One World Trade Center

One World Trade Center - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.
org/wiki/One_World_Trade_Center
Coordinates: 40°42′47″N 74°00′48″W
One World Trade Center
One World Trade Center (also known as One World

One World Trade Center
Trade, One WTC, or Freedom Tower)[note 1] is the main
building of the rebuilt World Trade Center complex in
Lower Manhattan, New York City. One WTC is the tallest
building in the United States, the tallest building in the
Western Hemisphere, and the seventh-tallest in the world.
The supertall structure has the same name as the North
Tower of the original World Trade Center, which was
destroyed in the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. The
new skyscraper stands on the northwest corner of the 16-
acre (6.5 ha) World Trade Center site, on the site of the
original 6 World Trade Center. The building is bounded by
West Street to the west, Vesey Street to the north, Fulton
Street to the south, and Washington Street to the east.
The building's architect is David Childs, whose firm

Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM) also designed the Burj
Khalifa and the Willis Tower. The construction of below-
ground utility relocations, footings, and foundations for the
new building began on April 27, 2006. One World Trade
Center became the tallest structure in New York City on
April 30, 2012, when it surpassed the height of the Empire
State Building. The tower's steel structure was topped out
on August 30, 2012. On May 10, 2013, the final component
of the skyscraper's spire was installed, making the building,
including its spire, reach a total height of 1,776 feet (541 m).
Its height in feet is a deliberate reference to the year when
the United States Declaration of Independence was signed.
The building opened on November 3, 2014;[4] the One
World Observatory opened on May 29, 2015.[5]
On March 26, 2009, the Port Authority of New York and

New Jersey (PANYNJ) confirmed that the building would
be officially known by its legal name of "One World Trade
Center", rather than its colloquial name of "Freedom
Tower".[16][17] The building is 104 standard floors high, but
the tower has only 94 actual stories. Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap
Alternative names 1 WTC

The new World Trade Center complex will eventually
include five high-rise office buildings built along Greenwich Freedom Tower
Street, as well as the National September 11 Memorial & (pre-2009)[1]
Museum, located just south of One World Trade Center
Record height
where the original Twin Towers stood. The construction of
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One World Trade Center - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_World_Trade_Center
the new building is part of an effort to memorialize and Tallest in North America and the Western
rebuild following the destruction of the original World Hemisphere since 2013[I]
Trade Center complex.
Preceded by Willis Tower
General information
Contents Status Completed

Type Office ·
Original building (1970–2001) Observation ·
Construction Communication
Specifications and operations
Architectural style Contemporary
Incidents
modern
September 11 attacks
Location 285 Fulton Street
Current building (2014–present) Manhattan, New
Planning and early development York City, New
Construction and later development York, U.S.
Opening and post-opening Coordinates 40°42′47″N
Estimated cost and funding 74°00′48″W
Architecture and design
Construction started April 27, 2006
Layout
Topped-out May 10, 2013[2]
Sustainability
Security features Opened November 3,
2014[3][4]
Incidents
May 29, 2015 (One
Controversies
World
Owners and tenants
Observatory)[5]
Key figures
Cost US$3.9 billiona [6][7]
Developer
Key project coordinators Height
Port Authority construction workers Architectural 1,776 ft

(541.3 m)[8][9]
See also
Tip 1,792 ft
Notes
(546.2 m)[8]
References Roof 1,368 ft
Cited sources (417.0 m)[10]
External links Top floor 1,268 ft
(386.5 m)[8]
Observatory 1,268 ft
Original building (1970–2001) (386.5 m)[8]
Technical details
Construction Floor count 94 (+5 below
ground)[8][11]
The construction of the World Trade Center, of which the
Floor area 3,501,274 sq ft
Twin Towers (One and Two World Trade Center) were the
(325,279 m2)[8]
centerpieces, was conceived as an urban renewal project
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and spearheaded by David Lifts/elevators 73,[8] made by

Rockefeller. The project was ThyssenKrupp.[12]
intended to help revitalize
Design and construction
Lower Manhattan.[18] The
project was planned by the Architect David Childsb [13]
Port Authority of New York
Developer Port Authority of
and New Jersey, which hired
New York and New
architect Minoru Yamasaki. He
came up with the idea of Jersey[8]
building twin towers. After Structural engineer WSP Cantor
extensive negotiations, the Seinuk
New Jersey and New York
Other designers Hill International,
State governments, which
The Louis Berger
supervise the Port Authority,
Group[14]
The first One World Trade consented to the construction
Center under construction of the World Trade Center at Main contractor Tishman
in 1970 the Radio Row site, located in Construction
the lower-west area of References
Manhattan. [19] To satisfy the
[8][15]
New Jersey government, the Port Authority agreed to buy
the bankrupt Hudson & Manhattan Railroad (renamed to
Port Authority Trans-Hudson), which transported a. April 2012 estimate.
commuters from New Jersey to Lower Manhattan.[20] b. Skidmore, Owings & Merrill.
The towers were designed as framed tube structures, giving

tenants open floor plans, unobstructed by columns or walls.[21][22] The framed tube design was
introduced by Bangladeshi-American structural engineer Fazlur Rahman Khan in the 1960s.[23] The
design was accomplished by using many closely spaced perimeter columns, providing much of the
structure's strength, with the gravity load shared with the core columns. The elevator system, which
made use of sky lobbies and a system of express and local elevators, allowed substantial floor space to
be used for office purposes by making the structural core smaller. The design and construction of the
towers involved many other innovative techniques, such as wind tunnel experiments and the slurry
wall for digging the foundation.[24][25] Yamasaki also incorporated elements of Islamic architecture in
the building's design, having previously designed Saudi Arabia's Dhahran International Airport with
the Saudi Binladin Group.[26][27]
Construction of the North Tower (One World Trade Center) began in August 1966; extensive use of
prefabricated components sped up the construction process. The first tenants moved into the North
Tower in December 1970.[28][29] In the 1970s, four other low-level buildings were built as part of the
World Trade Center complex.[30][31] A seventh building was built in the mid-1980s.[32][33]
Specifications and operations
After Seven World Trade Center was built in the 1980s, the World Trade Center complex had a total of
seven buildings; however, the most notable ones were the main Twin Towers built in the 1970s—One
World Trade Center was the North Tower, and Two World Trade Center was the South Tower.[34]
Each tower was over 1,350 feet (410 m) high, and occupied about 1 acre (0.40 ha) of the total 16 acres
(6.5 ha) of the site's land. During a press conference in 1973, Yamasaki was asked, "Why two 110-story
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buildings? Why not one 220-story building?" His response was, "I didn't want to lose the human
scale."[35]
When it was topped out on December 4, 1970,[34] One World

Trade Center became the tallest building in the world, surpassing
the Empire State Building, which had held the record for 40
years. The North Tower was 1,368 feet (417 m) tall, and in 1978, a
telecommunications antenna was added to the top of the roof; by
itself, the antenna was 360 feet (110 m) tall. With the 360-foot
(110 m)-tall antenna, the highest point of the North Tower
reached 1,728 ft (527 m).[36] However, the tower only held its
record until May 1973, when Chicago's Sears Tower (now Willis
Tower), which was 1,450 feet (440 m) tall at the rooftop, was
completed.[37] At 110 floors, the World Trade Center towers had
more floors than any other building at that time.[36] This number
was not surpassed until the construction of the Burj Khalifa (163
floors), which opened in 2010.[38][39]
Of the 110 stories, eight were set aside as mechanical floors (floors
7/8, 41/42, 75/76, and 108/109), which were four two-floor areas
The original World Trade Center that were spaced up the building in even intervals. All the
complex in March 2001; the original remaining floors were open for tenants. Each floor of the tower
1 WTC is the tower on the left with had 40,000 square feet (3,700 m2) of available space. The North
the spire
and South tower had 3,800,000 square feet (350,000 m2) of total
office space.[40] The entire complex of seven buildings had a
combined total of 13,400,000 square feet (1,240,000 m2) of office
space.[30][31][41]
The complex initially failed to attract the expected clientele.

