IT Full

IT FOR MANAGERS
AP Shareef MBA, M.Com, NET

Asst. Professor & Head, Dept. Of Management
Markaz Law College, Markaz Knowledge City
Unit I Introduction to computers
Computer and generations
Software and Hardware
Algorithm and Flow Charts
Binary and Decimal systems
AP SHAREEF’S LECTURE ON IT FOR MANAGERS

1.1What is a computer ?
 Google Dictionary defines computer as “An
electronic device which is capable of receiving
information (data) in a particular form and of
performing a sequence of operations in accordance
with a predetermined but variable set of
procedural instructions (program) to produce a
result in the form of information or signals”

1.2Generation/Evolution of computers
 The history of the computer goes back several

decades however and there are five notable
generations of computers.
 Each generation is characterized by an important
technological development that changes
fundamentally how computers work– leading to
more compact, less expensive, but more powerful,
efficient and robust machines.

1940 – 1956: First Generation – Vacuum Tubes
The first generation computers used vacuum tubes as

circuitry and magnetic drums for memory. As a
result they were big, and occupied an entire room.
These were inefficient materials which consumed
huge electricity and subsequently generated a lot
of heat which caused for continuous breakdowns.
Important characteristics or this generation are….

 They relied on „machine language‟.
 They were limited to solving one problem at a time.
 Input was based on punched cards and paper
tape. Output came out on print-outs.
 The two notable machines of this era were the
UNIVAC and ENIAC machines – the UNIVAC is the
first every commercial computer which was
purchased in 1951 by a business -the US Census
Bureau.

ENIAC
UNIVAC

1956 – 1963: Second Generation – Transistors
 Although first invented in 1947, transistors weren‟t used

significantly in computers until the end of the 1950s.
 They were superior to the vacuum tubes because they
made computers smaller, faster, cheaper and less heavy
on electricity use.
 The language evolved from cryptic binary language to
symbolic („assembly‟) languages. This meant
programmers could create instructions in words. About
the same time high level programming languages were
being developed (early versions of COBOL and
FORTRAN).

1964 – 1971: Third Generation – Integrated Circuits
 By this phase, transistors were now being

miniaturised and installed on silicon chips (called
semiconductors). This led to a massive increase in
speed and efficiency of these machines. These
were the first computers where users interacted
using keyboards and monitors which interfaced with
an operating system.
 As a result of these advances which again made
machines cheaper and smaller, a new mass market
for computer users emerged during the „60s.

1972 – 2010: Fourth Generation – Microprocessors
 Intel Corporation is the more related word with

fourth generation. Intel developed the Intel 4004
chip in 1971, which assembled all computer
components (CPU, memory, input/output controls) on
a single chip. What filled a room in the 1940s now
fit in the palm of the hand.
 Another major advance during this period have
been the Graphical user interface (GUI), the mouse
and more recently the advances in lap-top
capability and hand-held devices.

2010- : Fifth Generation – Artificial Intelligence
 Computer devices with artificial intelligence are still

in development, but some of these technologies are
beginning to emerge and be used such as voice
recognition.
 AI is a reality made possible by using parallel
processing and superconductors.
 quantum computation, molecular and nano-
technology etc. are some of the other characteristics
of this generation.

The essence of fifth
generation will be using
these technologies to
ultimately create machines
which can process and
respond to natural language,
and have capability to learn
and organize themselves.

1.3 SOFTWARE
 A set of computer instructions is called a program. A

set of computer programs is called a software. It is
a collection of programs which increase the
capabilities of computer hardware. The process of
developing software is known as programming.
 Software is intangible
 Software is the soul of computer
 It activates the dead machines.

System software
 Computer software designed to operate the

computer hardware and to provide a platform for
running application software is what is system
software. It controls the entire computer program.
System software helps use the operating system and
computer system.
 It controls all operations
 Moves data into and out the computer
 It is essential for

systems An operating system is a program designed to run
other programs on a computer. It is that part of a
system software which acts as an interface
between hardware and end user. Operating
system is considered to be the back bone of a
Operating
computer, managing both hardware and software.

 Basic functions of an operating system
 Schedule jobs
 Manage hardware and software resources
 Maintain system security
 Enable multiple user resource sharing
 Handle interrupts
 Maintain usage records

 Types of Operating system
 Single tasking: It allows only one program to run at a
time. One program has to close for opening another
program.
 Multi tasking: It enables a single user to have two or
more applications open at the same time.

 MS DOS: MS Disk Operating System
 Non graphical command line OS

 Released in 1981 and last updated in 1994
 User is required to type commands instead of using a

mouse.

 Micro Soft Windows
 GUI
 No commands
 Simple and user friendly
 Multi tasking features

 Windows versions
 Windows 1995
 Developed for home and professional users
 Network ready OS
 Windows NT
 Known as New Technology
 A stable multitasking environment
 Enhanced security features
 Increased memory
 Network utilities
 Portability

 Windows 2000
 It
is used on personal computers,
 business desktops, laptops and servers
 Windows ME was designed for home use while 2000 for
business purpose
 Windows XP
 Itwas released in 2001
 Home and Professional variants
 Features
 Faster start up
 User friendly interface
 Fast user switching
 Clear Type font rendering mechanism
 Remote desktop functionality

 Windows vista
 Released in the year 2007

 Comes with many technical changes
 Updated GUI
 Visual style dubbed aero
 Redesigned search function
 Multimedia tools (Windows DVD Maker)
 Redesigned networking, audio, print, and display subsystems

 Windows 7.0
 It is designed for
 Home & Business desktops
 Personal computers
 Laptops
 Notebooks
 Tablet PCs
 Media centre PCs
 It was more focused on applications and hardware
 It excluded Windows calendar, Windows Mail, Windows
Movie Maker and Windows Photo Gallery.
 These are offered in Windows live Essentials Suite.

 UNIX OS
 Unix OS is a computer OS developed  Unix philosophy
in 1969 by a group of American  Use of plain text for
Telephone & Telegraph Company storing data
employees at labs  Hierarchical file
system
 Featured with client server model
 Use of large number
 Unix is generally seen as an OS on of software tools
workstations or a network server
 It allows multiple processors going at
once

 MAC OS
 GUI
 Developed by Apple Inc.

 First introduced in the year 1984

 Classic Mac OS
 Completely graphical OS
 Easeof use
 Cooperative multitasking
 Mac OS X
 Server edition
 Runs on Apple‟s line of Macintosh server hardware
 Includes work group management and administration tools
for key network services

 Linux OS
 It
is a UNIX-Like operating system
 Modifiable codes
 Used on devices from supercomputers to wrist watches
 Widely adopted for servers and embedded systems

Programming languages
 They are vocabulary and set of grammatical rules
for instructing a computer to perform specific tasks.
It usually refers to high level languages such as
BASIC, C, C++, COBOL, FORTRAN etc.

Types of Programming Languages
 Machine Level Languages or First Gen Languages.
It is the language of the computer, the only language
the computer understands without translation. Each
particular computer model has a machine
language, which is based on the internal
architecture of the equipment.

 Assembler languages or second gen languages.
They are also known as symbolic languages
because they include arithmetical and logical
operations.
 Because of the use of mnemonic symbols this eases
up the programmers‟ risk gradually. Assembly
languages are translated by assemblers to machine
level languages so as to be understandable to
machines.

 Compiler languages (High Level Languages)or third
gen languages. They are also known as procedural
languages. COBOL , FORTRAN, BASIC, C++, C etc.
are examples.
 They include pain English like and mathematical
expressions. They are easy to write and learn and
are relatively error free. Compilers are used to
translate High level languages to Machine
language.

 4th Gen Languages:
 RAMIS and FOCUS

Other system software
 Device drivers: These are small files that act as an
interface between hardware and the operating
system in a computer. Hardware requires device
drivers so that the OS can see the device and
handle them properly.

