VINAYAKA MISSION’S COLLEGE OF NURSING

Kirumampakkam, Puducherry

SUMISSION OF RESEARCH PROPOSAL FOR CONSIDERATION BY INSTITUTIONAL

RESAERCH COMMITTE

TITLE: Effectiveness of yoga Asanas on reduction of stress and depression among prisoners in
central prison at cuddalore.

vmcon , puducherry GUIDE 1: Mr.Gnanasekar , M.sc (N),

Vmcon , GUIDE
Assistant
2:Mrs.ayee
professor, , M.sc (N),phd
puducherry
Dept.of
Hod cum mental
associate
health
professor,
nursing ,
NAME OF THE
CANDIDATE: Dept.of mental health nursing ,
P.Manojkumar.

NAME OF THE DEPARTMENT: Mental heath nursing.

DATE OF SUBMISSION OF RESEARCH PROPOSAL:06.12.2019

SOURCE OF FUNDING: self.

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION:

Depression is characterized by a depressed mood or loss of interest or

pleasure in almost all daily activities for a period of at least two weeks

Prison is a place where the inmates or the compelled to stay for many years
and sometimes for life long to punish them for their mistakes such as committed
grave crimes (murder, sexual assaults, robbery).

It is not considered as a good place to live because it separates the

prisoners from their families, friends, and the society. There are many other
reasons like overcrowding, lack of privacy, insecurity about future, forced to be
alone, facing various types of violence, lack of meaningful activity, inadequate
mental health services and fear of the negative opinion of family and society that
cause mild to severe mental health problems among prisoners

Depressive symptoms are common mental disorders around worldwide of

depression is much higher irrespective of all age groups especially females, old age
person, singles and separated person.

The contributing factors resulting in imprisonment are loss of freedom and

opportunities, lack of social support, poor relationship from family and society,
loss of employment, and lack of social roles (World Health Organization)

Moreover, the prison environment characterized by overcrowding, high

level of uncertainty, stereotype regimen and lack of recreational activities could
lead to depression among prisoners than in general population(Datta, 2015)

World Health Organization reported that m (10% of men and 30% of

women) prisoners around worldwide experiencing mental disorders and this is
proportionately high when compared to general population Organization, 2007

Studies found that 15% of men in prison reported symptoms of psychosis

and for the general public is about 4% Psychiatric medicine, 2015)

NEED FOR THE STUDY:

Imprisonment has been accompanied with mental illness like anxiety, depression,
self-harming, and aggressive behaviour. The people in prison had fear of family
abandonment guilt for being absent from raising and educating their children,
losing their right to the social importance of work, guilt, financial loss, social
discrimination and thinking about future leads to low self esteem and development
of depression among prisoners.

Around 16.1 million adults, 6.7 percent of the adult population have
depression in prison.About 57 (14.2%) had moderate depression with somatic
features, 25 (6.2%) severe depression without psychotic features, while 18 (4.5%)
had severe depression with psychotic features and the prevalence of depression
was 37% among 400 prisoners in Port Harcourt Prison, Nigeria.

A systematic review by has been done in India, which includes 23,000 prisoners
from 62 surveys which aimed to examine the serious mental disorders showed that
3.7% of men had psychotic illnesses, 10% had major depression, and 65% had a
personality disorder. Among women, 4.0% had psychotic illnesses, 12% had major
depression, and 42% had a personality disorder

An estimated prevalence of depressive disorders in India is 4.5% of the total

population.In India, around 49% of women and 23% of men who have been
imprisoned for various reasons were identified with depression and anxiety.In
Tamil Nadu one prisoner dies every 4 days due to longer stay and stress in their
prison environment

Yoga is a group of physical, mental and spiritual practices of disciplines which

originated in ancient times. Yoga is a mind-body practice that has seen a
significant rise in popularity over recent years. Many studies have tried to
determine the effectiveness of modern yoga as a complementary intervention for
cancer, schizophrenia, asthma, heart diseases and other psychiatric illness

Yoga had positive effect on stress management and building self-esteem and
emotional intelligence. It is suggested that yoga is a public, effective and suitable
sport and can lead to positive mental and physical health

