A4 Department Os Energitics PDF

Department of Building Energetics
and Services
BME – Faculty of Architecture
Complex Design 1
Egypt, Luxor Project
Research House
Prepared by:
Baida'a Elfrieh, T3IES5
Industrial Department
Consultant: Harmathy Norbert
May 24, 2019

Index
Building Energetics and Services
1. Introduction
- General information
- New Gourna
2. Architectural concept
3. Environmental factors
- Climate
- Terrain and topography
4. Building function
- Primary and secondary functions
- Environmental design requirements
5. Bioclimatic Design
- Mud as an environmental building material
- Ventilation and air circulation
- Orientation and design of openings and wind catchers
6. Building Utilities and Services
- Power
- Sewage
- Garbage
- Services Site Plan
7. Heating
8. Domestic Water production
9. Ventilation
10. Cooling
11. lighting
12. Electric Power Supply
13. Renewable Energy sources
14. Building energy performance
15. Renewable Energy Operators
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Luxor Research House, Egypt
1. Introduction
The mission of the project is to create an intervention of a research
house aiming to precisely document the still standing architectural
heritage of Hassan Fathy, the site is in a sensitive site that has a historical,
architectural and social importance in New Gourna, Luxor, Aswan, Egypt.
The below the map shows the historical archeological importance of

Luxor and the location of the New Gourna that is surrounded by those
monuments and the Nile river near to the village.
As there's a Hungarian research mission in Egypt every year, it started

to be a need to have a house for reaches to practice their job in a comfy
and practical place of workshops, studios and labs, also a dormitory for
them to spend the night there as the mission is usually 3-4 months long.
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The site is in the New Gourna village which is a model village
designed by the architect Hassan Fathy in 1960s, the assigned location for
the research house is located near the main public buildings, the mosque
and the khan.
The picture below shows a master plan of the village with the zoning
of uses and the assigned site for the research house.
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New Gourna
The construction of New Gourna in Upper Egypt started in 1945 with

the goal of relocating the tribes that lived at the archaeological area of
the Valley of the Kings at the time and were systematically looting ancient
tombs.
Architect Hassan Fathy (1900-1989) was commissioned by the

Department of Antiquities to design the settlement. He did not only create
a masterplan and the architectural design of the buildings, his project
included a complete social-lifestyle program as well, which he described
in his book ‘Architecture for the Poor’ almost two decades later. He
intended to create an example, a model for improving the living
conditions of Upper Egypt with this project, however, due to a number of
serious problems only a fraction of the settlement was actually built. The
architectural concept included the synthesis of a wide range of traditional
solutions with the modernist form.
Vernacular elements were mostly the traditional architectural

answers to the extremely hot, dry climate: he used thick mudbrick walls
against the heat, traditional shading elements, mashrabiyyas, and the
wind-catch towers, the malqafs. The dense, crooked street system is
common in the area as well. The modern-contemporary character is
represented by the simplified, pure forming, the regular system of the
floorplans and, because of the scale of the projects, the inevitable use of
certain modular elements.
(Above information about the site Egypt and New Gourna is summarized
by the industrial department)
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2. Architectural concept
The project is a research house for architectural documentation, it
also has a public workshop room for social and educational interaction
with local people. The project designed with geometrical shapes inspired
by the architect Hassan fathy, oriented to the north to obtain the least
heat gain as possible, it also surrounded by trees and outdoor spaces, and
water feature to reduces the hot and dry weather. Part of the building
walls are oriented to northwest to ensure ventilation and air circulation in
the building, those walls works as "Malaqef" or wind catchers, they
maximize the air movement and cools down the interior.
The material used is earth material using adobe bricks (mud, water,
stows) following the architect's principles in supporting vernacular and
traditional architecture of the area and to insure natural bioclimatic
construction as mud works very efficiently in hot areas.
6|Page
3. Environmental factors
- Climate
The temperature in Egypt is steadily high, making water evaporation