 Utility programs or Service programs.: these are
system programs for performing general system
support tasks. Following tasks are performed by
utility programs.
 Sorting and storing the data
 Checking or scanning the data for security
 Making a copy of all information
 Deleting, renaming, moving, copying, merging,
generating and modifying data sets.
 Providing encryption. Etc.

Language translators:
• Compilers: High level language Machine

level codes (translation is done at once before
the program is executed)
• Interpreters: High level language Machine
level codes (translation is done line by line)
• Assemblers: Assembly language Machine
level codes

General purpose software
 This software provides the framework for a great number of
business, scientific, and personal applications.
 Word processors: It is a document preparation system. E.g.
MS Word, Polaris Word
 Spreadsheet program: Commonly known as pay roll
application. Lotus, MS Excel, Polaris Spreadsheet
 DBMS: MS Access, Oracle
 CAD and CAM Programs: Auto CAD, Revit Etc.
 Internet Browser: Opera, Netscape Navigator, Internet
Explorer, Google Chrome
 E-Mail Software: Hotmail, Yahoo mail, Gmail, Rediffmail.

Application software
 Software which is used for applications specifically
designed for users to fit their needs
 ERP: The system to integrate all data and processes of an
organization into a single unified system.
 Tally
 Peachtree
 QuickBooks
 SAP
 Decision Support System:
 Cost accounting system
 Capital Budgeting system
 General Decision Support System

 Artificial Intelligence System : E.g. Robotics
 Expert Systems: Used for complex and ill structured
tasks. It helps non experts to make decisions
comparable to those of an expert.

1.4 Hardware
 The physical parts of computer are called
hardware. Computer hardware is the collection of
physical parts of a computer system. This includes
the computer case, monitor, keyboard, and mouse.
It also includes all the parts inside the
computer case, such as the hard disk drive,
motherboard, video card, and many
others. Computer hardware is what you can
physically touch.

Basic computer architecture.

The CPU
 It is also known as the processor.
 CPU is the heart, brain and soul of computer.
 Programs and instructions are read and executed
by CPU.
 Intel, AMD, Motorola are popular processor
manufacturers.
 Two basic parts of the CPU are
 Controlunit and
 Arithmetic and logic unit.

Control unit
 It is the most important unit of the CPU. All the
computer resources are managed from the control
unit. It takes instructions from the memory and sends
the necessary signals to ALU to perform the
operation needed.

ALU
 ALU is a separate section of CPU which performs
computation like addition, subtraction, multiplication
and division and logical operations such as the
comparison of two numbers. The tasks are
performed with special storage locations called
registers.

Memory Unit
 Memory is a storing device which stores programs,
data etc. any program to be used in the computer
should be stored in the memory.
 The memory capacity is measured in KB, MB, GB, TB,
PB,EB, ZB and YB
 Computer memory is divided into
 Internalmemory or main memory or Primary memory
 Additional memory or, secondary memory or Auxiliary
memory

Internal memory or main memory or
Primary memory
 It stores data needed for current tasks by the
computer and receives data from the secondary
storage as and when needed. Magnetic core
memory was used previously but it is now outdated.
 In modern computers, Micro electronic semiconductor
storage circuits are used to as primary storage.
They are small sized, high speed, shock and
temperature resistant chips.
 Semi conductor memories are of two types. They
are RAM and ROM

RAM- Random Access Memory
 RAM is the popular primary storage medium. It is
read write memory. RAM is a temporary memory or
volatile memory. All the information goes out when
the system is switched off.

ROM-Read Only Memory
 This memory is used to store information
permanently. The data is not lost if power is
switched off. It is read only memory since data cant
be written. E.g. ROM-BIOS (ROM-Basic Input Output
System). This program controls and supervises the
basic operations of I/O devices.
 Types of ROM are
 PROM
 EPROM
 EEPROM

Additional memory or, secondary memory or
Auxiliary memory
 Primary storage is inbuilt with CPU, but secondary

memory is used in separate unit or units. The
capacity of Primary memory is limited whereas
secondary memory has infinite capacity of millions
and billions of bytes.
 Different secondary storage devices are discussed
below.

Magnetic Tape
 The oldest storage system
 It makes copies of audio, video and data.
 It is employed with a tap drive to store and
retrieve data.
 The biggest drawback is that it can only
access data sequentially.

Floppy diskettes
 It was first introduced by IBM in the year 1970.
 It consists of a circle shaped plastic material which is
coated with an oxide material. This Plastic material
is covered by a protective square jacket with a hole
to read the data by the floppy drive.
 The maximum storage capacity of a latest Floppy
disk is 1.44 MB.

Organization of data on a disk
 To use a disk for storing data, it must be magnetically
mapped. Then only the computer can go directly to a
specific location in the disk. The process of mapping a
disk is called formatting or initializing.
 Initializing is done by creating tracks and sectors.
 Magnetic concentric circles are called tracks.
 Short segments created like dividing a pie is called
sectors.
 Each sector is assigned a unique number so that the
data access by the computer is easy.

Hard disc
 They are the most popular device for storing data.
 Large volume of data can be stored.
 A hard disc is a set of different platters fixed on a
spindle. Each platter is coated with iron oxides.
 Unlike floppy, the drive and disc is a single
chamber.
 TBs of data can be stored in Hard disks.
 They may be internal or external

Internal architecture of a HD

External/ Portable Hard disk
 An external hard drive is a
portable storage device that can
be attached to a computer through
a USB or FireWire connection, or
wirelessly. External hard drives
typically have high storage
capacities and are often used to
back up computers

CD-ROM Disks
 It stands for Compact Disk Read Only Memory.
 It is an Optical Laser Disk.
 There are two lasers. One laser beam writes to the
recording surface and another laser reads the data
from light sensitive recording surface.
 The data on the disk are fixed, they cant be
altered.
 It has a storage capacity of over 650 MB

CD-R
 CD-R stands for Compact Disk Recordable.
 It is a WORM (Write Once Read Many) Memory.
 One can write only once on CD-R

CD-Rewritable
 CD-RW was first introduced by Hewlett Packard
 It permits for repeated recordings on a disk
 Data on this CD can be altered.

DVD
 DVD stands for Digital Video Disk or Digital
Versatile Disk.
 It stores up to 20 GB of Text, Graphics and video.
 Variations are
 DVD-ROM
 DVD-R
 DVD-RW
 DVD-RAM

Blu Ray Disc
 It is developed to enable recording, rewriting and
playback of High Definition Video, as well as high
volume of data.
 They can hold up to 50 GB capacity.

WORM Cards
 A Write Once Read Many (WORM) digital memory
card is intended for professional uses such as police
investigations, court testimony, electronic voting and
other applications where data files must be protected
from alteration or deletion.
Applications
 Police photography and witness/suspect interviews,
where courts require proof that photos and audio
recordings are genuine.
 Court proceedings, such as trials and depositions.
 Electronic voting, where recorded votes must be tamper-

proof.

Cash registers which record transactions
for tax collection purposes.
Event recorders, such as security cameras
and “black box” flight-data recorders.
Medical devices which retain individual
patient treatment data.
Personal digital assistants (PDAs) and
similar devices used by physicians and
other health-care professionals to track
patient interactions.

SD Cards
 SD stands for Secure Digital Cards
 Its is a non volatile memory card.
 It is commonly used in mobile phones and other
portable electronic devices.
 A card reader is used to connect to the computer.

Flash Drive
 USB flash drive/ pen drive is a popular storage
medium.
 It is highly portable because of its small size.
 Large volume of data can be stored in it
 IT uses USB(Universal Serial Bus) technology.
 They are removable and rewritable.

INPUT DEVICES
 They are the devices used for giving necessary data
into the computer, then they are converted into a
form that is acceptable to the computer.
1. Key board 7. OCR
2. Mouse 8. Bar coding
3. Light pen 9. Voice input
4. Track ball 10. Touch screen
5. Joystick 11. Touch pad
6. MICR 12. scanner
7. OMR

Keyboard
 A keyboard detects key pressings with the help of
an electronic circuit called keyboard encoder. The
encoder sends a binary code to the computer. It can
be connected to the CPU with or without cable.
 Types of keys in a keyboard are
 Alphanumeric keys
 Punctuation keys
 Special keys.