During the early years, various governmental organizations
became key tenants of the World Trade Center, such as the State
of New York. In the 1980s, the city's perilous financial condition
eased, after which an increasing number of private companies
—mostly financial firms related to Wall Street—became tenants.
During the 1990s, approximately 500 companies had offices in
the complex, including financial companies such as Morgan
Stanley, Aon Corporation, and Salomon Brothers. The basement
concourse of the World Trade Center included The Mall at the Lobby of Tower 1, looking south
World Trade Center,[42] and a PATH station.[43] The North Tower along the east side of the building,
became the main corporate headquarters of Cantor Fitzgerald,[44] August 19, 2000
and it also became the headquarters of the Port Authority of New
York and New Jersey.[45]
The tower's electrical service was supplied by Consolidated Edison (ConEd) at 13,800 volts. The
electricity passed through the World Trade Center Primary Distribution Center (PDC), and was then
sent up the building's core to electrical substations located on the mechanical floors. The substations
lowered the 13,800 primary voltage to 480/277 volts, and the voltage was then further lowered to
208/120 volts for general power and lighting services. The complex was also served by emergency
generators located in the sub-levels of the towers and on the roof of Five World Trade Center.[46][47]
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The 110th floor of One World Trade Center (the North Tower) housed radio and television
transmission equipment. The roof of the North Tower contained a vast array of transmission
antennas, including the 360 feet (110 m) center antenna mast, rebuilt by Dielectric Inc. to support
DTV in 1999.[48] The center mast contained the television signals for almost all NYC television
broadcasters: WCBS-TV 2, WNBC-TV 4, WNYW 5, WABC-TV 7, WWOR-TV 9 Secaucus, WPIX 11,
WNET 13 Newark, WPXN-TV 31 and WNJU 47 Linden.[48] It also had four NYC FM broadcasters:
WPAT-FM 93.1, WNYC 93.9, WKCR 89.9, and WKTU 103.5.[48] Access to the roof was controlled by
the WTC Operations Control Center (OCC), located in the B1 level of the South Tower.[48] After the
September 11 attacks of 2001, the broadcasting equipment for the radio and television stations was
moved to the Empire State Building.[49]
On a typical weekday, a combined total of 50,000 people worked in the North and South Towers,[50]
with another 140,000 passing through as visitors.[51] The complex was so large that it had its own zip
code: 10048.[52] The Windows on the World restaurant, located on top of the North Tower, reported
revenues of $37 million in 2000, making it the highest-grossing restaurant in the United States.[53]
The Twin Towers became known worldwide, appearing in movies, television shows, postcards, and
other merchandise. The towers came to be seen as a New York City icon, much like the Empire State
Building, the Chrysler Building, and the Statue of Liberty.[54]
Incidents
On February 13, 1975, a three-alarm fire broke out on the 11th floor of the North Tower. The fire
spread through the core of the building to the 9th and 14th floors, as the insulation for telephone
cables, located in a utility shaft that ran vertically between floors, had been ignited. Areas most
affected by the fire were extinguished almost immediately, and the original fire was put out in a few
hours.[55] Most of the damage was on the 11th floor, where the fire was fueled by cabinets filled with
paper, alcohol-based fluid for office machines, and other office equipment. Fireproofing protected the
steel,[56] and there was no structural damage to the tower.[55] In addition to the fire damage on the
9th and 14th floors, water used to extinguish the fire damaged a few floors below. At the time, the
World Trade Center complex had no fire sprinkler systems.[55]
The first terrorist attack on the World Trade Center occurred on

February 26, 1993, at 12:17 p.m., when a Ryder truck filled with
1,500 pounds (680 kg) of explosives, planted by Ramzi Yousef,
detonated in the underground garage of the North Tower.[57] The
blast resulted in a 100-foot (30 m) hole through five sublevels.
The greatest damage was on levels B1 and B2, with significant
structural damage on level B3.[58] Six people were killed, and
more than a thousand were injured, as 50,000 workers and
visitors were inside the tower at the time. Many people inside the Underground damage from the 1993
North Tower were forced to walk down darkened stairwells that bombing
had no emergency lighting, and some took two hours or more to
reach safety.[59][60]
September 11 attacks
At 8:46 a.m. (EDT) on September 11, 2001, five hijackers affiliated with al-Qaeda crashed American
Airlines Flight 11 into the northern facade of the North Tower between the 93rd and 99th floors.
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[61][62] Seventeen minutes later, at

9:03 a.m. (EDT), a second group of
terrorists crashed the hijacked United
Airlines Flight 175 into the southern
facade of the South Tower, striking
between the 77th and 85th floors.[63]
By 9:59 a.m. (EDT), the South Tower