a key issue. As such, it is prohibited by law touse surface irrigation systems
in the desert soil.
Throughout Egypt, days are commonly warm or hot, and nights are
cool. Egypt has only two seasons: a mild winter from November to April
and a hot summer from May to October. The only differences between
the seasons are variations in daytime temperatures and changes in
prevailing winds. More specifically in the upper south of Egypt, Aswan
temperature has a peak of 40 degrees in summer and 27 in winter.
Moreover, it has a dry climate as you see in the graph below the
average rainy days are relatively very low, it goes up to 2 days in august
and almost none in the other months.
And the average rainfall precipitation is less than 80 mm in the

rainiest month which is also very low.
7|Page
The hot weather and low rain participation make the average
relative humidity low especially in summer.
Dry weather effects the thermal comfort for people in the built area
and must have a moisture consideration for the building material used.
On the other hand, average wind speed is relatively normal and if

used probably in the building can help to cool the interior and ventilate it,
therefore the orientation and openings should be directed in a way that
let the air circulate inside the building. The wind blows in New Gourna,
Aswan from the north and the North West.
8|Page
- Terrain and topography
Egypt is primarily a limestone plateau with the exception of the Nile

River. Without the topographic channel that permits the Nile to flow across
the Sahara, Egypt would be entirely desert. One can read the
topographic contour lines as another water level. In Upper Egypt, the
raised topography limits the Valley to a narrow strip, but further north
towards the Nile Delta the surrounding topography flattens and allows the
expansion of arable land both east and westward.
Moreover, the slope of the site is relatively flat as it's located in the
"sea level" area as shown in the graph above. In the below elevation is a
section in the site that shows only a 1-meter difference.
9|Page
4. Building function
- Primary and secondary functions
Two floors with a total area of almost 2500sqm, designed for 30

private users whom are the researchers and for public use facilities.
Total Project Area: 2,474 m²
Plot Number Building area Parking

area of floors
4250 m² 2 Ground floor= 214 m²
1385 m²
First floor= 875 m²
ground floor is for the main part of the building which are workshops,
studios, labs, dining area, storages, rest areas, toilets and outdoor court
used by the researchers, a public multi-purpose hall used by public users is
also in the ground floor attached to a public outdoor plaza.
Ground Floor= 1385 m²
Built area= 991 m²
Outdoor area= 394 m²
Room type Number Users Area per Area

of per room
rooms room
Workshop 5 5-8 27m² 135 m²
Public 1 15-25 57 m² 57 m²
workshop
Studio 1 20-30 72 m² 72 m²
Lab 2 10-15 20 m² 40 m²
Rest area 2 15-25 75 m² 150 m²
Lobby 1 - 84 m² 84 m²
Dirty Kitchen 1 - 62 m² 62 m²
Kitchen 1 - 26 m² 26 m²
storage
Outdoor 1 - 176 m² 176 m²
corridor
Indoor corridor 1 - 155 m² 155 m²
Storage 4 - 7 m² 28 m²
Courtyard 1 30-50 394 m² 394 m²
WC 2 1 3 m² 6 m²
Total 1,385
m²
10 | P a g e
The upper floor is for accommodation, it consists of double bed
rooms and private bathroom for each unite, common kitchenette,
and reception area, it also used as a hostel in seasons where
researchers aren't working.
First Floor= 875 m²
Room type Users Number Area per Area

per of room
room rooms
Bedroom type (1) 1 14 24 m² 336 m²
Bedroom type (2) 1 5 17 m² 85 m²
Common area 20-30 1 103 m² 103 m²
Kitchenette 15-25 1 97 m² 97 m²
Storage - 1 6 m² 6 m²
Mechanical room - 1 6 m² 6 m²
Balcony 10-25 1 84 m² 84 m²
Corridor - 1 158 m² 158 m²
Total 875m²
- Parking
Parking in the project fit to 7 big cars and trucks for private use only
provided at the arriving level of the project, directly connected to the
main road. 1 space per member of user.
The below picture shows the parking lots in the project that are
designed considering the standards.
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- Requirements and considerations:
- Building orientation to catch needed wind for naturally cooling the