Mouse
 Mouse is a pointing device.
 It controls the movement of cursor in the display unit.
 Types of mice include
 Mechanical mouse
 Opto-mechanical mouse
 Optical mouse
 Cordless mouse

Light pen
 Light pen also is a pointing device.
 It selects an option by simply pointing at it.
 It is used in menu based applications
 It is also used in drawing graphics in CAD
 An engineer or architect or fashion designer can
draw sketches or pictures directly on the screen.

Track ball
 Track ball is a pointing device.
 It works like a mouse but is fixed and takes less
space.
 It has a ball in the middle, a right and left clicks.
 Apple computer‟s Power Book and IBM ThinkPad
notebooks used Track balls.

Joystick
 It is a vertical stick which moves the
graphic cursor in a direction the stick is
moved
 It is popularly used by children to
play video games.
 Pilots use it as flight control in the
cockpit of aircraft.

MICR
 Magnetic Ink Character Reader.
 Human readable characters printed on documents
using a special magnetic ink is read by MICR.
 MICR reads the magnetic pattern of letters and
compares it with the one which is stored in its
memory.
 Bank details such as branch code, account number,
cheque number etc. can be read by MICR.

OMR
 Stands for Optical Mark Reader
 This device is designed to read markings placed in
specific places on a form or card.
 Pre-printed documents are designed with boxes or
circles that can be filled by a Pen or Pencil. This
documents are then given to the reader.
 The reader reads the position of markings and
processes it.
 OMR sheets are commonly used in various entrance
and competitive examinations.

OMR Machine

OCR
 It reads numeric and alpha numeric data from
printed documents
 It can read up to 300 papers per hour.
 It is used in the preparation of electricity bills,
telephone bills, insurance premium notices etc.

Bar Code Reader
 It can read barcodes printed on
packages, badges and books.
 A barcode uses small bars on
varying thickness and spacing with
some numbers.
 Manufactures use UPC-Universal
Product Code.
 In case of books ISBN is used.
 The information stored in the
barcode is displayed on the
screen when it is read.
Voice input
 Voice or audio input is given through a Mic
 The given voice instructions will be compared with
those already stored in the system.
 Only the trained systems can recognize voice inputs.

Touch pad
 They are pads sensitive to finger touch.
 It is another type of pointing device.
 Laptops use this technology instead of mouse.

Touch screen
 They are screens sensitive to finger touches.
 The touch sensitive transparent panel covered in the
screen enables the sensitivity.
 Smart phones, information kiosks, and tablet
computers use touch screens.

Scanner
 Scanners are used to scan papers and paper type
documents. They can convert hard copies into soft
copies by creating electronic images.

OUTPUT DEVICES
 O/P devices are used to present computer
information in a readable form. LCD screens and
Printers are the most commonly used output devices.
1. Monitors
2. Printers
3. COM(Computer Output on Microfilm)
4. Audio System (speaker)
5. Graphical O/P devices

Monitors
 Monitors are also called VDU- Visual Display Unit
 A monitor may be
 CRT
 LCD
 CRT monitors use an electronic gun and an emitting

display in which tiny colored dots are thrown.
 LCD‟s are flat screens which use TFT technology.
 All monitors depend on a video card, which is
located on the mother board.
Printers
 They are used to print hard copies of documents.
 They are connected to the system by a cable to the
parallel port or a USB port.
 They print on ordinary paper, specially prepared
dispatch notes, invoices or packing slips.
 Printers are classified on the basis of their printing
mechanism into
 Impactprinters and
 Non impact printers

Impact printers
 Impact printers utilize some form of striking device
to transfer ink from a ribbon onto the paper being
printed to form images or characters.
 They fall into two types- Serial or Line printing
 Serial printers print one character at a time.
 Commonly used Serial Printers are
 Dot Matrix Printers and
 Daisywheel printers.

Dot matrix printers
 They use wire needles or pins which strike the
ribbon against the paper in the pattern necessary
to produce each character.

Daisy wheel printers
 They use a new element of printing called a
„daisywheel‟.

Line printers
 A line printer works with much higher speed than a
serial printer.
 It can print one line at a time.
 Chain printers and drum printers are the commonly
used line printers

Chain printers
 A chain printer has a chain that rotates at a
constant speed in a horizontal plane.
 The chain has a 48 numbers, alphabets and special
symbols.
 The magnetically controlled hammers press the
chain onto the paper.

Drum printers
 These printers have a solid cylinder and as many
bands on it as the number of print positions.

Non impact printers
 They don‟t strike the paper.
 They produce prints with electro static, chemicals, inkjet
and thermal technologies.
 Non impact printers are most widely used nowadays.
 They are faster, smarter and clearer.
 The three different types are
 Thermal printers
 Ink-Jet printers
 Laser printers

Thermal printers
 They are used commonly as portable printers to
make print out of tiny slips such as an ATM Slip or a
Debit or Credit Card payment slip.
 They use pins which are heated by the electric
element and then pressed against the paper.

Inkjet printers
 They make use of fine spray nozzles that create the

image of character or graphics on the paper by
spraying tiny or small drops of ink into the paper.
 It uses ink cartridges. Usually an inkjet printer has a
black cartridge and a color cartridge.

Laser jet printers
 They use both laser and xerographic technology.
 They can print with high quality
 They print not only alphanumeric characters but
also drawings graphics and other documents

Computer output microfilm.
 It records computer output as microscopic images on
roll or sheet film.
 A microfilm reader reads the output.

Speakers.
 They create audio output.
 Computer speakers do the same as other speakers
do.
 Speaker system is controlled by a sound card.

Plotters
 It is a device that can draw graphs, designs and
maps into a paper and even to a plastic or metal
plates.
 It is used in fashion designing, engineering
drawings, business analysis using visual terms such
as bar charts, graphs and diagrams.

1.5 Algorithm & Flow Charts
 An algorithm is a finite list of instructions specifying a
sequence of operations and that give the answer to any
problem of a given type.
 Example consider the Euclidean Algorithm stated as follows
Given two positive integers A and B, find their common divisor

The algorithm involves the construction of descending sequence
of numbers.
The first is the larger of two numbers, the second is the smaller,
the third is the reminder from dividing the first by the
second, the fourth is the remainder from dividing the
second by the third; and so forth. The process stops when
there is zero remainder. The G.C.D is the last divisor in the
series.

 For example, the descending sequence of numbers for greatest
common divisor of 44 and 28 is
44, 28, 16, 12, 4, 0
The last divisor is 4, so 4 is the result. The algorithm can be written
as follows.
1. Write down A, B
2. If B is greater than A, exchange them.
3. Divide A by B to get the remainder
4. If R is equal to Zero, stop; B is the G.C.D
5. Replace A by B; (i.e. B A)
6. Replace B by R; (i.e. R B)
7. Go to step 3

Flow charts
A flow chart is a diagram prepared by the

programmer for describing the sequence of steps
of complex processes involved in solving a problem.
It helps the programmer avoid comprehensive
thinking and probable mistakes in programming
process. Four categories of flow charts are
• System outline charts (Global map)
• System flow charts (National map)
• Run flow charts (State map)
• Program flow charts (District map)

System outline charts:
• These charts only lists the inputs, files processed and outputs
without regard to any sequence whatever.
System flow charts:
• These flow charts present an overview of the data flow through all
parts of a processing system. It shows the flow of documents,
operations and activities; persons and work stations. It depicts the
relationship between input, processing and output. The system flow
chart includes the following main elements
• Input data sources and their medium
• Processing steps
• Intermediary and final output and storage devices

 Run flow charts
 These are extracted from system flow charts to show
the reference of computer operations to be performed.

 Program flow charts
 They are the detailed and are concerned with the
logical/arithmetic operations on data within the CPU
and the flow of data between the CPU. It shows the
flow between input/output peripherals also.

