Timber Construction

Timber
Timber Construction
Construction
Application Sheet No. 2
Tensile Reinforcement of Beams
Tensile Reinforcement of Beams
Failure inTensile Reinforcement
tension perpendicular to the grainof
in Beams
timber
beams can occur
Failure inintension
notched beams and to
perpendicular around
the grain in
Failure
timber beams can occur in notchedthe
penetrations due intotension
the perpendicular
reduction of the to
lateral grainand
force
beams in
timber
bearing capacity, beams
resultingcan occur
in crack in notched
initiation
around penetrations due to the reduction of the atbeams
the and
corner
around
of the notch penetrations
or penetration,
lateral force bearingrapiddue crack
to theresulting
capacity, reduction
propagation in of the
and
crack
lateral
then sudden force bearing
brittleatfailure
initiation capacity,
of theofbeam.
the corner resulting
the notch or penetration,in crack
initiation at the corner
rapid crack propagation and of the notch or penetration,
then sudden brittle
rapid crack
failure of
Reinforcement of the propagation
beam.can be achieved using brittle
the beam and then sudden SPAX
failure of the beam.
fully threaded screws applied perpendicular to the grain
Reinforcement
of the timber, thereby restoring of the beam
the lateralcan be forceachieved
capacity us-
Reinforcement of the beam can be achieved us- SPAX 8 x 400
ing
of the timber. SPAX fully threaded screws applied perpen- SPAX 8 x 400
ing SPAX
dicular to thefullygrain
threaded
of thescrews
timber,applied
therebyperpen-
restoring
with full thread
with full thread
dicular
the to
lateral the
forcegrain of the
capacity timber,
of the thereby restoring
timber.
The designtheoflateral
the reinforcement
force capacityis of derived from the
the timber.
Eurocode EC5 in combination with the European
The design of the reinforcement is derived Glulam
TechnicalTheAssessment of (ETA-12/0114) for is
SPAX.
fromdesign
the Eurocode the reinforcement
EC5 in combination derivedwith the Glulam
200 x 600 mm
from the Eurocode EC5 in
European Technical Approval (ETA-12/0114) combination with the for 200 x 600 mm
European
The requirements
SPAX. Technical
for minimum Approval
edge (ETA-12/0114)
distances for
SPAX.
and spacing 53.2 kN 
The must be satisfied
requirements while keeping
for minimum edgethe distances 53.2 kN 
The requirements
reinforcement as close to fornotch
the minimum or edge distances
penetration corner
and spacing must be satisfied while keeping the
and spacing must be satisfied while keeping the
as possible.
reinforcement as close to the notch or penetration
reinforcement
corner as possible. as close to the notch or penetration
Elevation 
corner as possible.
The design approach is to assume that the tensile force Elevation 
perpendicular to the approach
The design grain is carried entirely by
is to assume thethe
that
The design
tensile forceapproach
perpendicularis to assume
to the grain that isthe
carried
reinforcement.
tensile force perpendicular
entirely by the reinforcement. to the grain is carried
entirely by the reinforcement.
Potential 
Notched Beams Potential 
Notched
Notched BeamsBeams Crack 
Crack 
The tensile capacity of reinforcement of a notched
The tensile
The capacity
tensile of reinforcement
capacity of a notcheda notched
of reinforcement
beam support shall fulfil the following of
condition:
beam support
beam shall fulfilshall
support the following condition:condition:
fulfil the following
Ft,90,d/Fax,Rd ≤ 1 where
Ft,90,d
Ft,90,d/Fax,Rd ≤ 1/Fwhere
ax,Rd ≤ 1 where

