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1. Calculate the orsat analysis of the products of combustion upon burning pure hexane
with 38% excess air if:
a) Combustion is complete
Answer: 10.18% CO2, 6.13% O2
b) 85% of the C burns to CO2, the rest to CO, molal ratio of H2 to CO is 1:2.
Answer: 8.49% CO2, 1.5% CO
Solution:
Air 38% in
excess
Exhaus
Burner t
C6H14
Orsat analysis
Mole % composition
CO2 6 10.18
O2 3.61 6.13
N2 49.32 83.69
b) CO2 = (6)(0.85) = 5.1
CO = 6 – 5.1 = 0.9
H2 = (1)(0.9/2) = 0.45
O2 = 3.61 + (0.9/2) + (0.45/2) = 4.285
Orsat analysis
Mole % composition
CO2 5.1 8.49
CO 0.9 1.5
H2 0.45 0.75
N2 49.32 82.12
O2 4.285 7.14
60.055
2. The synthesis of methane enriched gas from water gas is a promising solution to the
problem of the hydrocarbon shortages in the future. In one such process, the following
gas composition is obtained: 34% methane, 3% CO2, 11% CO, 39% H2, and 13% N2.
determine the gross calorific value and net calorific value of the gas in
GCV
(a) MJ/kgmol = 445.6245
NCV
Total moles H2O formed = 2.14/2 = 1.07
3. Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG from a US based plant) has the molar composition:
96.59% CH4, 1.29% H2, 0.22% CO and 1.9% CO2. Calculate the GCV and NCV in
a. MJ/kgmol = 864.8814
b. kcal/gmol = 864.8814/4.184 = 206.7116
c. kcal/kg = 206.7116/16.3533 = 12.6404
d. kcal/SCM = kcal/kgmol x kgmol/22.4m3 x 273/(273+15.56) x (760- 13.1)/760
=206.7116x 0.04147 = 8.723
a. MJ/kmol = 779.2368
b. Kcal/mol = 779.2368/4.184 = 186.2421
c. MJ/ kg = 779.2368/ 16.533 = 47.6501
d. MJ/SCM = 779.2368 x 0.04147 = 32.3150
4. A fuel containing 75% ethane and 25% propane is burned with dry air. All the H 2
burns to H2O and the CO2 to CO ratio is 10:1. Fifteen percent excess air is supplied.
Calculate:
5. Blue Water Gas is obtained by passing steam over red hot carbon enriched coal (coke).
The gas is called “Blue” water gas because of its blue flame, a characteristic of the
combustion of CO. A typical composition shows 4.7% CO 2, 41% Co, 49% H2, 0.8% CH4
and 4.5% N2. if blue water gas at 25oC, 745 torrs and 90% RH is burned in wet air, 30%
in excess, supplied at the same conditions as BWG with 85% RH, calculate:
gas mol at C at H at O2
CO2 0.047 0.047 ------ 0.047
CO 0.41 0.41 ------ 0.205
H2 0.49 ------ 0.98 -------
CH4 0.008 0.008 0.032 -------
N2 0.045 ------ ----- -------
0.465 1.012 0.252
Theo O2 = 0.465 + (1.012/4) – 0.252
= 0.466
Excess O2 = (0.466)(0.3)
= 0.1398
O2 from air = 0.6058
N2 from air = 2.279
CO2 formed = (0.465)(1/9)
= 0.05167
CO formed = 0.4133
H2 formed = (1/4)(0.4133)
= 0.103325
Free O2 = 0.13998 + (0.4133/2) + (0.103325/2)
= 0.3981125
N2 = 2.279 + 0.045 = 2.324
6. Carburetted water gas is produced in the same way as blue water gas except that it is
done in the presence of cracked oil vapors in a carburetor . A typical gas analysis
shows 4.7% CO2, 7.8% C2H4, 0.3% O2, 36.5 H2, 35% CO, 8.6% CH4 and 6.6% N2. if this