building.
- Internal space distribution properly to reduce sun heat.
- Air quality and thermal comfort.
- Internal infrastructure to function, heating / cooling, power and
telecommunications, water and wastewater.
- Provision for safety around the building especially the research private
area.
- Sound insulation in the accommodation part of the project and in the
working spaces to obtain comfortable environment.
- Car parking.
- Material for exterior and interior finishes and layers as the project is built
with traditional material and vernacular technology. For example,
moisture control layer, thermal insulation layers.
- Accessible entrances with high security for private use and easy
approach for public use.
5. Bioclimatic Design
- Mud as an environmental building material
Basic mud bricks are made by mixing earth with water, placing
the mixture into moulds and drying the bricks in the open air. Straw
or other fibres that are strong in tension are often added to the
bricks to help reduce cracking. Mud bricks are joined with a mud
mortar and can be used to build walls, vaults and domes.
- Performance summary
12 | P a g e
- Thermal mass
The basic characteristic of materials with thermal mass is
their ability to absorb heat, store it, and at a later time release it.
Mud brick is a natural material that can create a more
environmentally friendly building. It has been used since very long
time in building techniques. The mixture of mud brick is available
in abundance and the only source of energy needed is solar
energy. If it is maintained properly, it is durable and many old
buildings have been standing perfectly even after many years. If
done properly it can place less demand on planetary resources
than other types of construction both in the actual building and in
the running costs .it also reduces the heating and cooling costs. A
mud brick wall performs similarly to a brick veneer wall in terms of
heat insulation. It does, however, have better noise insulation
qualities and higher thermal mass. (This is because mud bricks are
solid and dense. Their density blocks noise and absorbs heat.
Effective heat insulation, on the other hand, largely provided by
pockets of air in a material, which trap heat and stop it moving
through the material.
- Environmental impacts
Mud bricks could have the lowest impact of all construction
materials. Mud brick should not contain any organic matter — the bricks
should be made from clays and sands and not include living soil. They
require very little generated energy to manufacture, but large amounts
of water. Their embodied energy content is potentially the lowest of all
building materials but the use of additives such as cement, excessive
transport and other mechanical energy use can increase the ‘delivered’
embodied energy of all earth construction.
- Passive design
Natural ventilation
The ventilation of the building will be conducted naturally. Since
every space has potentially provided with the natural ventilation. In case
of good weather during wind blowing times, it is just needed to open the
windows and let the breeze to flow through.
Humidity
As the location of the building suffers from low relative humidity,
water will be placed in the core of the wind catchers to cool the air
before entering the internal spaces. A fountain also will be placed in the
outdoor space to decrease the dry weather.
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Orientation and design of openings and wind catchers
The orientation and openings should be directed in a way that let the
air circulate inside the building. The wind blows in New Gourna, Aswan
from the north and the north west.
The building is oriented to the north to ensure less heat gain as
possible and some parts of the walls are oriented to NW to catch air and
get it move inside the building.
Following the principles of Hassan fathy, the architect who designed

the village that has the assigned plot for the research house, "Malaqef" will
be designed to catch the air and circulate it.
Here's some examples to how the "Malaqef" are designed in the
vernacular architecture.
- Hassan Fathy ventilation examples:
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- Details of the wind catcher
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6. Building utilities and services
Power
Egypt has been known to mainly depend, in all its energy-related
activities, on three major sources: oil, natural gas and the hydroelectric
power generated from the large dam projects over the Nile: The High
Dam, Aswan I & Aswan.
7. Sewage
New Gourna is not equipped with a centralized sewage network.
Formerly, dwellings had individual septic tanks that discharged directly
into the ground, via a primitive filtration system. Whether due to lack of
maintenance or groundwater issues affecting New Gourna and other
West Bank areas most of these tanks are now dysfunctional. Older tanks
have generally been replaced by larger communal holding containers
(ghorfa taftish) made of brick and lined with cement and sometimes
shared by a number of dwellings.
8. Garbage collection and disposal