13 Million US adults have practiced yoga for 12 months. Of these adults, 58

percent report practicing yoga helps them maintain their health and well-being
especially reducing depression and anxiety

Yoga technique has been shown to have 62% to 79% of people experienced
success rate in the treatment of depression, anxiety and stress regardless of their
severity three weeks.
 Published studies further suggest that Pranayama normalizes patients brainwave
patterns, increases serum prolactin (a ‘well being’ hormone), and it is effective as
standard antidepressant drug regimen. Yet it is safe, free of unwanted side effects,
cost effective, and self empowering. Pranayama leads to relaxation and better
quality of life, which can reduce or eventually eliminate the symptoms of
depression and improves Self- Esteem

Various interventional studies have been implemented in the treatment of

depression among prisoners. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of the
Asanas of selected Yoga on Stress and Depression among male prisoners in the
prison.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:

A study to evaluate the effectiveness of selected yoga Asanas on reduction of

stress and depression among prisoners in central prison at cuddalore.

OBJECTIVES:

 To assess the level of Stress and Depression among male prisoners in

Central Prison.

 To evaluate the effectiveness of selected Yoga Asanason Stress and

Depression among male prisoners in Central Prison.

 To associate the level of Stress and Depression with the selected socio-
demographic variables.

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION:

1. Assess

It refers to the determination of measuring the level of stress and Depression

among male prisoners in Central Prison with the use of Perceived stress scale and
Beck’s depression inventory.
2. Effectiveness

It refers to the degree in which the practice of selected YogaAsanas is

successful in reducing the level of stress and Depression among male prisoners in
Central Prison.

3. Selected yoga Asanas:

A type of Yoga in which there are several limbs of asanas among these
Talasana, Veerasana, Bhujangasana, Pawana Mukthasana and Shavasana with
Marmanasthana Kriya, Pranava Pranayama and Sadantha Pranayama were taught
to the prisoners and they were trained to practice the yoga for 30 minutes a day in
the morning for 7 days.

4. Stress:

In this study Stress refers to an individual’s reaction to any changes that

requires an adjustment or response, Which can be physical, mental or emotional.

5. Depression:

In this study depression refers to depressed mood or loss of interest or

pleasure in usual activities and evidence of impaired social and occupational
functioning has existed for at least 2 weeks.

6. Male Prisonner:

A male person who has been confined legally in the Central Prison,
Cuddalore at Tamilnadu.

7. Prison

The building in which people are legally confined into as a punishment for
crime they have committed. In this study the researcher have chosen Central
Prison, in Cuddalore at Tamilnadu.

HYPOTHESIS:
H1:There will be a significant difference between level of Stress and Depression
among male prisoners before and after the practice of selected YogaAsana.

H2:There will be a significant Association between the level of Stress and

Depression among male prisoners with selected demographic variables.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE:

1. Manpreet Kaur and Dr. Rajesh (2016) conduct an experimental study on

the effect of yoga and meditations on stress management among female
prisoners in Delhi. They were selected by random Sampling technique and
the data were collected by using a questionnaire. Findings showed from the
analysis that Yoga and meditation has positive impact on improved mood,
reduced stress, lesser psychological distress, improved ability to override
impulse for female prisoners with the p <.0.001

2. PrachiDeshbhratar (2016) was conduct a quantitative study on effect of

Pranayama on depression in Geriatric population 60 samples at Pune were
selected by simple random sampling and the data were collected by Beck
Depression Rating Scale. Among these groups, group A was given
Pranayama practice and group B were given the conventional breathing
exercises for 12 weeks. Findings showed that group A- p value 0.04, group
B- p value0.06 which shows that Pranayama is more effective in reducing
depression

3. Lakshmi Narasimhan, et al., (2016)conduct an experimental study on the

effect of integrated yogic practice among prisoners in California on reducing
depression. 450 prisoners were selected by simple random sampling and the
data were collected by modified version of Positive and Negative Scale.
Findings showed that 312 persons had experienced good effect of Yoga on
reducing depression with the p 0.02