is saturated with H2O at 20oC, 742 torrs and burned in 10.434 m 3 air at 30oC, 101kPa
and 60% RH per m3 fuel, calculate:
a) % excess O2
b) Orsat analysis of the stack gas (400 oC, 760 torrs) if 85% of C burns to CO 2;
all H2 burns to H2O
c) GCV in LJ/ kgmol
d) % calorific value loss due to:
i) CO
ii) Uncondensed water vapor
iii) Sensible heat
% n at C at H mol O2
CO2 4.7 1.864 1.864
C2H4 7.8 3.0935 6.187
O2 0.3 0.119
H2 36.5 14.476
N2 6.6 2.6176
CO 35.5 14.0794
CH4 8.6 3.4108_ _______ _______ ______
39.6004 25.5412 54.9693 9.0227
theo O2 = at C + at H/4 – O2
= 30.2608 kmol
Orsat analysis
n MW (n)(MW)
C2H6 0.014 30 0.42
C3H8 0.238 44 10.472
C4H10 0.207 58 12.006
C4H10 0.547 58 31.378___
54.276 kg
Gas n Hc nHc
CH4 0.836 890.95 744.8342
C2H6 0.096 1560.92 144.8483
C3H8 0.012 2221.52 26.6582
n-C4H10 0.009 2879.01 25.91109
i-C4H10 0.047 2870.63 134.91961
9. Bottled gases are the liquefied petroleum gases propane and butane. If a sample of
this gas were burned in excess air , a burner gas of the following analysis is obtained:
8.62% CO2, 1.38% CO, 6.45% O2, and 83.55% N2. Calculate
a) % excess air (35.02)
b) composition of the bottled of gas (55.17% propane)
10. The burning of pure ethane with dry air gives a stack gas which analyzes 9.92% CO 2.
The stack gases leaves at 745 mmHg. Assuming complete combustion,determine:
a) % excess air
b) Complete orsat analysis of the stack gas
c) Dew point of stack gas
11. Producer gas analyzing 25.3% CO, 13.2% H2, 0.4% CH4, 5.4% CO2, 0.5% O2, and
55.2% N2 is burned in excess air at 25 oC, 745 torrs and 60% RH. Partial Orsat analysis
of the stack gas shows 16.13%CO2, 1.79% CO and 0.72% H2. Calculate:
a) % excess air
b) Complete Orsat analysis of the stack gas
c) GCV
d) % Calorific value lost due to CO and H2
Basis: 100 kmol PG(dry)
At C At H O2 HC N HC
CO 25.3 25.3 12.65 283.18 7164.454
H2 13.2 26.4 286.03 3775.596
CH4 0.4 0.4 1.6 890.95 356.36
CO2 5.4 5.4 5.4
O2 0.5 0.5
N2 55.2
31.1 28 18.55 11296.4
12. A pure saturated hydrocarbon is burned in excess air. Air is supplied at the rate of
284.14 m3/kgmol of the hydrocarbon. Air enters at 30 oC, 1atm and saturated with water
vapor. Partial orsat analysis of the stack gas shows 8.68% CO 2 and 1.3% Co.
Calculate:
a) % excess air
b) Formula of the hydrocarbon
c) Complete orsat analysis
C balance:
12.6848 C = 8.6 + 1.3
C = 0.78046
13. A mixture of a saturated hydrocarbon and N2 is burned in excess air supplied at 25oC,
740 torrs with 90% RH. An orsat analysis of the stack gas shows 7.6% CO 2, 22.28%
Co, 1.14% H2, 6.03% O2 and 82.95% N2 with a dew point of 53.46oC. The stack gases
leave at 300oC, 765 mmHg with a volume ratio of 2.049 m3 wet air. Calculate:
Basis: 100kgmol of SG
N2 Balance
N2 fuel + N2 air = N2 SG
100- Cx Hy + N2 air = 82. 95%
Excess O2 = 4.32
Free O2 = Supply Air – Theo O2
C balance:
Theo O2 = 17.2923
17.2923= 9.88 + H/4 = 29.6492
%Excess O2 = 4.32/172923 = 24.982%
9.88/29.6492= n/(n+2)
N=2 C2H6