Garbage collection is competently handled by a private contractor
(Amun Company) for the Luxor Governorate.
- Site plan
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9. Heating
As mentioned above the project is in a very hot and dry location
where heating is not necessary in the building. Even in winter days
temperature degrees are relatively normal that makes the building with no
need for a heating system.
10. Domestic Water production

Regarding the accommodation part in the project a water booster is
necessary for showers and cleaning purposes. The booster will be located in
the mechanical room and it will distribute hot water for all the rooms in the
floor as shown in the below first floor plan.
17 | P a g e
In this project a local water booster company will be installing its
product with specification as shown:
Domestic water calculations
Water consumption Calculations

Activity Demand lites/person/day
No of users Total demand (litres/day)
main functions 10 50 500
Dining area 10 40 400
Cold water use (litres/day) 900.00

Cold water use (m³/day) 0.90
Hot water demand (m³/day) 0.23
E-dhw (kW/day) 2.97
Energy consumption (kWh/m²) 0.29
Sewage water (m3) 855

Hot water is used only in toilets and kitchens with total area of: 235 m2
E hot water = A. phot water . ehot water primal

235 x 20 x 2.5 = 11,750
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11. Ventilation
The project is designed to have a natural ventilation through wind
catchers and centered courtyard that allows air to blow in the building.
However, in some hot days openings are closed to maintain cool
atmosphere and an artificial ventilation is then needed. It will be in toilets,
kitchen, and main lobby.
Air change calculations:
Ventilation
Room type maximum users Area(m²) Height (m) Volume(m3) Neccessery Air change (m3/h)
Level 00
Lobby 25 84 3.75 315 841.680
Dirty Kitchen 5 62 3.75 232.5 282.240
WC 2 12 3.75 45 80.640
Level 01
Bedroom type (1) toilet 1 3.4 3 10.2 33.768
Kitchenette 10 97 3 291 496.440
Total 320 6789
E ventilation = A . pventilation . eelectric primal

320 x 45 x 2.5 = 36,000 Wh/m2a
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12. Cooling
The building is designed with mud material which is environmentally