1.6 Decimal v/s binary number systems
 The radix or base of decimal system is 10 because

it uses numbers 0 to 9 . It is also called base 10
number system.
 Here, the weight of each digit depends upon its
relative position. E.g. 3256

=3000+200+50+6
=3x103 +2x102 +5x101 +6x100
if the left most digit of the number is nth digit , then
we can write nth digit x 10n-1 (nth digit x (base)n-1 )

 The radix of the binary system is 2. It uses only 0s and
1s . Data is stored in a digital or electronic device such
as a computer in binary system.
 The data are based on the right to left position of
digits. E.g. take the binary number 10100. using the
equation (nth bit x (base)n-1 )
10100= 1x24 +0x23 +1x22 +0x21 +0x20
10100=16+0+4+0+0
10100=20
Above shown is the binary decimal conversion.

 For fraction numbers
1.001= 1x20 +0x2-1 +0x2-2 +1x2-3
1.001=1+0+0+.125
1.001=1.125

 Decimal to binary conversion (double dabble
method)
2 14 Remainder
2 7 0
2 3 1
2 1 1
0 1
Therefore, the binary equivalent of 14 is 1110.

 For fractions
E.g. 0.125
0.125
X2
0.25 0
X2
0.5 0
X2
0 1
Binary equivalent of 0 is 0 itself

And for fractional part it is 001 therefore 0.125 is converted
as 0.001
Computer networking, internet and
Unit II
E-Commerce.
Classification of Networks- LAN,MAN,WAN
Methods of Networking
Internet and services
E-Commerce

2.1 Computer Networks
 A network is a set of devices interconnected by
communication links. It is a collection of computers
and other devices set together for the purpose of
sharing information and resources.
 Networking improves the capabilities of computers.
 Scope of networks include
 File sharing
 Print sharing
 E- Mail
 Remote access
 Shared databases
Area based classification of networks.
 LAN- Local Area Network

 MAN-Metropolitan Area Network
 WAN-Wide Area Network

Local Area Network
 A LAN is a group of computers and network devices
connected together, usually within the same building,
campus or spread over a limited distance. It
facilitates high speed data transmission at cheap
cost.
 LANs are privately owned and operated. LAN uses
high speed media (1mbps to 30 mbps or more)

Features of LAN
 Different users are connected together
 Terminals are located in a small geographic
location
 Devices are connected via cables or wireless
connectivity like Wi-Fi
 A LAN could be connected to other LANs and the
internet or other WAN.

MAN-Metropolitan Area Network
 It is larger and spans over a city or town.
 It refers to networks which interconnect systems or
LANs within a metropolitan area
 A MAN can support both data and voice.
 Cable TV networks are examples of MANs.

WAN-Wide Area Networks
 It covers a very large geographic area and uses
different communication systems such as Telephone
services.
 E.g. banking networks, Railway Reservation Systems
etc.

Features of WAN
 Thousands of computers spread over a wide
geographic region are connected together.
 They use communication channels of a third party.
 These channels are of low capacity and error-
prone.

2.2 Network Topology
 Topology means the method in which terminals are
connected in a network. Commonly, there are
following types of methods.
 Star network
 Ring network
 Bus network

1.Star network
 It is the connection between a host computer and local
computers. The host computer works as the central
computer. Different terminals can communicate only via
the host computer which centrally controls the others.
 Advantages are
 Minimal line cost
 Adding of new nodes will not increase delay in
communication between two nodes.
 Failure of one node doesn‟t affect the network.
 The most important problem with this is that the entire
network depends on the host computer. The whole
network fails when it fails.

2.Ring network
 Computers are linked by a closed loop in a ring
network to facilitate data transfer from one computer
to the other. If the data is not needed for a particular
computer, it ignores and simply passes to the other. The
process continues till it reaches the destination.
 This is a true distributed processing since there is no
central computing.
 It is reliable because it doesn‟t depend upon any host
computer.
 Addition of nodes will increase delay. And it requires
complicated control softwares.

3. Bus network
 Bus network also has no central computer.
Computers are connected by a single circuit used as
communication path.
 It is reliable.
 New computers can be very easily added.
 It also uses high complicated software.
 Breakdown in the main circuit affects the entire
network.

2.3 Internet
 Internet is the network of networks. It is the
connection of crores and crores of computers
connected together. The word internet is the
combination of interconnection and network.

Uses of internet
1. E-Mail
2. FTP
3. Social networks
4. Internet Chatting
5. WWW

E-Mail
 Electronic mail system has overridden the traditional
mailing systems such as telegram and Fax.
 Any type of massages can be sent on an E-Mail.
Video, audio, text and files can be sent along with
mails.
 Most popular E-Mail providers are Google, Yahoo,
Hotmail, rediffmail etc.

FTP
 FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol

 It helps users to download files from internet.
 It is the most secure way of transferring files over
the internet.

Social Networks
 The recent trend in internet
 Lakhs of people are connected together.
 People can chat, express their opinions on various
issues so that anyone can view it.
 They turn to Social Media- creating a new media
culture.
 E.g. Face book, Twitter, Whatsapp Etc.

Internet chatting
 It may be an audio-video chatting or only text
chatting.
 It makes use of various chat providers such as
Skype or IMO.
 Anyone can be connected to anywhere in the world
using this facility.

WWW
 www stands for World Wide Web
 It‟s a web of information
 It‟s the fastest growing facility using internet.
 Web sites are the collection of web pages and
WWW is the collection of web sites.
 A web page is created using a web language such
as HTML or front page or PHP.
 HTTP helps users to access web pages from www.
Contd.

 A web browser is the program to access web pages
from internet. E.g. internet explorer, Mozilla firefox,
Google Chrome etc.
 Search engines are devices to search for
information on the internet. They are the database
that contain references to thousands of resources.

VPNs-Intranet and Extranet
 VPNs are private data networks that make use of
public networks such as internet for data
transmission.
 A VPN may be Intranet based or Extranet based.
 An intranet is a network for users in an organization,
Although they geographically disperse. It can be
used only by authorized personnel of an
organization. External users are not allowed to use
it.
Contd.

 An intranet is an integration of E-Mail, FTP, and web
servers with the internal applications.
 An Extranet on the other hand is a connection of
intranets used by different organizations to
facilitate inter-organizational data transfer. E.g.
clients and suppliers network.

WAP- Wireless Application Protocol
 Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) is a technical
standard for accessing information over a mobile wireless
network. A WAP browser is a web browser for mobile
devices such as mobile phones that uses the protocol. Before
the introduction of WAP, mobile service providers had
limited opportunities to offer interactive data services.
Following mobile services use WAP
 Email by mobile phone
 Tracking of stock-market prices
 Sports results
 News headlines
 Music downloads

2.4 E-Commerce
WTO defines E-Commerce as “ a commercial process
that includes production, distribution, sales or
delivery of goods and services through the
electronic means”
In the process of E-Commerce, data is transmitted
from one organization to the other in electronic
form. This data interchange is known as EDI-
Electronic Data Interchange.

E-Commerce models/types of E-
Commerce
 Business to Business (B2B)
 Business to Customer (B2C)
 Consumer to consumer (C2C)
 Business to Government (B2G)
 Business to Employee (B2E)

Business to Business –B2B
 In B2B, transactions take place between 2 different
business organizations.
 For example, Amazon.com‟s online book store.
 Various book publishers may develop their own
distribution channel or may have a rapport with
Amazon.com. In the second case, they transact with
Amazon in B2B mode. They do this because the
books will be viewed by a large audience.

Business to Consumer (B2C)
 B2C means sale of goods by a business to the
public. It may be either products or services such as
airline booking or stock trading.
 Low marketing costs, lower order processing costs,
better customer services etc. are the benefits of
B2C

Consumer to consumer
 It consists of individuals using the online
advertisement websites to sell products and services
directly to other individuals. Online auction is a very
good example for C2C
 Dubizzile, OLX etc are mostly used online ad-
websites.

