RAPHA HIGHER INSTITUTE OF HEALTH AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES.

END OF SEMESTER EXAMINATIONS

Course title: Immunology and Infectious Diseases (NUS 214)
Course Instructor: Tumabang Divine F.

NOTE: Read and understand the questions before answering: Answer ALL questions.

1 a. What is the immune system? (1 mk)

b. Name and explain, the 3 (types) arms of the immune system (3 mks)
c. What do you understand by “Immune tolerance”? (1 mk)
d. What are the lymphoid organs? Give 3 examples (2 mks)
e. Name the two types of lymphocytes you know? (1 mk)
f. Name the two types of vaccines, each stating an advantage and a disadvantage (2 mks)

Total = 10 mks

2 a. What is Epidemiology? (1 mk)

b. Differentiate between the following with examples where necessary:
i. Communicable and Non-communicable infections (1 mk)
ii. Endemic and Epidemic and Pandemic (1 mk)
iii. Infection and Disease (1 mk)
iv. Prevalence and Incidence (1 mk)
c. Name the 2 principal routes of transmission of infections (1 mk).
Total = 6 mks

3 a. Give 2 ways by which urine helps to prevent genitourinary Tract Infections (GUTIs)?
Why are women more prone to GUT infections than men? (2 mks)
b. Why are pregnant women more prone to GUT infections than normal women? (1 mk)
c. Briefly define the following (2 mks):
i. Pyelonephritis iii. Salpingitis
ii. Cystitis iv. Oophoritis
Total = 5 mks
4 a. Why are Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) a major public health problem in
African countries? Give 4 reasons. (4 mks)
b. Differentiate between HIV and AIDS? (1 mk)
c. State the 4 main routes of transmission of HIV? (2 mks)
Total = 7 mks

5 a. Define what you understand by the “Chain of Infections” and with the aid of a well
detailed diagram and example, describe the 6 links that make up the chain of
infections? (2 mks)
b. Briefly differentiate between the following (1 mk each):
i. Definitive host and Intermediate host
ii. Mechanical vector and Biological vector
iii. Direct life cycle and indirect life cycle
c. What are ‘Venereal diseases’? Name any two (2 mks).
d. What do you understand by the term “Barrier Nursing”? (1 mk).

Total = 7 mks

THE END
GOOD LUCK!!!