friendly for hot areas, more over wind towers with cool water are attached
to help make the atmosphere more comfortable to the users. However,
artificial cooling system is needed for the non-windy hot days.
Cooling and energy consumption calculations:
Cooling
Room type Area(m²) Height (m) Volume(m3) Cooling energy Requred Cooling energy
Level 00
Workshop 1 27 3.75 101.25 100 2700
Workshop 2 27 3.75 101.25 100 2700
Workshop 3 27 3.75 101.25 100 2700
Workshop 4 27 3.75 101.25 100 2700
Workshop 5 27 3.75 101.25 100 2700
Public workshop 57 3.75 213.75 150 8550
Studio 72 3.75 270 150 10800
Lab 1 20 3.75 75 50 1000
Lab 2 20 3.75 75 50 1000
Rest area 1 75 3.75 281.25 100 7500
Rest area 2 75 3.75 281.25 100 7500
Lobby 84 3.75 315 100 8400
Dirty Kitchen 62 3.75 232.5 150 9300
Level 01
Bedroom type (1) 24 3 72 50 1200
Bedroom type (1) 24 3 72 50 1200
Bedroom type (1) 24 3 72 50 1200
Bedroom type (1) 24 3 72 50 1200
Bedroom type (1) 24 3 72 50 1200
Bedroom type (1) 24 3 72 50 1200
Bedroom type (1) 24 3 72 50 1200
Bedroom type (1) 24 3 72 50 1200
Bedroom type (1) 24 3 72 50 1200
Bedroom type (1) 24 3 72 50 1200
Bedroom type (1) 24 3 72 50 1200
Bedroom type (1) 24 3 72 50 1200
Bedroom type (1) 24 3 72 50 1200
Bedroom type (1) 24 3 72 50 1200
Bedroom type (2) 17 3 51 50 850
Bedroom type (2) 17 3 51 50 850
Bedroom type (2) 17 3 51 50 850
Bedroom type (2) 17 3 51 50 850
Bedroom type (2) 17 3 51 50 850
Common area 103 3 309 100 10300
Kitchenette 97 3 291 50 4850
Total 1221 103750
E cooling = A (qcooling . ecooling + pcooling . ecooling) = Wm2a
1221 (10 x 2.5 + 25 x 2.5) = 106,838 Wh/m2a
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13. Lighting
Lighting
Room type Area(m²) Height (m) Volume(m3)
Level 00
Workshop 1 27 3.75 101.25
Workshop 2 27 3.75 101.25
Workshop 3 27 3.75 101.25
Workshop 4 27 3.75 101.25
Workshop 5 27 3.75 101.25
Public workshop 57 3.75 213.75
Studio 72 3.75 270
Lab 1 20 3.75 75
Lab 2 20 3.75 75
Rest area 1 75 3.75 281.25
Rest area 2 75 3.75 281.25
Lobby 84 3.75 315
Dirty Kitchen 62 3.75 232.5
Outdoor corridor 176 3.75 660
Indoor corridor 155 3.75 581.25
WC 12 3.75 45
Level 01
Bedroom type (1) 24 3 72
Common area 103 3 309
Kitchenette 97 3 291
Storage 6 3 18
Mechanical room 6 3 18
Balcony 84 3 252
Corridor 158 3 474
Total 1818.000
E = A . plighting. elighting
= 1818 x 12 x 2.5 = 54,540 Wh/m2a
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14. Electric Power Supply
The project is located in a suburban area that has a “mid power”
with 20Kv power network available via open air cable columns.
- Electric power demand

The project is a research house which is considered as an
educational building with power demand of A.125W/m2.
- Electrical powers and switch rooms

Cabinets of the electrical switches are located in the lobby beside
the elevator and stairs where it’s safe and has less dynamic movement
and away for any moisture that could affect it.
The below image shows its location:
The cabinet used is from ASCO Company:
22 | P a g e
- Backup and emergency power supply
Diesel power engine generator: CAT 3526 diesel generator.
Located inside the building, this engine is design t efficiently reduce

emissions and fuel consumption. Producing reliable power from 1450 to
1600 ekW at 60 Hz.
Flexible packaging to meet the unique spatial requirements and

environmental conditions. It is also designed to operate in standard
ambient temperatures up to 50C
3516 (3516 MUI) Modular Rear Overhang Controls Generator Set, Rear Right
Location of the mechanical room
23 | P a g e
- Elevator
A personal Use elevator with the

capacity of 8 people is included in the
project, the suitable system is Traction
elevator system.
Elevator type selected is Schindler 2400,

it can be driven electromechanically for
loads of 1000 kg to 2500 kg. No machine
room is necessary for up to 2.5 ton loads.
That saves significant space in a building
- Drive:
a. Runs without gears, which increases its
efficiency.
b. Relatively small and functions quietly,
thus represents the ideal solution for
machine-room-less elevators.
c. Economical when it comes to energy
consumption.
- Control:
a. The passenger and cargo transportation
is controlled according to demand and
target group. Passengers select their
destination before they enter the
elevator.
b. The controls are built into the top floor
next to the landing doors, which saves
space.
- Materials:
a. Car walls and doors: Stainless steel linen
b. Ceiling: Paint, Stainless steel brushed.
c. Aluminum treadplate.
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- Details:
Location of the elevator
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15. Renewable Energy
As the building is built with mud bricks and vaulted roofs and has a
very small garden, therefor installation of renewable energy sources is
hard. For that the project is buying a renewable energy from external
sources of sites that are producing it with total amount of: 120,000 Wh/m2r
16. Building energy performance
-Annual primer energy
Ep= (Ehotwate r+ Eventilation + Ecooling + Elighting – Erenewable)/1000
11,750 + 36,000 + 106,838 + 54,540 – 70,000/120,000= 89.1 KWh/m2r
17. Energy regulations
Er : A/V ratio = 1818 / 6161 = 0.29