Business to Government B2G
 Apart from the main B2G activities such as paying
government taxes like vehicle tax, property tax and
income tax, Government procure goods and
services from the Business organizations. These
products and services range from office stationary
to military equipments.

Business to Employee (B2E)
 It is an internal E-commerce model and it uses
intranet.
 Examples are, online insurance policy management,
corporate dissemination, special offers for the
employees etc.

Unit III DBMS and Information Systems
Database concepts
Information Systems
System development life cycle
Various types of information systems

3.1 Types of databases
Operational databases: They store detailed data
needed to support operations of the entire
organization. They are called as Subject Area
Databases (SADB), Transaction Database, Inventory
Database and Production Database. E.g. Customer
Database, Personnel Database.
Management database: They store data and

information extracted from selected operational
and external database. It consists of summarized
data and information needed by the organization‟s
managers and other end users.

Information Warehouse database: An
information warehouse stores data from current
and previous years. This is usually data taken
from the various operational and management
databases of an organization.
External database: For some databases, there

is option to connect with external privately
owned online databases. Its for smooth
commercial information services.

Text databases: A full-text database is
a database that is comprised of several books, articles,
journals, magazines, newspapers and other textual
documents but does not include graphical documents
such as drawings, diagrams or pictures. Each of the
referenced documents can be viewed, printed or
downloaded online.
Image databases: Wide variety of images can be
stored electronically in image databases. Even
electronic encyclopaedia are available on CD ROM
disks which store thousands of photographs of text.
Image data processing is the use of image database in
business organizations

3.2What is an information system
 An information system can be defined as a set of
interrelated components that collect, process, store
and distribute information to support decision
making and control in an organization.
 Inaddition to the above, information systems help
managers and workers analyze problems, visualize
complex subjects, and create new products.

3.3 System Development Life Cycle

1. Preliminary analysis
 Conduct the preliminary analysis
 Propose alternative solutions
 Describe the costs and benefits

2. Systems analysis, requirements
definition
 Collection of Facts
 Scrutiny of the existing system
 Analyzing the proposed system

3. Systems design
 Describes desired features and operations in detail,

including screen layouts, business rules, process
diagrams, pseudocode and other documentation

4.Development
 Development of different software modules is done
at this stage.

5. Integration and testing
 All the different modules are brought together. They
are integrated and tested for errors. Corrections
are made if errors are found

6. Acceptance, installation, deployment
 Top management officials approve the system

 Install the system and allocate the tasks
 Appropriate staff is deployed.

7. Maintenance and evaluation
 Ensure the smooth working of the system
 Maintenance team observes the work
 Mistakes are repaired

3.4 Types of information systems
Transaction processing systems.

TPS is an information system that keep track of the
elementary activities and transactions of the
organization, such as sales, receipts, cash deposits,
payroll, credit decisions, and the flow of materials
in a factory.
It is a computerized system that performs and records
the daily routine transactions necessary to conduct
business

Management information systems
MIS provide middle managers with reports on the
organization‟s current performance. This information
is used to monitor and control the business and
predict future performance. It uses data supplied
by TPS and compresses them into reports.
The picture depicts how MIS transforms transaction
level data from inventory, production, and
accounting into MIS files that ate used to provide
managers with reports.

Decision Support Systems
DSS focuses on problems that are unique and rapidly
changing, for which the procedure for arriving at a
solution may not be fully predefined in advance.
It takes information from TPS and MIS. But often bring
in information from external sources, such as the
current stock prices or product prices of competitors
These systems are employed by “super-user”
managers and business analysts who want to use
sophisticated analytics and model to analyze data
Components of a DSS are shown below
Database Model base
• Production data • Statistical models

• Marketing data • Forecasting models
• Finance data • Planning models
• HR data • Operational models
DSS Software
• Manage database
• Manage model base
• Manage end user
interface
User interface
User
Executive Support System (ESS)
ESS addresses the decision making needs of senior
management. It supports strategic issues and long
term trends.
ESS present graphs and information from many
sources through an interface that is easy for senior
management. It is designed to incorporate data
about external events, such as tax laws or
competitors, but they draw summerized information
from internal MIS and DSS.

Components of an executive information system
Database
Data warehouse
datamart
Executive Data mining
Query
Executive‟s staff EIS Software
Output

Enterprise Resource Planning Systems
These integrate business processes in manufacturing and
production, finance and accounting, sales and marketing,
and human resources into a single software system .
For example, when a customer places an order, the data
automatically go to the other parts which are affected
by it. The transaction gives information to the warehouse
to pick the products and arrange for shipment. The
warehouse informs the factory to replenish what has
been reduced. Accounting department takes steps to
send customer an invoice. Customer service executives
observe the progress of the order.

Supply Chain Management System
This system help the business to manage relationship
with suppliers. Suppliers, purchasing firms,
distributing men and logistics companies benefit by
this system. It shares information on orders,
production, inventory levels and delivery of goods
and services so that the above groups can get
efficient services.
It is an inter-organizational system because they
automate the flow of information across
organizational boundaries.

Customer Relationship Management System
CRMS helps the management to keep effective
relationship with its customers. It provides
information to coordinate the sales and marketing
activities in such a way as to create delighted
customers. The most profitable customers can be
retained by this system.

Knowledge Management Systems.
These enable an organization to better manage process
for capturing and applying knowledge and experience
in the firm, and make it available wherever and
whenever it is needed to improve business and
management decisions.
They link the firm to external sources of knowledge.
This firm knowledge is unique, difficult to imitate and can
be leveraged into long term strategic benefits.
The basic elements of knowledge management are
1.Knowledge creation
2.Knowledge sharing
3.Knowledge utilization

3.5 Functional information systems
 These are the systems based on different functions

of a business organization
 Different functional subsystems are as follows
1. Production information systems
2. Marketing information systems
3. Financial information systems
4. HR information systems
 These systems are dealt with in detail.

Production Information Systems
 These systems facilitate efficient
productions/operations management. Production
management encompasses design, implementation,
operation and control of systems made up of
people, materials, capital equipment, money and
information to accomplish specific objectives
 Following is a model of production information
system

Marketing information systems
 Marketing information systems are designed and
operated to provide relevant information on the
following aspects
1. Type of products to be offered
2. Price at which products to be offered
3. Place where products have to reach
4. Promotion of products to create loyal customers
 The outline of the system is as follows

Financial Information Systems
 Finance is the life blood of every business
organization. Financial Information systems help
manage financial affairs effectively. It is useful in
taking major financial decisions, i.e. finance
decisions, investment decisions and dividend
decisions.
 The outline of a FIS is depicted below

Accounting Information System
 It consists of the people, records, and methods used
to gather financial information about business
events, record it, process it into a useful form, and
communicate the information to end users and
decision makers in planning, forecasting and
controlling.
 Itworks with many subsystems such as budget, final

accounts, costing, inventory, receivables etc

Computerized Accounting Package
 It is a package designed for accounting with the use
of computers for recording, reporting and analysing
the financial data of a business. These are software
programs that are stored on a company‟s computer,
network server, or remotely and accessed via the
internet. A business can customize the software to
suite the particular needs.

 Salient features of Computerized Accounting
Package.
 Fast,Powerful and integrated.
 Complete visibility.
 Enhanced user experience
 Accuracy.
 Improves the business performance
 Quick decision making
 Complete reliability.

HR Information System
 HR Management is a major function in any business
firm. HRIS facilitate systematic ways for HRM.
 It is an organized method of providing information
about HR , their functioning, and external factors
relevant to HRM.
 The outline is depicted below

Unit IV Computer Viruses, Cyber Crimes and Laws
Computer Viruses
Cyber Crimes
IT act 2000 and Cyber laws

4.1 COMPUTER VIRUSES
 A computer virus is a program designed to harm or
cause harm on an infected computer. Its spreads
through e-mail attachments, portable devices,
websites containing malicious scripts and file
downloads. A computer virus attaches itself to the
host files and always activate whenever you open
the infected files. The virus can replicate itself and
then infect the other files on your computer causing
more damage. Below is a list of different types of
computer viruses and what they do.