4. Neelu Sharma et.al, (2015) conduct a cross sectional study on Mental

Health Problems in Criminals in Terms of Depression, Anxiety and Stress
among two groups of convicted criminals: forty murderers and thirty two
 rapists in Birsa Munda Central Jail, Hotwar (Ranch, Jharkhand, India).
Samples were selected by purposive sampling technique and the data were
collected by DASS questionnaire. Findings showed that around 18(56.2)
rapists had no symptoms of depression, 8 (25.0%) had mild depression,
3(9.4%) had moderate level of depression and 3 (9.4.5%) had severe
depression. While in murderer’s group 34(85.0%) murderers were
asymptomatic on depression scale, 3(7.5%) had mild depression, 2(5.0%)
murderers had moderate level of depression, 1(2.5%) had severe level of
depressive symptoms with the p value < 0.01

5. Sureka P et.al, (2014) were conduct a experimental study on Effect of

Sudarshan Kriya on male prisoners with non psychotic psychiatric disorders;
a randomized control trial among 230 male prisoners was done by simple
random sampling technique. Each individual was involved in a daily
program of Skill, Knowledge &Practice for six weeks. Each individual
control participant was instructed to sit in an armchair with his eyes closed
and gentle attention to their breath for duration of six weeks. Result showed
that practicing Skill, Knowledge &Practice helps in improving the psychotic
symptoms especially for depression and total development of an individual.
Skill, Knowledge &Practice also causes significant reduction in anxiety
and depression levels with the level of p< 0.01

6. Vinod Kumar and Usha Daria (2013) were conduct a cross sectional

studyon psychiatric morbidity among 118 prisoners in central jail, Rajasthan
under simple random sampling technique. The data was collected by means
of socio-demographic data and assessed on Indian Psychiatric Interview
Schedule (IPIS) with additional required questions to diagnose psychiatric
disorders in prisoners. Findings showed that prevalence of psychiatric
disorders was 33%. Psychotic, depressive, and anxiety disorders were seen
in 6.7%, 16.1%, and 8.5% prisoners respectively. 58.8% had history of drug
abuse/dependence prior to imprisonment with the p value < 0.01

7. Fazel, S. and Danesh, J. (2012)conduct a systematic review of survey was

done on serious mental disorder in general prison populations in western
countries. Around 23,000 prisoners were selected by simple random
sampling technique and the data was collected by means of self structured
 questionnaire. Findings showed that 62 surveys from 12 countries included
22790 prisoners (mean age 29 years, 18530 [81%] men, 2568 [26%] of 9776
were violent offenders). 3.7% of men (95% CI 3.3--4.1) had psychotic
illnesses, 10% (9--11) major depression, and 65% (61--68) a personality
disorder, including 47% (46--48) with antisocial personality disorder. 4.0%
of women (3.2--5.1) had psychotic illnesses, 12% (11--14) major depression,
and 42% (38--45) a personality disorder, including 21% (19--23) with
antisocial personality disorder with the p 0.02

8. Bland RC et.al, (2012) were conduct adescriptive study on Prevalence of

psychiatric disorders and suicide attempts. 180male prisoners were randomly
selected by using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule and other
questionnaires. Study findings showed that Prisoners were twice as likely to
have a lifetime psychiatric disorder compared with the general population,
and all individual disorders investigated were more common in the prison
population. Six month prevalence showed even greater rates compared with
the general population, indicating recent symptoms. The number of
individual disorders per prisoner was also higher than the general
population. Lifetime suicide attempts were seven times more frequent in
prisoners than the general population with the p 0.05

9. Suresh Bada et.al (2011)conduct a retrospective study was conducted on

prevalence of mental disorders and substance use disorders in central prison,
Bangalore. 5,024 prisoners were selected by simple random sampling
technique and data were collected by Socio-demographic questionnaire -
Life Style Questionnaire, to capture details about lifetime and use in the year
prior to imprisonment of substances including tobacco, alcohol (using the
World Health Organization AUDIT questionnaire). MINI Plus interview
schedule is used to assess mental health morbidity. Findings showed that
12.7% of resident prisoners had a lifetime history of major depressive
episode and 9.1% had a current major depressive episode. This is twice the
rate that is seen in the general population. A substantial number of psychotic
disorders (16.9%) were substance related with the p < 0.02.
 METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH APPROACH:

Quantitative approach

RESEARCH DESIGN:

Pre – Experimental Design (One group pre-test and post-test design) will be
adopted for this study.

