Performance Evaluation for Integrated High Altitude
Platforms-Terrestrial General Packet Radio Service
System.
Sami A. EL-Dolil AND Amir S. EL-Safrawey
Dept. of Electronics and Electrical Comm. Eng., Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menouf, Egypt
Abstract- General Packet Radio service (GPRS) is a part of the
evolution path towards 3G. This paper investigates the effect of
using two representative scenarios: a macro cellular system
operating from a high altitude platform line of sight system and
a terrestrial non-line-of-sight System, in each case a packet-
based such as GPRS system is considered. The macro cellular
layer will serve as second server to the mobile data terminals
located in a microcellular layer, both layers form a Multi-layer
cellular system. A comparison between GPRS system using only
microcellular structure and when using both microcellular and
macro cellular structures is evaluated. A simulator model was
developed to study the behavior of data transmission between a
GPRS server and data terminals via air interface. Simulation
results show the validity of using macro cells to serve as a
second layer, and how this can enhance the GPRS system
performance.
I. INTRODUCTION
Migration from the second generation such as the GSM
towards the third generation such as UMTS or CDMA2000
is achieved by a change in the inherent switching technology,
from circuit switching to completely packet switching
system. This sharp switching technology conversion could
be done smoothly via a hybrid system such as GPRS, which
considered as 2.5 generation. So it is considered as a bridge
from the voice-centric 2G networks to the data-centric 3G
networks and incorporates higher speeds to support data
transport.
GPRS is a standard from the European
Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI) as a new
bearer service based on GSM architecture [1, 2]. The rule of
GPRS is to provide a packet switched service over the
existing GSM networks. The service providers use the scarce
radio resources in a more efficient way, by assigning it on
demand. Wireless access to external internet protocol-based
network such as internet, provides mixed service capability
for both real-time and non real-time applications such as
WWW, ftp, email and video conference. GPRS network
operator provides subscribers with instant, “always on
connection”, high data rate with theoretical maximum speed
up to 171.2 k bit/s by applying Multi Slot Capability (MSC)
against 9.6 k bit/s of SMS over GSM networks. Several
analytical and simulation models have been proposed to
study the performance of GSM/GPRS. In [3] transmission of
data packet in the silent periods of a conversation with voice
activity detection was proposed. The effect of using dynamic
and fixed channel allocation techniques on the GPRS QoS is
presented in [4]. In [5] different types of queues for mobility
management related packets was considered to reduce the
delay time by reducing the competition time of the Routing
Area Update (RAU). A comparison between using a queue
and keeping a dedicated channel for GPRS users is
introduced in [6]. In [7-9], GPRS performance and capacity
evaluation is estimated considering different radio resources
allocation strategies. Different from the previous works, the
key feature of this work is that: a simulator developed in
Matlab environment is used to study the effect of using a
macro cellular layer formed from high altitude platforms on
the GPRS system performance. The simulator focuses on the
communication over the radio interface between a MS and
BSS, as it is one of the most crucial aspect of GPRS
operation, and mainly determines the performance of any
wireless network.
II. GPRS NETWORK
The proposed model is a GSM/GPRS system, in which
the GPRS subsystem is a new bearer service designed to be
an extension to the GSM network. The GPRS functionalities
was achieved by introducing two GPRS support nodes
(GSNs), the serving GPRS support node (SGSN) and the
gateway GPRS support node (GGSN). The SGSN delivers
packets to and from mobile stations within its service area, it
detects new GPRS MS and queries the home location
register to get user profile, and it keeps track of mobile
stations locations. GGSN links different SGSNs and
provides interface between GPRS network and other external
Internet Protocol based networks such as (internet-other
GPRS networks). GPRS greatly improves the operation of
the wireless data communication networks. From the
network's point of view, it employs packet switching which
enables operators to use the limited spectrum more
efficiently as the radio resources are used only when users
are actually sending or receiving data so that the system
capacity increases. Form the customer's point of view, GPRS
offers much higher data rate than conventional GSM system
by applying MSC, thus enables new and better wireless data
applications. So the mobile phone will be changed from the
traditional one to a multi media wireless access one.