 Macro Viruses
These viruses infect the files created using some
applications or programs that contain macros such as
doc, pps, xls and mdb. They automatically infect the
files with macros and also templates and documents
that are contained in the file. They hide in documents
shared through e-mail and networks.
 Macro viruses include:
 Relax
 bablas
 Melissa.A
 097M/Y2K

 Memory Resident Viruses
They usually fix themselves inside the computer
memory. They get activated every time the OS runs
and end up infecting other opened files. They hide
in RAM.
 Memory Resident Viruses Include:
 CMJ
 meve
 randex
 mrklunky

 Overwrite Viruses
These types of viruses delete any information in a file
they infect, leaving them partially or completely
useless once they are infected. Once in the
computer, they replaces all the file content but the
file size doesn‟t change.
 Overwrite Viruses Include:
 Trj.Reboot
 way
 trivial.88.D

 Direct Action Viruses
These viruses mainly replicate or take action once they
are executed. When a certain condition is met, the
viruses will act by infecting the files in the directory
or the folder specified in the AUTOEXEC.BAT. The
viruses are generally found in the hard disk‟s root
directory, but they keep on changing location.
 Direct Action Viruses Include:
 Vienna virus

 Directory Virus
Also known as cluster virus or file system virus. They
infect the computer‟s directory by changing the path
indicating file location. They are usually located in
the disk but affect the entire directory.
 Directory Viruses Include:
 dir-2 virus

 Web Scripting Virus
Most web pages include some complex codes in order
to create an interactive and interesting content.
Such a code is often exploited to cause certain
undesirable actions. They mostly originate from the
infected web pages or browsers.
 Web Scripting Viruses Include:
 JS.Fortnight – a virus that spreads via malicious emails.

 Multipartite Virus
These type of viruses spread in many different ways.
Their actions vary depending on the OS installed
and presence of certain files. They tend to hide in
the computer‟s memory but do not infect the hard
disk.
 Multipartite Viruses Include:
 flip
 invader
 tequila

 FAT Viruses
These lardy viruses attack the file allocation table
(FAT) which is the disc part used to store every
information about the available space, location of
files, unusable space etc.
 FAT Viruses Include:
 the link virus

 Companion Viruses
These types of viruses infect files just like the direct
action and the resident types. Once inside the
computer, they „accompany‟ other existing files.
 Companion Viruses Include:
 Asimov.1539
 stator and terrax.1069

 Polymorphic Virus
They encode or encrypt themselves in a different way
every time they infect your computer. They use different
encryption and algorithms. This makes it difficult for the
antivirus software to locate them using signature or
string searches (since they are very different in each
encryption).
 Polymorphic Viruses Include:
 Marburg
 tuareg
 Satan bug
 elkern

 Worm
This program is very similar to a virus and has the ability
to self-replicate leading to negative effects on your
computer.
 Worm Viruses Include:
 lovgate.F
 sobig.D
 trile. C
 PSWBugbear.B
 Mapson

 Trojans
Trojans can illegally trace important login details of
users online. For example E-Banking is very common
among users, therefore, vulnerability of tracing your
login details whenever your PC is working without
any strong powerful antivirus installed.

 Email Virus
This is a virus spread via an email. Such a virus will hide in
an email and when the recipient opens the mail.
 Browser Hijacker
This virus can spread in many different ways including a

voluntary download. If infects certain browser functions
especially in form of re-directing the user automatically
to certain sites. A good example is
 Browser Hijackers Include:
 the cool web search

 Boot Infectors
They include the boot sector plus master boot record
types. All the viral codes can be separate location;
however they infect the hard disks or the floppy.
 Boot Infectors Include:
 Thebrain virus -it is the very first wild virus to be

created.

From what we have seen, the many types of computer
viruses and their effects are very harmful and can
completely damage your system. Always make sure
your system is up to date. Also install antivirus
software. The antivirus program protects your
computer and the personal information in it.

4.2 Introduction to Cyber Crimes
 Due to increase in the number of netizens, misuse of
technology in the cyberspace was clutching up
which gave birth to cyber crimes at the domestic
and international level as well.
 Though the word Crime carries its general meaning
as “a legal wrong that can be followed by criminal
proceedings which may result into punishment”
whereas Cyber Crime may be “unlawful acts
wherein the computer is either a tool or target or
both”.

Classifications Of Cyber Crimes: Cyber Crimes
which are growing day by day, it is very difficult to
find out what is actually a cyber crime and what is
the conventional crime so to come out of this
confusion, cyber crimes can be classified under
different categories which are as follows:

1. Cyber Crimes against Persons:
There are certain offences which affects the personality
of individuals can be defined as:
 Harassment via E-Mails: It is very common type of
harassment through sending letters, attachments of files &
folders i.e. via e-mails. At present harassment is common as
usage of social sites i.e. Facebook, Twitter etc. increasing
day by day.
 Cyber-Stalking: It means expressed or implied a physical
threat that creates fear through the use to computer
technology such as internet, e-mail, phones, text messages,
webcam, websites or videos.

 Dissemination of Obscene Material: It includes
Indecent exposure/ Pornography (basically child
pornography), hosting of web site containing these
prohibited materials. These obscene matters may cause
harm to the mind of the adolescent and tend to
deprave or corrupt their mind.
 Defamation: It is an act of imputing any person with
intent to lower down the dignity of the person by
hacking his mail account and sending some mails with
using vulgar language to unknown persons mail account.

 Hacking: It means unauthorized control/access over
computer system and act of hacking completely
destroys the whole data as well as computer
programmes. Hackers usually hacks telecommunication
and mobile network.
 Cracking: It is amongst the gravest cyber crimes known
till date. It is a dreadful feeling to know that a stranger
has broken into your computer systems without your
knowledge and consent and has tampered with
precious confidential data and information.

 E-Mail Spoofing: A spoofed e-mail may be said to be
one, which misrepresents its origin. It shows it‟s origin to
be different from which actually it originates.
 SMS Spoofing: Spoofing is a blocking through spam
which means the unwanted uninvited messages. Here a
offender steals identity of another in the form of
mobile phone number and sending SMS via internet
and receiver gets the SMS from the mobile phone
number of the victim. It is very serious cyber crime
against any individual.

 Carding: It means false ATM cards i.e. Debit and Credit
cards used by criminals for their monetary benefits
through withdrawing money from the victim‟s bank
account mala-fidely. There is always unauthorized use
of ATM cards in this type of cyber crimes.
 Cheating & Fraud: It means the person who is doing the
act of cyber crime i.e. stealing password and data
storage has done it with having guilty mind which leads
to fraud and cheating.

 Child Pornography: It involves the use of computer
networks to create, distribute, or access materials that
sexually exploit underage children.
 Assault by Threat: refers to threatening a person with
fear for their lives or lives of their families through the
use of a computer network i.e. E-mail, videos or phones.

2. Crimes Against Persons Property: As there is
rapid growth in the international trade where
businesses and consumers are increasingly using
computers to create, transmit and to store
information in the electronic form instead of
traditional paper documents. There are certain
offences which affects persons property which are
as follows:

 Intellectual Property Crimes: Intellectual property
consists of a bundle of rights. Any unlawful act by which
the owner is deprived completely or partially of his
rights is an offence. The common form of IPR violation
may be said to be software piracy, infringement of
copyright, trademark, patents, designs and service
mark violation, theft of computer source code, etc.

 CyberSquatting: It means where two persons claim for
the same Domain Name either by claiming that they
had registered the name first on by right of using it
before the other or using something similar to that
previously. For example two similar names i.e.
www.yahoo.com and www.yaahoo.com.

 Cyber Vandalism: Vandalism means deliberately
destroying or damaging property of another. Thus
cyber vandalism means destroying or damaging the
data when a network service is stopped or disrupted. It
may include within its purview any kind of physical
harm done to the computer of any person. These acts
may take the form of the theft of a computer, some
part of a computer or a peripheral attached to the
computer.