collapsed after burning for approximately
56 minutes. After burning for
Impact locations on One The remains (from bottom to top) of 102 minutes, the North Tower collapsed
and Two World Trade One, Six, and Seven World Trade due to structural failure at 10:28 a.m.
Center Center on September 17, 2001 (EDT).[64] When the North Tower
collapsed, debris fell on the nearby 7
World Trade Center, damaging it and
starting fires. The fires burned for hours, compromising the building's structural integrity. Seven
World Trade Center collapsed at 5:21 p.m. (EDT).[65][66]
Together with a simultaneous attack on the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, and a failed plane
hijacking that resulted in a plane crash in Shanksville, Pennsylvania, the attacks resulted in the deaths
of 2,996 people (2,507 civilians, 343 firefighters, 72 law enforcement officers, 55 military personnel,
and the 19 hijackers).[67][68][69] More than 90% of the workers and visitors who died in the towers
had been at or above the points of impact.[70] In the North Tower, 1,355 people at or above the point
of impact were trapped, and died of smoke inhalation, fell, jumped from the tower to escape the
smoke and flames, or were killed when the building eventually collapsed. One stairwell in the South
Tower, Stairwell A, somehow avoided complete destruction, unlike the rest of the building.[71] When
Flight 11 hit, all three staircases in the North Tower above the impact zone were destroyed, thus
making it impossible for anyone above the impact zone to escape. 107 people below the point of
impact also died.[70]
Current building (2014–present)
Planning and early development
Following the destruction of the original World Trade Center, there was debate regarding the future of
the World Trade Center site. There were proposals for its reconstruction almost immediately, and by
2002, the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation had organized a competition to determine
how to use the site.[72] The proposals were part of a larger plan to memorialize the September 11
attacks and rebuild the complex.[73][74] When the public rejected the first round of designs, a second,
more open competition took place in December 2002, in which a design by Daniel Libeskind was
selected as the winner. This design underwent many revisions, mainly because of disagreements with
developer Larry Silverstein, who held the lease to the World Trade Center site at that time.[75]
There was criticism concerning the limited number of floors that were designated for office space and
other amenities in an early plan. Only 82 floors would have been habitable, and the total office space
of the rebuilt World Trade Center complex would have been reduced by more than 3,000,000 square
feet (280,000 m2) in comparison with the original complex.[9] The floor limit was imposed by
Silverstein, who expressed concern that higher floors would be a liability in the event of a future
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terrorist attack or other incident. Much of the building's height would have consisted of a large, open-
air steel lattice structure on the roof of the tower, containing wind turbines and "sky gardens".[9] In a
subsequent design, the highest occupiable floor became comparable to the original World Trade
Center, and the open-air lattice was removed from the plans.[9] In 2002, former New York Governor
George Pataki faced accusations of cronyism for supposedly using his influence to get the winning
architect's design picked as a personal favor for his friend and campaign contributor, Ronald
Lauder.[76]
A final design for the "Freedom Tower" was formally unveiled on June 28, 2005. To address security
issues raised by the New York City Police Department, a 187-foot (57 m) concrete base was added to
the design in April of that year. The design originally included plans to clad the base in glass prisms in
order to address criticism that the building might have looked uninviting and resembled a "concrete
bunker". However, the prisms were later found to be unworkable, as preliminary testing revealed that
the prismatic glass easily shattered into large and dangerous shards. As a result, it was replaced by a
simpler facade consisting of stainless steel panels and blast-resistant glass.[77]
Contrasting with Libeskind's original plan, the tower's final design tapers octagonally as it rises. Its
designers stated that the tower would be a "monolithic glass structure reflecting the sky and topped by
a sculpted antenna." In 2006, Larry Silverstein commented on a planned completion date: "By 2012
we should have a completely rebuilt World Trade Center, more magnificent, more spectacular than it
ever was."[78] On April 26, 2006, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey approved a
conceptual framework that allowed foundation construction to begin. A formal agreement was drafted
the following day, the 75th anniversary of the 1931 opening of the Empire State Building. Construction
began in May; a formal groundbreaking ceremony took place when the first construction team
arrived.[79]
Construction and later development
The symbolic cornerstone of One World Trade Center was laid in

a ceremony on July 4, 2004.[80] The stone had an inscription
supposedly written by Arthur J. Finkelstein.[81] However,
construction was delayed until 2006 due to disputes over money,
security, and design.[80] The last major issues were resolved on
April 26, 2006, when a deal was made between developer Larry
Silverstein and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey,
so the cornerstone was temporarily removed from the site on
June 23, 2006.[82] Soon after, explosives were detonated at the
construction site for two months to clear bedrock for the One World Trade Center tower
building's foundation, onto which 400 cubic yards (310 cubic construction as of August 7, 2007
meters) of concrete was poured by November 2007.[83]
In a December 18, 2006, ceremony held in nearby Battery Park City, members of the public were
invited to sign the first 30-foot (9.1 m) steel beam installed onto the building's base.[84][85] It was
welded onto the building's base on December 19, 2006.[86] Foundation and steel installation began
shortly afterward, so the tower's footings and foundation were nearly complete within a year.[87]
In January 2008, two cranes were moved onto the site. Construction of the tower's concrete core,
which began after the cranes arrived,[87] reached street level by May 17. However, construction of the
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base was not finished until two years later, after which
construction of the office floors began, and the first glass windows
were subsequently installed; during 2010, floors were constructed
at a rate of about one per week.[88] An advanced "cocoon"
scaffolding system was installed to protect workers from falling,
and was the first such safety system installed on a steel structure
in the city.[89] The tower reached 52 floors and was over 600 feet
(180 m) tall by December 2010. The tower's steel frame was
halfway complete by then,[90] but grew to 82 floors by the tenth
anniversary of the September 11 attacks, at which time its
concrete flooring had reached 72 floors and the glass cladding
had reached 56 floors.[91]
In 2009, the Port Authority changed the official name of the