GPRS gets its radio resources by sharing the GSM
resources. One of the most crucial question is, how to divide
the cell capacity between the traditional GSM and GPRS
services. In [7, 8] it is found that a more friendly strategy is,
to reserve Q time slots from the N time slots in each
GSM/GPRS TDMA frame for data connection preventing
their use by voice calls. Consequently guarantee a minimum
amount of band width to be shared among all active data
connections. The drawback of this strategy is the increase of
the number of blocked voice calls due to the reduction in
time slots available for voice. In order to guarantee a fixed
voice call blocking probability, it is necessary to
dimensioning the cell for a reduced offered voice load,
therefore a balance between the reduced number of served
voice calls and the required increase of data connections has
to be performed by the network operator. The remaining N-
Q time slots are shared between GSM and GPRS users with
full preemption for the voice call over data connection in this
shared partition. When a voice call request arrived and there
is no available channel, the voice preempt a channel used by
data connection and the data terminal (GPRS user – data
terminal are interchanged) is forced to stop its transmission
(immediately released) and stored in a queue, waiting for
service. The GPRS user during its data session will send and
receive data, that must be converted into bursts. Each burst
data bits is convoyed by a time slot each frame period. The
conversion of user's data to burst carried out through
multiple levels, at first the data is segmented into packets,
each packet is split into Logical Link Control (LLC) frames,
each LLC is in turn split into a number of Radio Link
Control (RLC) blocks as shown in figure (1). The number of
data bits contained in each RLC block is 456 coded bits
arranged in four consecutive radio bursts. As the size of the
RLC block is kept constant, the Coding Schemes (CS1-CS4)
determine the a mount of the useful payload convoyed by
each RLC block, the choice of CS controlled by the carrier
to interference ratio (CIR), it's a crucial parameter in any
wireless network. The RLC block is the Packet Data
Channel (PDCH) basic transmission unit, each RLC block
requires four time slots in four consecutive time division
multiple access frames, hence the RLC block is the unit of
transmission. Some previous studies made their calculations
considering the RLC block level rather packet level [10].
User
data
Packets
LLC
frame
20 ms
RLC
blocks
Burst
Figure (1): User data to bursts transformation.
III. HAP OVERVIEW
High Altitude Platform Stations (HAPs) or High Altitude
Very long Endurance (HAVE) vehicles. is a novel
telecommunications network, which employs a proprietary
stratospheric platform technology to provide broadband
wireless communications, services around the world. HAPS
is considered to be a revolutionary opportunity for wireless
industry, systems with several economic and technological
advantages over both space- or ground- based counterparts
which will offer fixed, or transportable. This is sufficient to
support such multimedia services as video-telephony, low
cost video-conferencing, and high speed internet
connectivity. The services will include user authentication,
location registration, link encryption, and bandwidth-on-
demand. The build-in security measure provides wire-line
equivalent privacy (WEP) to insure high degree of privacy of
communications. The stratospheric platform is a super-
pressurized helium-filled solar/fuel- cell powered airship
with enough payload and power capacity to support all of a
metropolitan area's broadband communications requirements.
Using propulsion and thermal control the platform will be
kept stationary for no less than 5 years at altitude ranging
between 17 and 30Km in the stratosphere. The platform is
approximately 150 meters in length and 40 meters in
diameter. Each platform provides instant
telecommunications infrastructure for an entire region and
does not require the deployment of additional, or a
constellation of, stations to provide service. Therefore, each
HAPS constitutes a stand-alone regional system that can be
individually deployed. The deployment of 250 platforms
over the 250 most populous cities will create a world wide
system covering more than 80% of the world's population.
The most promising telecommunication applications of
HAPs are cellular telephony, broadband local multipoint
distribution system (LMDS) services, and access provision
to digital networks (Internet, ISDN). The major advantages
for future services integrating HAPs based systems are the
cost-effective coverage of rural and maritime regions, the
system flexibility due to the platforms’ mobility on demand,
and the possibility of upgrading the platform’s payload in
order to reduce the risk of technology obsolescence
experienced with traditional satellites. In addition, HAPs can
have a large footprint on earth offering the possibility of
providing services over large regions with low expected
traffic cost effectively.[11-13]. The platforms can be linked
directly to one another by hop stations located midway
between the platforms or by inter- platform links, and can
also be linked indirectly via satellite or the PSTN. [14 ].
IV. SIMULATION MODEL AND CHANNEL ASSUMPTION
This paper focuses on the performance of GPRS data
service considering the use of HAP combined with the
micro cellular structure forming a Multi-layer cellular
system. Both structures have a shape of a cluster of seven
hexagonal cells, each cell in the macro cell layer is
represented by high altitude plat form, will cover seven
clusters from the terrestrial system as shown in figure (2).
The key feature of this work is to evaluate the effect of HAP
to serve as a second server for the mobile data terminal, and
how thus affect on the GPRS system performance, the
evaluation done by introducing a comparison between the
GPRS system when use terrestrial structure only and when
use both terrestrial and HAP structures. The comparison
done with respect to different quality of service parameters
such as; the failure probability of new and handoff attempts
of data terminals, the RLC block delay and throughput
(channel utilization by GPRS load). Adaptive CS according
to CIR was used to compensate the environmental effects,
provide a suitable protection and guarantee BLER less than
0.2 [15]. CIR is a crucial parameter in today’s network, as
the capacity of any wireless network is interference limited.
