makes use of the
information it generates.
Workstation It is like a personal computer, but it has a more powerful microprocessor and a higher-
quality monitor.

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