Ft,90,d = 1.3 Vd [3(1-α)22-2(1-α)33] ETA-12/0114 Plan 

F
Ft,90,d = 1.3 =D1.3 V
Vd [3(1-α) 2 d [3(1-α)
-2(1-α)3] -2(1-α) ] ETA-12/0114
(ETA-12/0114 Annex D) Plan 
Annex
t,90,d
Annex D
Where Where
Where
Vd = Design
Vd =value
Design of the shear
value force,
of the shear force,
V d = Design value of the shear force,
α= hef/h α = hef/h
α
hef==hreduced
ef/h
beam
hef = reduced beam height at height
notch at notch
h = reduced
beambeamheightheight at notch
h = total h
h
= total
ef
beam
= total
height
beam height
Fax,Rd
Fax,Rd = Minimum = Minimum of the
of the design design
values of values
the of the
Fax,Rd = Minimum of the design values of the
withdrawalwithdrawal
capacity capacity
and the and
tensilethe tensile
capacity capacity
of of
withdrawal
the reinforcingcapacity
screws andor the tensilerods
threaded capacity of
the reinforcing
the screws orscrews
reinforcing threadedor rods where
threaded rodsℓef where ℓef
where
is thevalue
is the smaller smaller value
of the of the penetration
penetration depth depth ℓef
is the smaller value of the penetration depth
below or above the potential crack.
SPAX Pacific Pty Ltd    www.spaxpacific.com 
SPAX Pacific Pty Ltd    www.spaxpacific.com 
Australia: Ph 07 4056 2009 info@spaxpacific.com 
Australia: Ph 07 4056 2009 info@spaxpacific.com 
New Zealand: Ph 09 570 7447 info@spacpacific.co.nz 
New Zealand: Ph 09 570 7447 info@spacpacific.co.nz 
SPAX Pacific Pty Ltd www.spaxpacific.com
Australia: Ph 07 4056 2009 info@spaxpacific.com
New Zealand: Ph 09 570 7447 info@spaxpacific.co.nz
Timber Construction
Application Sheet No. 2
Example
Vd = 53.2 kN 2. Tensile strength of the steel
α = hef/h = 400/600 = 0.67 Ftens,d = nef x Ftens,k/ɣm
Ft,90,d = 1.3 x 53.2[3(1-0.67)2-2(1-0.67)3] = 17.93 kN = 1.9 x 17.0/1.3 = 24.84 kN

Try two 8 x 400 fully threaded screws Therefore Ft,90,d/Fax,Rd = 17.93/24.22 = 0.74 < 1 OK

1. Thread pull-out Minimum distances according to ETA -12/0114:

Fax,Rk = nef x fax’k x d x lef x (ρk/350)0.8 a2 ≥ 2.5d1
Where nef = n0.9 = 20.9 = 1.9; fax’k = 12.0 N/mm2; a3,c ≥ 5d1
d = 8.0 a4,c ≥ 3d1
ρk = 385 kg/m3
Fax,Rk = 1.9 x 12 x 8.0 x 200 x (385/350)0.8 = 39.37 kN

kmod = 0.8; ɣm = 1.3

Fax,Rd = 0.8 x 39.37/1.3 = 24.22 kN

Penetrations
The tensile capacity of reinforcement of a hole in a
beam shall fulfil the following condition:
(Ft,90,d + Ft,M,d)/Fax,Rd ≤ 1 where
Ft,90,d = [(Vd x hd)/4h] x (3 - hd2/h2) (ETA-12/0114)
Vd = Design value of the shear force,
h = total beam height
hd = hole depth for rectangular holes (mm)
hd = 70% of hole diameter for circular holes (mm)
Ft,M,d = design value of the force perpendicular to
the grain due to bending moment (N)
= 0.008 x Md/hr
Md = design value of the member bending moment at
hole end (Nmm)
hr = min (hro;hru) for rectangular holes (mm)
hr = min (hro;hru) + 0.15hd for circular holes (mm)
Fax,Rd = Minimum of the design values of the
withdrawal capacity and the tensile capacity of
the reinforcing screws or threaded rods where ℓef
is the smaller value of the penetration depth
below or above the potential crack (N).
Apart from the reinforcement with screws, strength
verification is required for the shear strength of the
timber member in the vicinity of the hole.

SPAX Pacific Pty Ltd www.spaxpacific.com

Australia: Ph 07 4056 2009 info@spaxpacific.com
New Zealand: Ph 09 570 7447 info@spaxpacific.co.nz