Chapter 1 SUMMARY

Key Expectations alkene

Throughout this chapter, you have had the opportunity to alkyl group
do the following: alkyl halide
• Distinguish among the different classes of organic alkyne
compounds, including alcohols (1.5), aldehydes (1.6), amide
ketones (1.6), carboxylic acids (1.7), esters (1.7), ethers
(1.5), amines (1.8), and amides (1.8), by name and by amine
structural formula. aromatic alcohol
• Describe some physical properties of the classes of aromatic hydrocarbon
organic compounds in terms of solubility in different carbonyl group
solvents, molecular polarity, odour, and melting and carboxylic acid
boiling points. (all sections)
carboxyl group
• Describe different types of organic reactions, such as
combustion reaction
substitution (1.3, 1.4, 1.8), addition (1.4), elimination
(1.4, 1.5), oxidation (1.5, 1.6, 1.7), esterification (1.7), condensation reaction
and hydrolysis (1.7, 1.8), and predict and correctly cyclic alcohol
name their products. (1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8) cyclic hydrocarbon
• Use appropriate scientific vocabulary to communicate dehydration reaction
ideas related to organic chemistry. (all sections)
elimination reaction
• Use the IUPAC system to name and write appropriate
ester
structures for the different classes of organic com-
pounds. (all sections) esterification
ether
• Build molecular models of a variety of aliphatic, cyclic,
and aromatic organic compounds. (1.2, 1.6, 1.9) fractional distillation
• Identify some nonsystematic names for organic com- functional group
pounds. (1.2, 1.3, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7) hydration reaction
• Carry out laboratory procedures to synthesize organic hydrocarbon
compounds. (1.7, 1.9) hydrolysis
• Present informed opinions on the validity of the use of hydroxyl group
the terms “organic,” “natural,” and “chemical” in the
promotion of consumer goods. (1.1, 1.9) isomer
IUPAC
• Describe the variety and importance of organic com-
pounds in our lives. (all sections) ketone
• Analyze the risks and benefits of the development and Markovnikov’s rule
application of synthetic products. (1.4, 1.6) organic family
• Provide examples of the use of organic chemistry to organic halide
improve technical solutions to existing or newly iden- oxidation reaction
tified health, safety, and environmental problems. (1.4,
polyalcohol
1.5, 1.9)
primary alcohol
saponification
Key Terms
secondary alcohol
addition reaction
substitution reaction
alcohol
tertiary alcohol
aldehyde
aliphatic hydrocarbon
alkane

92 Chapter 1 NEL
 Unit 1

Key Symbols and Equations

Table 1 Families of Organic Compounds
Family name General formula Example
alkanes propane CH3 — CH2 — CH3
C C

alkenes propene (propylene) CH2 CH — CH3

C C

alkynes C C propyne CH C — CH3

CH3
aromatics methyl benzene
(phenyl methane, toluene)

organic halides R—X chloropropane CH3 — CH2 — CH2 — Cl

alcohols R — OH propanol CH3 — CH2 — CH2 — OH

ethers R — O — R′ methoxyethane CH3 — O — CH2 — CH3

(ethyl methyl ether)

O O

aldehydes R[H] — C — H propanal CH3 — CH2 — C — H

O O

ketones R — C — R′ propanone (acetone) CH3 — C — CH3

O O

carboxylic acids R[H] — C — OH propanoic acid CH3 — CH2 — C — OH

O O

esters R[H] — C — O — R′ methyl ethanoate CH3 — C — O — CH3

(methyl acetate)

R′[H] H

amines R — N — R′′[H] propylamine CH3 — CH2 — CH2 — N — H

O R′′[H] O H

amides R[H] — C — N — R′[H] propanamide CH3 — CH2 — C — N — H

NEL Organic Compounds 93

Problems You Can Solve
• Write the IUPAC name for an alkane or an aromatic
hydrocarbon, given the structural formula, or draw the
structural formula, given the name. (1.2)
• Write the IUPAC name for alkenes and alkynes, given
the structural formulas, or draw the structural for-
mulas, given the names. (1.2)
• Given the reactants or products of an addition reac-
tion (of a hydrocarbon), predict the products or reac-
tants. (1.3)
• Given the reactants or products of an addition reac-
tion (of an aromatic hydrocarbon), predict the prod-
ucts or reactants. (1.3)
• Write the IUPAC name for an organic halide, given the
structural formula, or draw the structural formula,
given the name. (1.4)
• Write the IUPAC name for an alcohol, given the struc-
tural formula, or draw the structural formula, given
the name; identify the alcohol as 1°, 2°, or 3°. (1.5)
• Write equations or draw structural diagrams to repre-
sent the reactions of alcohols. (1.5)
• Write either the IUPAC name or the structural for-
mula for an ether, given the other. (1.5)
• Write equations and draw structural formulas to rep-
resent reactions, given a reaction type and the name of
an aldehyde or ketone as a reactant or a product. (1.6)
• Given one of the IUPAC name, the common name, or
the structural formula of a carboxylic acid, provide the
other two. (1.7)
• Given either the reactant or product of a specified
reaction involving a carboxylic acid, write the reaction
equation and structural formula. (1.7)
• Draw structural diagrams and write IUPAC names for
the esters formed in a reaction, given either the reac-
tants or the products. (1.7)
• Write the names of amines, given structural diagrams,
or vice versa; specify whether the amines are 1°, 2°, or
3°. (1.8)
• Write the names of amides, given structural diagrams,
or vice versa. (1.8)
• Draw structural diagrams and write equations to rep-
resent reactions involving amines and amides, given
either the reactants or products and the type of reac-
tion. (1.8)
• Select a series of reactions to get from starting mate-
rials to a desired end product. (1.9)

• Write equations or draw structural diagrams to repre- MAKE a summary

sent the formation of ethers. (1.5)
• Write the IUPAC names for aldehydes and ketones, On one or more large sheets of paper, construct a table like
given the structural formula, or draw the structural Table 1. Complete the table with sample reaction equations
formula given the name. (1.6) and the IUPAC name and structural formula of at least one
specific example for each family.
Table 1 Summary of Organic Families and Reaction Types
Family Substitution Addition Elimination Oxidation Condensation Hydrolysis
alkanes
alkenes
alkynes
organic halides
1° alcohols
2° alcohols
3° alcohols
ethers
aldehydes
ketones
carboxylic acids
esters
amines
amides

94 Chapter 1 NEL