 Hacking Computer System: Hacktivism attacks those
included Famous Twitter, blogging platform by
unauthorized access/control over the computer. Due to
the hacking activity there will be loss of data as well as
computer. Also research especially indicates that those
attacks were not mainly intended for financial gain too
and to diminish the reputation of particular person or
company.

 Transmitting Virus: Viruses are programs that attach
themselves to a computer or a file and then circulate
themselves to other files and to other computers on a
network. They usually affect the data on a computer,
either by altering or deleting it. Worm attacks plays
major role in affecting the computerize system of the
individuals.
 Cyber Trespass: It means to access someone‟s computer
without the right authorization of the owner and does
not disturb, alter, misuse, or damage data or system by
using wireless internet connection.

 Internet Time Thefts: Basically, Internet time theft
comes under hacking. It is the use by an unauthorised
person, of the Internet hours paid for by another
person. The person who gets access to someone else‟s
ISP user ID and password, either by hacking or by
gaining access to it by illegal means, uses it to access
the Internet without the other person‟s knowledge. You
can identify time theft if your Internet time has to be
recharged often, despite infrequent usage.

3. Cybercrimes Against Government:
 There are certain offences done by group of persons
intending to threaten the international governments by
using internet facilities. It includes:
 Cyber Terrorism: Cyber terrorism is a major burning
issue in the domestic as well as global concern. The
common form of these terrorist attacks on the Internet is
by distributed denial of service attacks, hate websites
and hate e-mails, attacks on sensitive computer
networks etc. Cyber terrorism activities endanger the
sovereignty and integrity of the nation.

 Cyber Warfare: It refers to politically motivated hacking to
conduct sabotage and espionage. It is a form of information
warfare sometimes seen as analogous to conventional
warfare although this analogy is controversial for both its
accuracy and its political motivation.
 Distribution of pirated software: It means distributing
pirated software from one computer to another intending to
destroy the data and official records of the government.
 Possession of Unauthorized Information: It is very easy to
access any information by the terrorists with the aid of
internet and to possess that information for political,
religious, social, ideological objectives.

4. Cybercrimes Against Society at large:
 An unlawful act done with the intention of causing harm
to the cyberspace will affect large number of persons.
These offences includes:
 Child Pornography: It involves the use of computer
networks to create, distribute, or access materials that
sexually exploit underage children. It also includes
activities concerning indecent exposure and obscenity.

 Cyber Trafficking: It may be trafficking in drugs,
human beings, arms weapons etc. which affects large
number of persons. Trafficking in the cyberspace is also
a gravest crime.
 Online Gambling: Online fraud and cheating is one of
the most lucrative businesses that are growing today in
the cyber space. There are many cases that have come
to light are those pertaining to credit card crimes,
contractual crimes, offering jobs, etc.

 Financial Crimes: This type of offence is common as
there is rapid growth in the users of networking sites
and phone networking where culprit will try to attack
by sending bogus mails or messages through internet.
Ex: Using credit cards by obtaining password illegally.
 Forgery: It means to deceive large number of persons
by sending threatening mails as online business
transactions are becoming the habitual need of today‟s
life style.

Affects To Whom: Cyber Crimes always affects the
companies of any size because almost all the
companies gain an online presence and take
advantage of the rapid gains in the technology but
greater attention to be given to its security risks. In
the modern cyber world cyber crimes is the major
issue which is affecting individual as well as society
at large too.

4.3“INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ACT, 2000”
 With the emergence of technology the misuse of

technology has also expanded to its optimum level
and then there arises a need of strict statutory laws
to regulate the criminal activities in the cyber world
and to protect technological advancement system. It
is under these circumstances Indian parliament
passed its “INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ACT,
2000” on 17th oct to have its exhaustive law to
deal with the technology in the field of e-commerce,
e-governance, e-banking as well as penalties and
punishments in the field of cyber crimes.

CYBER LAWS
 Cyber Law is the law governing cyber space. Cyber
space is a very wide term and includes computers,
networks, software, data storage devices (such as hard
disks, USB disks etc), the Internet, websites, emails and
even electronic devices such as cell phones, ATM
machines etc.
 Law encompasses the rules of conduct:
1. That have been approved by the government, and
2. Which are in force over a certain territory, and
3. Which must be obeyed by all persons on that territory.
Violation of these rules could lead to government action
such as imprisonment or fine or an Order to pay
compensation.

 Cyber law encompasses laws relating to:
1. Cyber Crimes
2. Electronic and Digital Signatures
3. Intellectual Property
4. Data Protection and Privacy

 Cyber crimes
These are unlawful acts where the computer is used
either as a tool or a target or both. The enormous
growth in electronic commerce (e-commerce) and
online share trading has led to a phenomenal spurt
in incidents of cyber crime.

 Electronic signatures
These are used to authenticate electronic records.
Digital signatures are one type of electronic
signature. Digital signatures satisfy three major
legal requirements – signer authentication, message
authentication and message integrity. The
technology and efficiency of digital signatures
makes them more trustworthy than hand written
signatures.

 Intellectual property
These refer to creations of the human mind e.g. a story, a
song, a painting, a design etc. The facets of intellectual
property that relate to cyber space are covered by
cyber law. These include:
 copyright law in relation to computer software, computer
source code, websites, cell phone content etc,
 software and source code licenses
 trademark law with relation to domain names, meta tags,
mirroring, framing, linking etc
 semiconductor law which relates to the protection of
semiconductor integrated circuits design and layouts,
 patent law in relation to computer hardware and software.

 Data protection and privacy laws
These laws aim to achieve a fair balance between
the privacy rights of the individual and the interests
of data controllers such as banks, hospitals, email
service providers etc. These laws seek to address
the challenges to privacy caused by collecting,
storing and transmitting data using new
technologies.

Unit V Strategic role of IT and Emerging issues
Strategic advantage and IT
Problems and Prospects of Computerization
Selection of Hardware and Software
Managing the changes of IT

5.1What is strategic advantage?
 Strategic advantage is the result of using
organizational capability measured in financial
terms by profitability, shareholder value etc. and in
non financial terms by market share, reputation etc.
 Competitive advantage exists when there is match
between the distinctive competencies of a firm and
the critical success factors within its industry that
permits the firm to outperform competitors.
Information technology helps the organizations gain
competitive advantage in the following ways
1. Becoming low-cost producer
2. Creating new products and services
3. Focus on market niche
4. Linking with new customers and suppliers
5. Managing value chain.
6. Creating strategic alliances

1. Become Low-cost producer
 Information systems reduce cost by focusing on
 Internal
operations
 Management planning and control and
 Human resources
 Reduced cost helps in increasing profit.

 Many low cost producing organizations use
information technology as a dynamic and intensive
way rather than a mere management tool

2.Create new Products and services
 IT is used as a tool to prevent duplication.
 IT helps in creating differentiated products and
services and this in turn raises market entry cost for
competitors.

3.Focus on Market Niche
 IT helps in improving marketing techniques.
 An organization can penetrate the market by
carefully examining transactions with customers.
 It enables the business to win more from profitable
customers ,turns non profitable customers to
profitable or drop outs.

4. Linking with Customers and Suppliers
 IT Systems help the organization to follow Just in

time supply method and stock less inventory method.
 The first method shifts all inventory responsibilities
to the distributor who manages the supply flow. The
second helps in winning customer loyalty by
providing cheap and best goods on time.

5.Managing value chain

contd…
 IT and information systems that have strategic
impact helps the organization to provide products

or services of higher value at the same price or of
the same value at the lower price.

6. Creating Strategic Alliances
 Strategic alliance is the combination of two or more
organizations to create competitive advantage.
 Information Technology links two independent
organizations to share skills, costs and access to
another‟s market.
 The role of IT is crucial in these type of relations.
 Such strategic alliances are recently coined as
information partnerships.

5.2 Issues on Hardware and Software
Procedure for hardware software

selection
 The systems come with hardware, software and
support. Today, selecting a system is a serious and
time-consuming business.
 There are several factors to consider prior to system
selection . They are discussed below.