building from "Freedom Tower" to "One World Trade Center",
stating that this name was the "easiest for people to identify
with."[1][92] The change came after board members of the Port One World Trade Center
Authority voted to sign a 21-year lease deal with Vantone construction as of April 3, 2012,
Industrial Co., a Chinese real estate company, which would three months before topping off
become the building's first commercial tenant to sign a lease.
Vantone plans to create the China Center, a trade and cultural
facility, covering 191,000 square feet on floors 64 through 69.[93]
Detailed floor plans of the tower were posted on New York City's Department of Finance website in
May 2011. This resulted in an uproar from the media and citizens of the surrounding area, who
warned that the plans could potentially be used for a future terrorist attack.[94]
While under construction, the tower was specially illuminated on several occasions.[95] On the
weekend of July 4, 2011, it was lit up with the colors of the U.S. flag to commemorate Independence
Day, and it was lit up with the same colors on September 11 to mark the 10th anniversary of the
September 11 terrorist attacks.[96] On October 27 of that same year, it was illuminated with pink in
honor of Breast Cancer Awareness Month.[95] On December 11, the Port Authority illuminated the
tower with multicolored lights to celebrate the holiday season.[95] On February 24, 2012, the building
was lit up with red in honor of Archbishop of New York Timothy Dolan, who became a cardinal on
February 18.[95] On June 14, 2012, it was illuminated with red, white, and blue to honor Flag Day.[95]
In August, it was illuminated with red in honor of the Armed Forces.[95] On September 8, 2012, it was
once again illuminated with red, white, and blue to honor the 11th anniversary of the September 11
attacks.[97] On June 24, 2013, the building was again illuminated with red, white, and blue to
celebrate the Fourth of July.[95]
The tower's loading dock, however, was not due to be finished in time to move equipment into the
completed building, so five temporary loading bays were added at a cost of millions of dollars. The
temporary PATH station was not to be removed until its official replacement, the World Trade Center
Transportation Hub, was completed, blocking access to the planned loading area.[98] By March 2012,
One World Trade Center's steel structure had reached 93 floors,[99] growing to 94 floors and 1,240
feet (380 m) by the end of the month.[100] However, because the floor numberings were based on
standard measurements, the 94th floor was numbered "floor 100", because the extra space was
occupied by the high-ceilinged 91st floor, which was used for mechanical purposes.[100]
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The still-incomplete tower became New York City's tallest building by roof height in April 2012,
passing the 1,250-foot (380 m) roof height of the Empire State Building.[101][102] President Barack
Obama visited the construction site two months later and wrote, on a steel beam that would be
hoisted to the top of the tower, the sentence "We remember, we rebuild, we come back stronger!"[103]
That same month, with the tower's structure nearing completion, the owners of the building began a
public marketing campaign for the building, seeking to attract visitors and tenants.[104]
One World Trade Center's steel structure topped out at the nominal 104th floor, with a total height of
1,368 feet (417 m), in August 2012.[77][105] The tower's spire was then shipped from Quebec to New
York in November 2012,[106] and the first section of the spire was hoisted to the top of the tower on
December 12, 2012,[106][107] and was installed on January 15, 2013.[108] By March 2013, two sections
of the spire had been installed. The spire's completion was scheduled for April 29, 2013, but bad
weather delayed the delivery of the final pieces.[109] On May 10, 2013, the final piece of the spire was
lifted to the top of One World Trade Center, bringing the tower to its full height of 1,776 feet (541 m),
and making it the fourth-tallest building in the world at the time.[77][110][111] In subsequent months,
the exterior elevator shaft was removed; the podium glass, interior decorations, and other finishings
were being installed; and installation of concrete flooring and steel fittings was completed.[99]
A report in September 2013 revealed that, at the time of the report, the World Trade Center
Association (WTCA) was negotiating with regard to the "World Trade Center" name, as the WTCA had
purchased the rights to the name in 1986. The WTCA sought $500,000 worth of free office space in
the tower in exchange for the use of "World Trade Center" in the tower's name and associated
souvenirs.[112]
On November 12, 2013, the Height Committee of the Chicago-based Council on Tall Buildings and
Urban Habitat (CTBUH) made the controversial[113] announcement that One World Trade Center was
the tallest building in the United States at 1,776 feet (541 m), declaring that the mast on top of the
building is a spire since it is a permanent part of the building's architecture.[114][115] By the same
reasoning, the building was also the tallest in the Western Hemisphere.[116]
The original Twin Towers, c. 2000 One World Trade Center under
construction behind the World Financial
Center in June 2011.
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One World Trade Center (to the left) and 4 World Trade Center under
construction, as seen from a helicopter on April 30, 2012.
Opening and post-opening
On November 1, 2014, moving trucks started moving items for the tower's first occupying tenant,
magazine publisher Condé Nast, from its old headquarters in Times Square to One World Trade
Center. The New York Times noted that the area around the World Trade Center had transitioned
from a financial area to one with technology firms, residences, and luxury shops, coincident with the
building of the new tower.[117]
The building opened on November 3, 2014, and Condé Nast employees moved into spaces spread
among 24 floors.[118][119][3][120] Condé Nast occupied floors 20 to 44, having completed its move in
early 2015.[117] It was expected that the company would attract new tenants to occupy the remaining
40% of unleased space in the tower,[117] as Condé Nast had revitalized Times Square after moving
there in 1999.[121] Only about 170 of 3,400 total employees moved into the new tower on the first day.
At the time, future tenants included Kids Creative, Legends Hospitality, the BMB Group,
Servcorp,[122] and GQ.[121]
On November 12, 2014, the supporting wire rope cables of a suspended working platform slacked. The
cables were manufactured by Tractel, and they were used to hold workers who performed
maintenance on the building's exterior. At the time, the platform was holding a two-man, SEIU-
affiliated window washing team. The slack caused the platform to hang almost vertically near the 68th
floor of the tower. The workers were rescued by over 100 FDNY firefighters, who used a diamond saw
to cut through the glass. After the incident, the workers suffered from a slight case of hypothermia,
and were taken to the hospital.[123][124][125]
Estimated cost and funding
An estimate in February 2007 placed the initial construction cost of One World Trade Center at about
$3 billion, or $1,150 per square foot ($12,380 per square meter).[126] However, the tower's total
estimated construction cost had risen to $3.9 billion by April 2012, making it the most expensive
building in the world at the time.[6][7] The tower's construction was partly funded by approximately
$1 billion of insurance money that Silverstein received for his losses in the September 11 attacks.[126]
The State of New York provided an additional $250 million, and the Port Authority agreed to give
10 of 39 5/10/2020, 16:10
$1 billion, which would be obtained through the sale of

bonds.[127] The Port Authority raised prices for bridge and tunnel
tolls to raise funds, with a 56 percent toll increase scheduled
between 2011 and 2015; however, the proceeds of these increases
were not used to pay for the tower's construction.[7][128]
Architecture and design
Many of Daniel Libeskind's original concepts from the 2002

competition were discarded from the tower's final design. One
World Trade Center's final design consisted of simple symmetries
and a more traditional profile, intended to compare with selected
elements of the contemporary New York skyline. The tower's
central spire draws from previous buildings, such as the Empire
State Building and the Chrysler Building. It also visually
resembles the original Twin Towers, rather than being an off- Disabled suspended working
center spire similar to the Statue of Liberty.[129][130][131][132][133] platform used for maintenance
One World Trade Center is considered the first major building activities on southern exposure
whose construction is based upon a three-dimensional Building
Information Model.[134]
The building occupies a 200-foot (61 m) square, with an area of

40,000 square feet (3,700 m2), nearly identical to the footprints
of the original Twin Towers. The tower is built upon a 185-foot
(56 m) tall windowless concrete base, designed to protect it from
truck bombs and other ground-level attacks.[135] Originally, the
base was to be covered in decorative prismatic glass, but a
simpler glass-and-steel façade was adopted when the prisms
proved unworkable.[77] The current base cladding consists of
angled glass fins protruding from stainless steel panels, similar to
those on 7 World Trade Center. LED lights behind the panels
illuminate the base at night.[136] Cable-net glass façades on all
four sides of the building for the higher floors, designed by
Schlaich Bergermann, will be consistent with the other buildings
in the complex. The façades are 60 feet (18 m) high, and range in Preliminary site plans for the World
width from 30 feet (9.1 m) on the east and west sides, 50 feet Trade Center's reconstruction. In
(15 m) on the north side, and 70 feet (21 m) on the south side.[15] orange are the new buildings (One
The curtain wall was manufactured and assembled by Benson World Trade Center is the square at
Industries in Portland, Oregon, using glass made in Minnesota by upper left), and in blue is the 9/11
Viracon.[137] Memorial and Museum.
From the 20th floor upwards, the square edges of the tower's
cubic base are chamfered back, shaping the building into eight tall isosceles triangles, or an elongated
square antiprism.[138] Near its middle, the tower forms a perfect octagon, and then culminates in a
glass parapet, whose shape is a square oriented 45 degrees from the base. A 408-foot (124 m) sculpted
mast containing the broadcasting antenna – designed in a collaboration between Skidmore, Owings
and Merrill (SOM), artist Kenneth Snelson (who invented the tensegrity structure), lighting designers,
and engineers – is secured by a system of cables, and rises from a circular support ring, which
11 of 39 5/10/2020, 16:10
contains additional broadcasting and maintenance equipment. At night, an intense beam of light is
projected horizontally from the spire[13] and shines over 1,000 feet (300 m) above the tower.[139]
David Childs of SOM, the architect of One World Trade Center, said the following regarding the
tower's design:[140]
We really wanted our design to be grounded in something that was very real, not just in
sculptural sketches. We explored the infrastructural challenges because the proper
solution would have to be compelling, not just beautiful. The design does have great
sculptural implications, and we fully understand the iconic importance of the tower, but it
also has to be a highly efficient building. The discourse about Freedom Tower has often
been limited to the symbolic, formal and aesthetic aspects but we recognize that if this
building doesn't function well, if people don't want to work and visit there, then we will
have failed as architects.[140]
Layout
Just south of the new One World Trade Center is the National
September 11 Memorial & Museum, which is located where
the original Twin Towers stood. Immediately to the east is
World Trade Center Transportation Hub and the new Two
World Trade Center site. To the north is 7 World Trade
Center, and to the west is Brookfield Place.[141][142][143]
One World Trade Center's top floor is officially designated as

