BIOLOGY 2

2. SHOOT SYSTEM
PLANT MORPHOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
 Leaves
PLANT SYSTEMS o Organ for photosynthesis
o Reproduction (i.e. spores of
 Shoot System – leaves, stem, flowers ferns)
(accessory) o Stomata – structure of leaves
 Root System – roots; vegetative organs below that allow exchange of gases,
the ground opening and closing are
 Vascular System – xylem and phloem controlled by structures called
as guard cells

1. ROOT SYSTEM – absorption of nutrients,

anchorage to the ground, reproduction

 Stem
o Main axis of plant that
elongates and produces leaves
o Has vascular system inside
Root hairs – increase surface area for
absorption of nutrients
Area of Cell Differentiation – cells differentiate
into different plant cells and tissues
Area of Cell Elongation – allows the root to go
deeper in the soil
Area of Cell Division – undifferentiated cells are
located and rapid cell division occurs
Root Cap – prevents the root from rock and
mechanical injury

Lenticel – provides medium for the direct

exchange of gases vetween the internal tissues
and atmosphere
Terminal bud – main area of growth in most
plants

MS. LARISA MAE C. AGTAY, LPT (GENERAL BIOLOGY 2)

 Lateral bud – capable of growing into a branch PROCESS OF FERTILIZATION AMONG FLOWERING
shoot or flower cluster PLANTS
Leaf scar – mark left on a stem after a leaf falls
1. Pollen and Egg Formation
off
a. Anther – pollen – pollen grain tube –
Node – areas here side branches and leaves
sperm
develop
b. Ovary – ovules
Internode – area between nodes
2. Pollination
a. Transfer of pollen grains from stamen
to the stigma
i. Self pollination – same plant
ii. Cross pollination – other plant
of the same species
3. Fertilization
a. Pollen lands on stigma – pollen tube –
style – ovary
b. Zygote – fruit
4. Seed Dispersal
Aside from classifying plants (through the a. Different fruits deploy various strategies
number of cotyledons) as monocot and dicot, to disperse their population
one can determine it by observing its physical 5. Seed Germination
structures of the root and shoot system. a. Seed breaks through the seed coat and
grows new plant from seeds
b. A seed may germinate if it has enough
ACCESORY PART water, oxygen and warmth

PLANT TRANSPORT SYSTEM (Vascular System)

 Xylem
o Transport of water through adhesion
and capillary action (from roots going
up)

PISTIL/CARPEL

 Stigma – top of the pistil, sticky surface for

pollen to stick to
 Style – conncects the stigma to the ovary
 Ovary – contains ovules (eggs) Vessel Elements – hollow tube
Tracheids – narrower tube with end walls
Parenchyma cells – store absorbed substances
STAMEN
 Phloem – carry products of photosynthesis in a
 Anther – produces sperm nuclei by meiosis and bidirectional movement
sperm nuclei are enclosed in pollen grains
 Filament – holds the anther up

ACCESORY PARTS OF A FLOWER

 Sepals – green leaf protecting the bud, calyx

 Petal – makes flowers attractive; corolla
 Receptacle

MS. LARISA MAE C. AGTAY, LPT (GENERAL BIOLOGY 2)

 Sieve tube – no nucleus but with few organelles
Sieve plate – makes cytoplasmic connections
between cells
TROPISMS OF PLANTS
- Fired to targets that include embryonic cells,
intact leaves and soft seed kernels
4. Chloroplast Engineering
- DNA of chloroplast can accept several new
genes at once

 Plant growth toward (positive) or away

(negative) from a unidirectional stimulus - Genes inserted into the chloroplast will remain
Phototropism – light active when the plant matures
Gravitropism – gravitational pull
5. Anti sense technology
Thigmotropism – touch
- A gene that encodes for a specific trait is
PLANT HORMONES
removed from plant cells used to produce a
1. Ethylene - ripening of fruits complementary copy of itself and transferred
2. Gibberellins – elongation of stem back to the original cells using Agrobacter as a
3. Auxin – cell elongation in shaded area of shoot
tip that results in bending of shoots towards
light
4. Abcissic acid – inhibits growth and causes
wilting of leaves

PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY

Plant Transgenesis

- Direct transfer of genes that permits

innovations but is impossible to be achieved
with the conventional methods
- E.g. Polyploidy – multiple chromosome sets
greater than normal have been used for many
years as means to increase desirable traits, esp
size of many crops including watermelon, sweet
potatoes, bananas, strawberries and wheat

1. Protoplast Fusion vector organism

- Protoplast of plant A is fused with plant B to PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
produce a hybrid plant
- Obtained specimen is put into a dish containing 1. Genetic Pesticides
cellulose, sugar and salts to break down its cell a. BT Corn (Bacillus thuringienensis)
wall 2. Herbicide Resistance
- Protoplast is obtained through centrifugation 3. Enhanced Nutrition
and then injected into the protoplast of another
2. Leaf Fragment Technique
- Small discs are
cut from the
leaf
- Cultured briefly
in a medium
containing
genetically
modified
Agrobacter
3. Gene guns
- The bullets of
gene guns are
tungsten beads (1 micrometer in diameter)
- DNA is coated on the surfaces of the beads and
fired from guns with the velocities of 430 m/s

MS. LARISA MAE C. AGTAY, LPT (GENERAL BIOLOGY 2)