Er for educational building: 90 KWh/m2a
18. Building energy performance calculation
100 . Epreformance/ Eregulations
100 x 89.1 / 90 = 99% C
The building classification is C, which is according to the requirement.
19. Renewable Energy Operators

Renewable energy is used by natural solutions in this building:
20. Material
The building is built with natural mud material that absorbs heat at
day time and flow it at night time which makes it easier not to use heating
system at night and reduces energy consumption.
21. Wind catchers
“Malqafs” are also attached in the building that are designed with
cool water that reduces cooling and ventilation energy consumption.
Shown in the below diagrams hot and cold flow in day and night:
26 | P a g e
27 | P a g e

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Department of Building Energetics

BME – Faculty of Architecture

Consultant: Harmathy Norbert

May 24, 2019

The below the map shows the historical archeological importance of

As there's a Hungarian research mission in Egypt every year, it started

The construction of New Gourna in Upper Egypt started in 1945 with

Architect Hassan Fathy (1900-1989) was commissioned by the

Vernacular elements were mostly the traditional architectural

The temperature in Egypt is steadily high, making water evaporation

And the average rainfall precipitation is less than 80 mm in the

On the other hand, average wind speed is relatively normal and if

Egypt is primarily a limestone plateau with the exception of the Nile

Two floors with a total area of almost 2500sqm, designed for 30

Total Project Area: 2,474 m²

Plot Number Building area Parking

Ground Floor= 1385 m²

Built area= 991 m²

Outdoor area= 394 m²

Room type Number Users Area per Area

First Floor= 875 m²

Room type Users Number Area per Area

- Building orientation to catch needed wind for naturally cooling the

Following the principles of Hassan fathy, the architect who designed

- Hassan Fathy ventilation examples:

8. Garbage collection and disposal

10. Domestic Water production

Domestic water calculations

Water consumption Calculations

Cold water use (litres/day) 900.00

Sewage water (m3) 855

E hot water = A. phot water . ehot water primal

E ventilation = A . pventilation . eelectric primal

The building is designed with mud material which is environmentally

Cooling and energy consumption calculations:

E cooling = A (qcooling . ecooling + pcooling . ecooling) = Wm2a

1221 (10 x 2.5 + 25 x 2.5) = 106,838 Wh/m2a

= 1818 x 12 x 2.5 = 54,540 Wh/m2a

- Electric power demand

- Electrical powers and switch rooms

The cabinet used is from ASCO Company:

Diesel power engine generator: CAT 3526 diesel generator.

Located inside the building, this engine is design t efficiently reduce

Flexible packaging to meet the unique spatial requirements and

Location of the mechanical room

A personal Use elevator with the

Elevator type selected is Schindler 2400,

Location of the elevator

16. Building energy performance

-Annual primer energy

Ep= (Ehotwate r+ Eventilation + Ecooling + Elighting – Erenewable)/1000

11,750 + 36,000 + 106,838 + 54,540 – 70,000/120,000= 89.1 KWh/m2r

17. Energy regulations

Er : A/V ratio = 1818 / 6161 = 0.29

18. Building energy performance calculation

100 . Epreformance/ Eregulations

100 x 89.1 / 90 = 99% C

The building classification is C, which is according to the requirement.

19. Renewable Energy Operators

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