floor 104,[8] despite the fact that the tower only contains 94
Entrance to the tower
actual stories.[119] The building has 86 usable above-ground
floors, of which 78 are intended for office purposes
(approximately 2,600,000 square feet (240,000 m2)).[13]
[144][145] The base consists of floors 1–19, including a 65-foot-high (20 m) public lobby, featuring the
90-foot mural ONE: Union of the Senses by American artist José Parlá.[146][147] The office floors
begin at floor 20, and go up to floor 63. There is a sky lobby on floor 64; office floors resume on floor
65, and stop at floor 90. Floors 91–99 and 103–104 are mechanical floors.[15]
The tower has a three-story observation deck, located on floors 100–102, in addition to existing
broadcast and antenna facilities.[15] Similar to the Empire State Building, visitors to the observation
deck and tenants have their own separate entrances; one entrance is on the West Street side of the
building, and the other is from within the shopping mall, descending down to a below-ground security
screening area.[148] On the observation deck, the actual viewing space is on the 100th floor, but there
is a food court on the 101st floor and a space for events for the 102nd floor.[149] To show visitors the
city, and give them information and stories about New York, an interactive tool called City Pulse is
used by Tour Ambassadors. The admission fee is $32 per person,[150][151] but admission discounts are
available for children and seniors, and the deck is free for 9/11 responders and families of 9/11
victims.[149] When it opened, the deck was expected to have about 3.5 million visitors per year.[152]
Tickets went on sale starting on April 8.[153] However, the Manhattan District Attorney probed the
Port Authority about the firm to which it awarded a contract to operate the deck.[154] It officially
opened on May 28, 2015,[155][156] one day ahead of schedule.[157]
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There are three eating venues at the top of the building: a café
(called One Café), a bar and "small plates" grill (One Mix), and a
fine dining restaurant (One Dining). Some have criticized the
food prices; the need of a full observatory ticket purchase to
enter; and their reputations compared to Windows on the World,
the top-floor restaurant in the original One World Trade Center.
[158][159] The tenants have access to below-ground parking,
storage, and shopping; access to PATH, New York City Subway
trains, and the World Financial Center is also provided at the
World Trade Center Transportation Hub, Fulton Street/Fulton
Center, Chambers Street, and Cortlandt Street stations.[160] The
building allows direct access to West Street, Vesey Street, and
Fulton Street at ground level.[160] The building has an
approximate underground footprint of 42,000 square feet
(3,900 m2),[160] of which 55,000 square feet (5,100 m2) is retail
space. A plan to build a restaurant near the top of the tower,
similar to the original One World Trade Center's Windows on the
World, was abandoned as logistically impractical. The tower's
window-washing tracks are located on a 16-square-foot area,
which is designated as floor 110 as a symbolic reference to the 110
floors of the original tower.[161]
One World Trade Center as seen
from the National September 11
Memorial
Visitors looking toward New Jersey

from One World Observatory
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View of Manhattan Brooklyn Bridge West Street Statue of Liberty as

from the and Manhattan viewed from viewed from the
observatory Bridge as viewed the observatory
from the observatory
observatory
Design evolution
The original design went through significant changes after the Durst Organization joined the Port
Authority of New York and New Jersey as the co-developer of the project in 2010.[129]
The 185-foot (56 m) tall base corners were

originally designed to gently slope upward,
and have prismatic glass.[129][132] The
corners were later squared. In addition, the
base's walls are now covered in "hundreds of
pairs of 13-foot vertical glass fins set against
horizontal bands of eight-inch-wide
stainless-steel slats." [129][132]
The spire was originally to be enclosed with

a protective radome, described as a
"sculptural sheath of interlocking fiberglass
panels".[129][130][131] However, the radome- Height comparison of major skyscrapers in New York City,
enclosed spire was changed to a plain with One World Trade Center shown at far left. The North
antenna. [129] Douglas Durst, the chairman Tower of WTC was 1,727 ft (526.3 m)
of the Durst Organization, stated that the
design change would save $20 million.
[131][162] However, the tower's architect, Skidmore Owings & Merrill, strongly criticized the change.
David Childs, the lead designer, said, "Eliminating this integral part of the building's design and
leaving an exposed antenna and equipment is unfortunate ... We stand ready to work with the Port on
an alternate design."[131] After joining the project in 2010, the Durst Organization had suggested
eliminating the radome to reduce costs, but the proposal was rejected by the Port Authority's then-
executive director, Christopher O. Ward.[131] Ward was replaced by Patrick Foye in September
2011.[130] Foye changed the Port Authority's position, and the radome was removed from the plans. In
2012, Douglas Durst gave a statement regarding the final decision: "(the antenna) is going to be
14 of 39 5/10/2020, 16:10
mounted on the building over the summer. There's no way to do anything at this point."[131]
The large triangular plaza on the west side of One World Trade Center, facing the Hudson River, was
originally planned to have stainless steel steps descending to the street. However, the steps were
changed to a terrace in the final design. The terrace can be accessed through a staircase on Vesey
Street. The terrace is paved in granite, and has 12 sweetgum trees, in addition to a block-long
planter/bench.[129]
Durst also removed a skylight from the plaza's plans; the skylight was designed to allow natural light
to enter the below-ground observation deck lobby.[129] The plaza is 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m) higher than the
adjacent sidewalk.[129]
The Port Authority formally approved all these revisions, and the revisions were first reported by the
New York Post.[163] Patrick Foye, the executive director of the Port Authority, said that he thought
that the changes were "few and minor" in a telephone interview.[129]
A contract negotiated between the Port Authority and the Durst Organization states that the Durst
Organization will receive a $15 million fee and a percentage of "base building changes that result in
net economic benefit to the project." The specifics of the signed contract give Durst 75 percent of the
savings, up to $24 million, with further returns going down to 50 percent, 25 percent and 15 percent
as the savings increase.[129]
Height
The top floor of One World Trade Center is 1,368 feet (417 m)
above ground level, along with a 33 ft 4 in (10.16 m) parapet; this
is identical to the roof height of the original One World Trade
Center.[164] The tower's spire brings it to a pinnacle height of
1,776 feet (541 m),[8][165] a figure intended to symbolize the year
1776, when the United States Declaration of Independence was
signed.[13][166][167][168] When the spire is included in the
building's height, as stated by the Council on Tall Buildings and
Urban Habitat (CTBUH), One World Trade Center surpasses the When viewed from street level in
height of Taipei 101 (1,671-foot (509 m)), is the world's tallest all- proximity to the tower, One World
office building, and the sixth-tallest skyscraper in the world, Trade Center appears to ascend to
behind the Burj Khalifa,[38] Abraj Al Bait,[169] Shanghai a pyramid point.
Tower,[170] Ping An Finance Centre and Lotte World Tower.
One World Trade Center is the second-tallest freestanding structure in the Western Hemisphere, as
the CN Tower in Toronto exceeds One World Trade Center's pinnacle height by approximately 40 ft
(12.2 m).[171] The Chicago Spire, with a planned height of 2,000 feet (610 m), was expected to exceed
the height of One World Trade Center, but its construction was canceled due to financial difficulties in
2009.[172]
After design changes for One World Trade Center's spire were revealed in May 2012, there were
questions as to whether the 408-foot (124 m)-tall structure would still qualify as a spire, and thus be
included in the building's height.[173][174] Since the tower's spire is not enclosed in a radome as
originally planned, it could be classified as a simple antenna, which is not included in a building's
height, according to the CTBUH.[174] Without the antenna, One World Trade Center would be 1,368
15 of 39 5/10/2020, 16:10
feet (417 m) tall, making it the fourth-tallest building in the