1. Define the system capabilities
Computers have proven valuable to business in the following
areas :
 Cost reduction includes reduction of the inventory, savings
on space and improved ability to predict business trends
 Cost avoidance includes early detection of problems and
ability to expand operations without adding clerical help.
 Improved service emphasizes quick availability of
information to customers, improved accuracy and fast
turnaround
 Improved profit reflects the bottom line of the business and
its ability to keep receivables within reason.

2. Specify the magnitude of the problem
 It refers to clarify whether selections consist of a

few peripherals or major decision concerning the
mainframes.
3. Assess the competence of the in-house staff
 This involves determining the expertise needed in
areas such as telecommunications and data base
design. Acquiring a computer often results in
securing temporary help for conversion. Planning for
this help is extremely important.
4. Consider hardware and software as a package.
 This approach ensures compatibility. In fact,

software should be considered first, because often
the user secures the hardware and then wonders
what software is available for it.
5. Provide user indoctrination.
 This is crucial, especially for first-time users. Selling
the system to the user staff, providing adequate

training, and preparing an environment a
conductive to implementation are pre- requisites for
system acquisition.
Other Criteria for selection of Hardware
Hardware Software
1. System Availability 1. The programming

language and its
2. Compatibility suitability to the
3. Cost applications
2. Ease of Installation and
4. Performance training
5. Support 3. Extent of enhancements
to be made prior to
6. Usability installation.

Major phases in Hardware/Software selection
The selection process should be viewed as a project, and a

project team should be organized with management
support. In larger projects, the team includes one or more
user representatives, an analyst and EDP auditor, and a
consultant. Several steps make up the selection process:
1. Requirement Analysis
2. System Specification
3. Request for proposals (RFP)
4. Evaluation and validation
5. Vendor Selection
6. Post Installation Review

5.3 Problems and prospects
of computerization
 Problems
IT systems development problems
IT security challenges
Ethical and social problems
Global business challenges

 IT Systems development problems
 Managers have to realign their strategies business
strategies and information systems to environmental
requirements.
 They face the challenge of developing dynamic
information systems.

 IT security challenges
• Use of internet and other types of computer
networks has become common.
• Security challenges also have multiplied manifold
• Effective provisions have to be made to face these
problems

 Ethical and social problems
 Privacy rights
 Intellectual property rights
 Employment challenges
 Quality of work life
 Health issues

Prospects of computerization
1. Organization
2. Self-Sufficiency
3. Cost-Effective
4. Speed
5. Cheaper Research and Development
6. Sales

 Organization: Computers allow the application of
different types of software that can help businesses
keep track of their files, documents, schedules and
deadlines. Computers also allow businesses to
organize all of their information in a very accessible
manner. The ability to store large amounts of data
on a computer is convenient and inexpensive, and
saves space. A computer's ability to allow a
company to organize its files efficiently leads to
better time management and productivity.

 Self-Sufficiency: Computers have made staff and
companies more self-sufficient by allowing them to do
tasks that previously had to be outsourced. For
example, a company can now use office software to
create their own training material. Desktop publishing
software can be used to create marketing materials.
Online tax and accounting programs allow companies
to prepare their own taxes. This allows the dominant
operations of a company to remain in-house and
empowers the company to become more independent
and less susceptible to errors committed by outside
parties.

 Cost-Effective: Emerging technology makes new tools
and services more affordable and allows companies to
save on their staff payroll and office equipment.
Because computers allow work to be done faster and
more efficiently, it is possible for a company to hire
fewer staff. In addition, with networked and relatively
inexpensive computers, companies can store data more
easily, saving on the cost of outside file storage, and
can avoid having to purchase as many copiers, fax
machines, typewriters, and other such items that were
used before computers became popular. Contd….

Correspondingly, potentially profitable businesses can
be started with a smaller overhead cost. Email
capabilities decrease postage costs; software
applications reduce the need for large accounting
departments, while videoconferencing reduces the
need for travel. All resources saved will trickle down
to the consumers, who are then provided with much
more affordable products and service.

 Speed: Computers help speed up other business
operations. The collecting of consumer feedback,
ordering of raw materials, and inspection of
products is made quicker through the use of
computers, allowing companies to operate much
faster and to produce better quality results.

 Cheaper Research and Development: R&D, or
research and development, costs will also decrease
with the help of computers. Scientific research can
now be done using the Internet and computer
software applications designed to develop and
produce new products and services. For example,
instead of a company having to do in-person focus
groups on a potential new product or to determine
their target market, the company can conduct a
widespread online survey for a far lower cost.
Contd….

In addition, new models of a product can be created
online using virtual pictures and drawings instead of
having to be hand-drawn. These interactive models
created using software programs can help bring the
product and its features to life for a far lower cost
than creating an actual physical model of the given
product.

 Sales: Computers can help generate higher sales
and profits for businesses via a company website.
Many businesses now operate online and around
the clock to allow customers from around the world
to shop for their products and services.

5.4 MANAGING THE CHANGES OF IT
 It means managing the process of implementing

major changes in IT, business processes,
organizational structures, and job assignments to
reduce the risks and costs of change, and to
optimize its benefits.

 What Does Change Management Require?
A commitment from top management and an
organizational design to plan the future of IT and
Information Systems within the business.
Change management involves analyzing and defining
all changes facing the organization, and developing
programs to reduce the risks and costs, and to
maximize the benefits of change.
``
 End User Resistance
 New ways of doing things creates resistance among
employees.
 This is the biggest obstacle to the implementation of
new information systems.
 End User Implications
Dealing with end user resistance:

 Proper education and training.
 Direct end user participation before implementation

helps ensure that the end users assume ownership of a
system, and that its design meets their needs.

 Reengineering a Business Process
 Develop a change action plan.
 Assign selected managers as change sponsors.
 Develop employee change teams.
 Encourage open communications and feedback about

organizational changes.

 Change Management Activities
Human resource management handles activities - Such as
 developing innovative ways to measure, motivate, and
reward performance.
 Program - Design a way to recruit and train employees
in the core competencies required in a changing
workplace.

 Recommendations of Consultants
 Involve as many people as possible in reengineering
and other change programs.
 Make constant change part of the culture.
 Tell everyone as much as possible about everything as

often as possible, preferably in person.
 Make liberal use of financial incentives and recognition.
 Work within the company culture, not around it.

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IT FOR MANAGERS

AP Shareef MBA, M.Com, NET

Algorithm and Flow Charts

Binary and Decimal systems

AP SHAREEF’S LECTURE ON IT FOR MANAGERS

AP SHAREEF’S LECTURE ON IT FOR MANAGERS

 The history of the computer goes back several

AP SHAREEF’S LECTURE ON IT FOR MANAGERS

The first generation computers used vacuum tubes as

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 Although first invented in 1947, transistors weren‟t used

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 By this phase, transistors were now being

AP SHAREEF’S LECTURE ON IT FOR MANAGERS

 Intel Corporation is the more related word with

AP SHAREEF’S LECTURE ON IT FOR MANAGERS

 Computer devices with artificial intelligence are still

AP SHAREEF’S LECTURE ON IT FOR MANAGERS

AP SHAREEF’S LECTURE ON IT FOR MANAGERS

 A set of computer instructions is called a program. A

 It activates the dead machines.

 Computer software designed to operate the

AP SHAREEF’S LECTURE ON IT FOR MANAGERS

computer, managing both hardware and software.

AP SHAREEF’S LECTURE ON IT FOR MANAGERS

 Maintain system security

 Enable multiple user resource sharing

 Maintain usage records

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 Non graphical command line OS

 User is required to type commands instead of using a

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 Multi tasking features

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 Released in the year 2007

AP SHAREEF’S LECTURE ON IT FOR MANAGERS

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 Developed by Apple Inc.

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 Used on devices from supercomputers to wrist watches

 Widely adopted for servers and embedded systems

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• Compilers: High level language Machine

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