SETTING OF THE STUDY:

The study was conducted at Central Prison, Cuddalore at Tamilnadu,Which is 7

kilometers from Vinayaka missions college of nursing.

POPULATION:

The population of the study consists of Male prisoers who are convicted
imprisonment in Cuddalore at Tamilnadu.

VARIABLES:

Independent variable

 Selected YogaAsanass

Dependent variable

 Stress and Depression

SAMPLE:

Male prisoners in Central Prison, Cuddalore at Tamilnadu., who fulfilled the

inclusion criteria.

SAMPLE SIZE:
The present study will be considering 60 male prisoners who met the inclusion
criteria.

SAMPLING TECHNIQUE:

Purposive Sampling technique will be used for this study.

CRITERIA FOR SELECTING SAMPLE:

INCLUSION CRITERIA:

 Male prisoners who are present during the time of study.

 Male prisoners who exhibit the symptoms of Stress and Depression.

 Male prisoners who knows the languages of Tamil and English.

EXCLUSIVE CRITERIA:

 Male prisonerswho are not willing to participate in the study.

 Male prisoners who are sick during data collection period.

 Male prisoners who are physically and mentally challenged.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOOL:

The tool will be developed based on the review of literature and opinion from
experts. It consists of,

Part I: Demographic variables of the Male prisoners in Central Prison

The demographic variables include Age, Marital status, Number of children,

Type of family, Occupation, Monthly income of the family, Educational
qualification, Socio economic status, Family history of mental illness, Duration of
stay in Prison, Type of crime, History of physical illness, Previous knowledge
regarding yoga.

Part 2: Perceived stress scale.

PSS scale is the standard tool to assess perceived stress of an individual in the
last month.its is five point Likert rating scale.

Part 3: Beck’s Depression inventory.

Beck’s Depression

ETHICAL CONSIDERATION:

Ethical clearance will be obtained from the institutional ethical committee.

DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE:

The permission was obtained from the higher authority concerned. The
purpose of interview was explained to the male prisoners in Central Prison with the
help of information sheet. During the interview, the investigator explained the
ethical issues related to the study to the prisoners. After explaining the procedure
to the male prisoners, the investigator obtained an informed consent from each
inmate regarding their willingness to participate in the study. A separate place was
selected for interview and subjects were seated there and made comfortable and
feel relaxed. The data collection was carried out in three phases.

Phase 1: Through the interview method, pre-test level of stress and depression was
assessed by using perceived stress scale and Beck’s depression inventory.

Phase 2: 60Male prisoners who satisfies the inclusion and exclusion criteria were
selected and Selected Yoga Asanas was practised for the duration of 30 min daily
for 7 days in the morning from6 a.m. to 7 a.m.

Phase 3: Post-test level of Stress and depression was assessed with perceived stress
scale and Beck’s depression inventory scale after practising the selected yoga
Asanas.

PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS:

Data obtained were analysed in view of objectives of the study using

descriptive and inferential statistics. The plan of data analysis were as follows,

 Frequency and percentage wise distribution will be used to assess the level
of Stressand Depression among male prisoners in Central Prison.
  Paired T-Test and Kruskal – Wallis test will be used to evaluate the
Effectiveness of practising selected yoga Asanas on level of Stress and
Depression among male prisoners in Central Prison.

 Chi Square test will be used to associate the level of Stress and Depression
with the selected demographic variables.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

1. Suresh K Sharma,Text book of Nursing research and

statistics,ElsevierPublications,2015. P-113

2. Polit& Beck. “Textbook of Nursing Research Generating and Assessing

Evidence ForNursing Practice”, 9th edition, Lippincott, Wiliams& Wilkins
Publications. 2013. P-57-58

3. Sri Swami Sivananda, the science of pranayama, published by the divine

life society, Himalayas, Sixth edition, India: 2007.

4. Suresh Bada et.al, prevalence of mental disorders and substance use

disorders in central prison. A review with special emphasis on a study of
Bangalore prisoners on remand. NIHMANS 2011. P-143-193.

5. Fazel, S. and Danesh, J. (2012) Serious mental disorder in 23,000 prisoners:

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7. Neelu Sharma(2015), A Study of Mental Health Problems in Criminals in

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