United States, behind the Willis Tower and Trump International
Hotel & Tower, both located in Chicago, and 432 Park Avenue in
New York.[175][176] The building is currently the tallest in New
York City with the antenna; however, without the antenna, it was
surpassed in 2015 by 432 Park Avenue, which topped out at 1,396
feet (426 m) high.[177][178][179] One World Trade Center's
developers have disputed the claim that the spire should be
reclassified as an antenna following the redesign,[180] with Port Spire on the top of One World Trade
Authority spokesman Steve Coleman reiterating that "One World Center building as viewed from the
Trade Center will be the tallest building in the Western ground
Hemisphere."[173] In 2012, the CTBUH announced that it would
wait to make its final decision as to whether or not the redesigned
spire would count towards the building's height.[173] On November 12, 2013, the CTBUH announced
that One World Trade Center's spire would count as part of the building's recognized height, giving it
a final height of 1,776 feet, and making it the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere.[114]
Sustainability
Like other buildings in the new World Trade Center complex, One World Trade Center includes
sustainable architecture features. Much of the building's structure and interior is built from recycled
materials, including gypsum boards and ceiling tiles; around 80 percent of the tower's waste products
are recycled.[181] Although the roof area of any tower is limited, the building implements a rainwater
collection and recycling scheme for its cooling systems. The building's PureCell phosphoric acid fuel
cells generate 4.8 megawatts (MW) of power, and its waste steam generates electricity.[182] The New
York Power Authority selected UTC Power to provide the tower's fuel cell system, which was one of
the largest fuel cell installations in the world once completed.[183] The tower also makes use of off-site
hydroelectric and wind power.[184] The windows are made of an ultra-clear glass, which allows
maximum sunlight to pass through; the interior lighting is equipped with dimmers that automatically
dim the lights on sunny days, reducing energy costs.[139] Like all of the new facilities at the World
Trade Center site, One World Trade Center is heated by steam, with limited oil or natural gas utilities
on-site.[185] One World Trade Center is expected to receive a Leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design (LEED) Gold Certification, making it one of the most environmentally
sustainable skyscrapers in the world.[186]
Security features
Along with the protection provided by the reinforced concrete base, a number of other safety features
were included in the building's design, so that it would be prepared for a major accident or terrorist
attack. Like 7 World Trade Center, the building has 3-foot (91 cm) thick reinforced concrete walls in
all stairwells, elevator shafts, risers, and sprinkler systems. There are also extra-wide, pressurized
stairwells, along with a dedicated set of stairwells exclusively for the use of firefighters, and biological
and chemical filters throughout the ventilation system.[139][186] In comparison, the original Twin
Towers used a purely steel central core to house utility functions, protected only by lightweight
drywall panels.[187]
The building is no longer 25 feet (8 m) away from West Street, as the Twin Towers were; at its closest
point, West Street is 65 feet (20 m) away.[139] The Port Authority has stated: "Its structure is designed
16 of 39 5/10/2020, 16:10
around a strong, redundant steel moment frame consisting of

beams and columns connected by a combination of welding and
bolting. Paired with a concrete-core shear wall, the moment
frame lends substantial rigidity and redundancy to the overall
building structure while providing column-free interior spans for
maximum flexibility."[186]
In addition to safety design, new security measures were

implemented. All vehicles will be screened for radioactive
materials and other potentially dangerous objects before they
enter the site through the underground road. Four hundred
closed-circuit surveillance cameras will be placed in and around
the site, with live camera feeds being continuously monitored by
the NYPD. A computer system will use video-analytic computer
software, designed to detect potential threats, such as unattended
bags, and retrieve images based on descriptions of terrorists or
other criminal suspects. New York City and Port Authority police One World Trade Center and 7
will patrol the site.[188] World Trade Center at night
Before the World Trade Center site was fully completed, the plaza
was not completely opened to the public, as the original World Trade Center plaza was.[189] The initial
stage of the opening process began on Thursday, May 15, 2014, when the "Interim Operating Period"
of the National September 11 Memorial ended. During this period, all visitors were required to
undergo airport style security screening,[190] as part of the "Interim Operating Period", which was
expected to end on December 31, 2013.[191] However, screening did not fully end until the official
dedication and opening of the museum[192][193] on May 21, 2014, after which visitors were allowed to
use the plaza without needing passes.[189]
Incidents
In March 2014, the tower was scaled by 16-year-old Weehawken, New Jersey resident Justin
Casquejo, who entered the site through a hole in a fence. He was subsequently arrested on trespassing
charges.[194] He allegedly dressed like a construction worker, sneaked in, and convinced an elevator
operator to lift him to the tower's 88th floor, according to news sources. He then used stairways to get
to the 104th floor, walked past a sleeping security guard, and climbed up a ladder to get to the
antenna, where he took pictures for two hours.[195] The elevator operator was reassigned, and the
guard was fired.[196][197] It was then revealed that officials had failed to install security cameras in the
tower, which facilitated Casquejo's entry to the site.[198][199] Casquejo was sentenced to 23 days of
community service as a result.[200]
Controversies
The social center of the previous One World Trade Center included a restaurant on the 107th floor,
called Windows on the World, and The Greatest Bar on Earth; these were tourist attractions in their
own right, and a gathering spot for people who worked in the towers.[201][202] This restaurant also
housed one of the most prestigious wine schools in the United States, called "Windows on the World
Wine School", run by wine personality Kevin Zraly.[203] Despite numerous assurances that these
attractions would be rebuilt,[204] the Port Authority scrapped plans to rebuild them, which has
17 of 39 5/10/2020, 16:10
outraged some observers.[205]
The fortified base of the tower has also been a source of controversy. Some critics, including Deroy
Murdock of the National Review,[206] have said that it is alienating and dull, and reflects a sense of
fear rather than freedom, leading them to dub the building "the Fear Tower".[207] Nicolai Ouroussoff,
the architecture critic for The New York Times, calls the tower base a "grotesque attempt to disguise
its underlying paranoia".[208]
Owners and tenants
One World Trade Center is principally owned by the

Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Around
5 percent equity of the building was sold to the Durst
Organization, a private real estate company, in
exchange for an investment of at least $100 million.
The Durst Organization assisted in supervising the
building's construction, and manages the building for
the Port Authority, having responsibility for leasing,
property management, and tenant installations.
[209][210] By September 2012, around 55 percent of the
building's floor space had been leased,[211] but no new Seen at sunset; the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge
is in the background
leases were signed for three years until May 2014;[212]
the amount of space leased had gone up to 62.8 percent
by November 2014.[213]
In 2006, the State of New York agreed to a 15-year 415,000 square feet (38,600 m2) lease, with an
option to extend the lease's term and occupy up to 1,000,000 square feet (90,000 m2).[214] The
General Services Administration (GSA) initially agreed to a lease of around 645,000 square feet
(59,900 m2),[185][214] and New York State's Office of General Services (OGS) planned to occupy
around 412,000 square feet (38,300 m2). However, the GSA ceded most of its floor space to the Port
Authority in July 2011, and the OGS withdrew from the lease contract.[215] In April 2008, the Port
Authority announced that it was seeking a bidder to operate the 18,000 sq ft (1,700 m2) observation
deck on the tower's 102nd floor;[216] in 2013, Legends Hospitality Management agreed to operate the
observatory in a 15-year, $875 million contract.[217]
The building's first lease, a joint project between the Port Authority and Beijing-based Vantone
Industrial, was announced on March 28, 2009. A 190,810 sq ft (17,727 m2) "China Center", combining
business and cultural facilities, is planned between floors 64 and 69; it is intended to represent
Chinese business and cultural links to the United States, and to serve American companies that wish
to conduct business in China.[211] Vantone Industrial's lease is for 20 years and 9 months.[218] In April
2011, a new interior design for the China Center was unveiled, featuring a vertical "Folding Garden",
based on a proposal by the Chinese artist Zhou Wei.[219]
On August 3, 2010, Condé Nast Publications signed a tentative agreement to move the headquarters
and offices for its magazines into One World Trade Center, occupying up to 1,000,000 square feet
(90,000 m2) of floor space.[220] On May 17, 2011, Condé Nast reached a final agreement with the Port
Authority, securing a 25-year lease with an estimated value of $2 billion.[221] On May 25, 2011, Condé
Nast finalized the lease contract, obtaining 1,008,012 square feet (93,647.4 m2) of office space
18 of 39 5/10/2020, 16:10
between floors 20–41. The lease also includes 30,000 square feet (2,800 m2) of usable space in the
podium and below grade floors, for mail, messenger services, and storage use. On January 17, 2012, it
was reported that Condé Nast would be leasing an additional 133,000 square feet (10,000 m2) of
space, occupying floors 42 through 44.[222] Conde Nast moved in on November 3, 2014.[118][119]
However, some leases failed. In January 2012, Chadbourne & Parke, a Midtown Manhattan-based law
firm, was to sign a 300,000 square feet (30,000 m2) lease contract,[223] but after negotiations broke
down, the deal was abruptly canceled in March.[224]
In August 2014, it was announced Servcorp signed a 15-year lease for 34,775 square feet (3,230.7 m2),
taking the entire 85th floor.[225] Servcorp subsequently sublet all of its space on the 85th floor as
private offices, boardrooms and co-working space to numerous medium-sized businesses such as
ThinkCode, D100 Radio, and Chérie L'Atelier des Fleurs.[226][227]
Key figures
Developer
Larry Silverstein of Silverstein Properties, the leaseholder and developer of the complex, retains
control of the surrounding buildings, while the Port Authority has full control of the tower itself.
Silverstein signed a 99-year lease for the World Trade Center site in July 2001, and remains actively
involved in most aspects of the site's redevelopment process.[228]
Before construction of the new tower began, Silverstein was involved in an insurance dispute
regarding the tower. The terms of the lease agreement signed in 2001, for which Silverstein paid $14
million,[229] gave Silverstein, as leaseholder, the right and obligation to rebuild the structures if they
were destroyed.[230] After the September 11 attacks, there were a series of disputes between
Silverstein and insurance companies concerning the insurance policies that covered the original
towers; this resulted in the construction of One World Trade Center being delayed. After a trial
resulted, a verdict was given on April 29, 2004. The verdict was that ten of the insurers involved in the
dispute were subject to the "one occurrence" interpretation, so their liability was limited to the face
value of those policies. Three insurers were added to the second trial group.[231][232] At that time, the
jury was unable to reach a verdict on one insurer, Swiss Reinsurance, but it did so several days later
on May 3, 2004, finding that this company was also subject to the "one occurrence"
interpretation.[233] Silverstein appealed the Swiss Reinsurance decision, but the appeal failed on
October 19, 2006.[234] The second trial resulted in a verdict on December 6, 2004. The jury
determined that nine insurers were subject to the "two occurrences" interpretation, referring to the
fact that two different planes had destroyed the towers during the September 11 attacks. They were
therefore liable for a maximum of double the face value of those particular policies ($2.2 billion).[235]
The highest potential payout was $4.577 billion, for buildings 1, 2, 4, and 5.[236]
In March 2007, Silverstein appeared at a rally of construction workers and public officials outside an
insurance industry conference. He highlighted what he describes as the failures of insurers Allianz
and Royal & Sun Alliance to pay $800 million in claims related to the attacks. Insurers state that an
agreement to split payments between Silverstein and the Port Authority is a cause for concern.[237]
Key project coordinators
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David Childs, one of Silverstein's favorite architects, joined the project after Silverstein urged him to
do so. He developed a design proposal for One World Trade Center, initially collaborating with Daniel
Libeskind. In May 2005, Childs revised the design to address security concerns. He is the architect of
the tower, and is responsible for overseeing its day-to-day design and development.[238]
Architect Daniel Libeskind won the invitational competition to develop a

plan for the new tower in 2002. He gave an initial proposal, which he
called "Memory Foundations", for the design of One World Trade
Center. His design included aerial gardens, windmills, and off-center
spire.[133] Libeskind later denied a request to place the tower in a more
rentable location next to the PATH station. He instead placed it another
block west, as it would then line up with, and resemble, the Statue of
Liberty.[239] Most of Libeskind's original designs were later scrapped,
and other architects were chosen to design the other WTC
buildings.[note 2] However, one element of Libeskind's initial plan was
included in the final design – the tower's symbolic height of 1,776 feet Daniel Libeskind won the
(541 m).[240] 2002 competition to
develop a master plan for
Daniel R. Tishman – along with his father John Tishman, builder of the the World Trade Center's
original World Trade Center – led the construction team from Tishman redevelopment.
Realty & Construction, the selected builder for One World Trade Center.
[241][242]
Douglas and Jody Durst, the co-presidents of the Durst Organization, a real estate development
company, won the right to invest at least $100 million in the project on July 7, 2010.[243]
In August 2010, Condé Nast, a long-time Durst tenant, confirmed a tentative deal to move into One
World Trade Center,[244][245][246] and finalized the deal on May 26, 2011.[247] The contract negotiated
between the Port Authority and the Durst Organization specifies that the Durst Organization will
receive a $15 million fee, and a percentage of "base building changes that result in net economic
benefit to the project". The specifics of the signed contract give Durst 75 percent of savings up to $24
million, stepping down to 50, 25, and 15 percent as savings increase.[129] Since Durst joined the
project, significant changes have been made to the building, including the 185 foot base of the tower,
the spire, and the plaza to the west of the building, facing the Hudson River. The Port Authority has
approved all the revisions.[129]
Port Authority construction workers
A WoodSearch Films short-subject documentary entitled How does it feel to work on One World
Trade Center? was uploaded to YouTube on August 31, 2010. It depicted construction workers who
were satisfied with the working conditions at the construction site.[248] However, further analysis of
the work site showed that dozens of construction-related injuries had occurred at the site during the
construction of One World Trade Center, including 34 not reported to the U.S. Occupational Safety
and Health Administration.[249] Workers also left post-9/11-related graffiti at the site, which are
supposed to symbolize rebirth and resilience.[250]
See also
20 of 39 5/10/2020, 16:10
One World Trade Center in popular culture

Artwork in the World Trade Center
Architecture of New York City
List of buildings with 100 floors or more
Observation deck – Elevated sightseeing platform
List of tallest buildings in New York City / the United States / the world
List of tallest freestanding structures – Wikipedia list article
Notes
1. During the initial planning stages, the building was dubbed as the Freedom Tower. In later years,
the building's owners decided to call it One World Trade Center.
2. Foster and Partners was chosen for 2 WTC, Richard Rogers was chosen for 3 WTC, Fumihiko
Maki and associates was chosen for 4 WTC, Kohn Pederson Fox was chosen for 5 WTC.
References
1. Westfeldt, Amy (March 26, 2009). "Freedom Tower has a new preferred name" (http://www.wtc.co
m/news/freedom-tower-has-a-new-preferred-name). Silverstein Properties. Associated Press.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20090331101501/http://www.wtc.com/news/freedom-tower-
has-a-new-preferred-name) from the original on March 31, 2009. Retrieved March 30, 2009.
2. Stanglin, Doug (May 10, 2013). "Spire permanently installed on WTC tower" (https://www.usatoda
y.com/story/news/nation/2013/05/10/world-trade-center-spire/2149449/). USA Today. Gannett
Company. Retrieved May 10, 2013.
3. Moore, Jack (November 3, 2014). "World Trade Center Re-opens as Tallest Building in America"
(https://web.archive.org/web/20150904120549/http://onewtc.com/news/world-trade-center-re-ope
ns-as-tallest-building-in-america). International Business Times. One World Trade Center.
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4. Smith, Aaron (November 3, 2014). "One World Trade Center, the tallest building in the Western
Hemisphere, is open for business" (http://money.cnn.com/2014/11/03/news/companies/one-world-
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Retrieved March 30, 2017.
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new-yorks-new-tallest-building/). Forbes. Retrieved July 26, 2013.
7. Brown, Eliot (January 30, 2012). "Tower Rises, And So Does Its Price Tag" (https://www.wsj.com/
articles/SB10001424052970203920204577191371172049652). The Wall Street Journal.
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ne-world-trade-center/98/). Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. September 11, 2015.
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April 29, 2012. Retrieved May 1, 2014.
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all four sides and accessible by visitors only via the 9/11 Memorial Welcome Site. The
approximate duration of the Interim Operating Period is from September 11, 2011 to December
31, 2013."
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External links
Official website (http://onewtc.com) maintained by the Durst Organization and Cushman &
Wakefield
One World Observatory (https://oneworldobservatory.com/) official website
World Trade Center (http://www.wtc.com/) – Maintained by Silverstein Properties
One World Trade Center (http://skyscrapercenter.com/new-york-city/one-world-trade-center/98/)
on CTBUH's Skyscraper Center database
LowerManhattan.Info (http://lowermanhattan.info/) – Official site for Lower Manhattan
Construction Command Center
38 of 39 5/10/2020, 16:10
Glass, Steel and Stone (https://web.archive.org/web/20060313101509/http://www.glasssteelandst

one.com/BuildingDetail/439.php) – History of Freedom Tower designs
Records
Tallest building in the United States

Preceded by
541.3 metres (1,776 ft)
Willis Tower
2013–present
Incumbent
Tallest building in New York City
Preceded by
541.3 metres (1,776 ft)
Empire State Building
2013–present
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this
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One World Trade Center - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.

Coordinates: 40°42′47″N 74°00′48″W

One World Trade Center

One World Trade Center (also known as One World

The building's architect is David Childs, whose firm

On March 26, 2009, the Port Authority of New York and

Alternative names 1 WTC

Contents Status Completed

Port Authority construction workers Architectural 1,776 ft

and spearheaded by David Lifts/elevators 73,[8] made by

The towers were designed as framed tube structures, giving

Specifications and operations

When it was topped out on December 4, 1970,[34] One World

The complex initially failed to attract the expected clientele.

The first terrorist attack on the World Trade Center occurred on

[61][62] Seventeen minutes later, at

By 9:59 a.m. (EDT), the South Tower

Current building (2014–present)

Planning and early development

Construction and later development

The symbolic cornerstone of One World Trade Center was laid in

In 2009, the Port Authority changed the official name of the

Opening and post-opening

Estimated cost and funding

$1 billion, which would be obtained through the sale of

Architecture and design

Many of Daniel Libeskind's original concepts from the 2002

The building occupies a 200-foot (61 m) square, with an area of

One World Trade Center's top floor is officially designated as

Visitors looking toward New Jersey

View of Manhattan Brooklyn Bridge West Street Statue of Liberty as

The 185-foot (56 m) tall base corners were

The spire was originally to be enclosed with

feet (417 m) tall, making it the fourth-tallest building in the

around a strong, redundant steel moment frame consisting of

In addition to safety design, new security measures were

outraged some observers.[205]

Owners and tenants

One World Trade Center is principally owned by the

Key project coordinators

Architect Daniel Libeskind won the invitational competition to develop a

Port Authority construction workers

One World Trade Center in popular culture

184. "Green Facts About 1 WTC" (http://news.thomasnet.com/green_clean/2012/01/03/green-facts-ab

212. "New WTC towers fill with tech tenants" (http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20150107/REAL_E

242. "WTC builder on the project's status" (http://therealdeal.com/newyork/articles/wtc-builder-daniel-tis

Glass, Steel and Stone (https://web.archive.org/web/20060313101509/http://www.glasssteelandst

Tallest building in the United States

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_World_Trade_Center&oldid=955834914"

This page was last edited on 10 May 2020, at 02:16 (UTC).

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