Figure (2): HAP and terrestrial systems structure
 A- CHANNEL MODELS
The first system considered is a terrestrial non-line-of-
sight system. By considering the environmental effects such
as the radio propagation loss and shadowing, both will affect
the Carrier to Interference Ratio (CIR) between co-channel
cells. There are many radio propagation models, the path
loss Okumura and Hata model was selected to calculate the
propagation path loss, because it's more practical and has
intermediate results within others models [16], the path loss
Okumura-Hata model given by [17]
L ( d terr ) = 69 . 55 + 26 . 16 log [ f c (MHz )]
− 13 . 82 log [h b ] − a (h m )
+ [44 . 9 − 6 . 55 log (h b )]log (d terr ) constant transmitter power Ptx-terr = 10 wat [19], standard
where:
a (h m ) = [1 . 1 log ( f c ) − 0 . 7 ]h m
− [1 . 56 log ( f c ) − 0 . 8 ]
fc is the carrier frequency in MHz.
d terr is the distance in Km between the mobile terminal
and the interferer base stations as shown in figure (3),
the distance calculated from the following relation:
2 2
d terr = ri + rm − 2 ri rm cos( θ )
where ri rm are the distances from the originating base
station to the interferer base station and mobile terminal
respectively as shown in figure (4).
h b is the BS antenna height (m) (effective).
h m is the MU antenna height (m) (above ground).
a (h m ) is the correction factor.
Figure (4): Distances from mobile terminal to the
interferer and originating base stations.
Figure (5): Distances from mobile terminal to the
interferer and originating HAPs.
The interference between two co-channel cells separated by
distance d terr is.
I terr = p tx − terr − L ( d terr ) + λ
where λ is the shadowing fading term which is a
random variable following normal distribution with zero
mean and eight standard deviation, this random is range
limited between, [18]
− 4σ ≤ λ ≥ 2σ
where, σ is the standard deviation.
Considering the offered traffic per interfered channel is
assumed to be constant and equal to 0.4 Erlang, and a
deviation σ = 8 [18], the frequency of operation f c = 895
MHz, the cell radius R terr = 1 Km .
The number of co-channel interferers cells considered
here are the first two interferers tires, so there are at
maximum eighteen active interferes and nineteen
interference states (0 - 18). The total interference strength in
dB, contributed by these interferers is:
n =18
It terr dB = 10 log 10 ∑P n − terr ⋅ I n − terr wat
n=0
Where Pn-terr is the probability of n active interferers from
nineteen states (0 - 18) that can be obtained from the
interfering traffic using the Erlang formula. Assume the
offered traffic per interfering channel equals 0.4 Erlang, so
the total interfering traffic Aterr is 7.2 Erlang, then Pn-terr
equals:
A
n
/ n!
P n − terr = i = 18 terr
∑ A terr / i !
i
i= 0
I n−terr represents the interference power in watts for n
wat
active interferers.
The average carrier strength is calculated as;
C ( d MS − BSS ) = Ptx − terr − L ( d MS − BSS )
where; RMS-BSS is the average intra cell MS-BSS distance
that can be approximated by the radius of a circle covering
half of the hexagonal cell area, [20] given by:
AHex 1.5 ∗ 3 R 2
d MS − BSS = = = 643 m
2π 2π
Where L (dMS-BSS) is the propagation loss of the intra cell
MS-BSS distance dMS-BSS. The mean carrier to interference
ratio in terrestrial system is CIRterr :
CIR terr = C ( d MS − BSS ) − It terr dB
The second system is a high altitude platform line-of-
sight system, in this case only the radio propagation loss is
considered, thus will affect the total Carrier to Interference
Ratio CIR. The propagation model used in this case is an
extended version of the Hata’s model for cellular system and
free space loss [21]:
L ( d ) = 32 . 4 + 10 ∗ log 10 [ f c ( MHz ) ∗ d ( Km ) ]
The interference between two co-channel cells separated by
distance d hapi is.
I hap = p tx − hap − L ( d hapi )
 The distance d hapi in this case is the distance between scheme as a function of the CIR. The value of CIR defines
the mobile terminal and the interferers HAP as shown in the coding scheme that maximizes the throughput and
figure (5), the distance calculated from the following keep BLER < 0.2.
relation: C- SIMULATOR MODEL
2 2 In this paper a simulator of GPRS at the radio link
d hapi = 17 + rmhap + 4 R hap − 4 R hap rmhap cos( φ )
2
control level has been carried out and developed using
where rmhap is the distance from the center of the coverage Matlab environment. The simulator focuses on the
area covered by the originating HAP to the mobile terminal. communication over the radio interface between MS and
By considering the offered traffic per interfered channel is BSS (NLOS) or HAP (LOS) systems, because this is one of
assumed to be constant and equal to 0.4 Erlang, and a the most crucial aspects of GPRS operation. It considers a
constant transmitter power Ptx-hap = 1 wat [19], the frequency two dimension GSM/GPRS network of microcellular and
macro cellular layers, both layers are partitioned into seven
of operation f c = 1950 MHz [21], the cell radius hexagonal cells, each cell of macro cellular layer cover seven
R hap ≈ 7 R terr . clusters of microcellular layer. To allow for a finite number
The number of co-channel interferers HAPs considered of cells to be simulated while still approximately an infinite
here are the first interferers tire, so there are at maximum six system, a warp-around technique is used. This means that
active interferes and seven interference states (0-6). The total opposite sides warp-around, so that the finite size effect is
interference strength in dB, contributed by these interferers eliminated. The simulator describes the behavior of a single
is: carrier with eight time slots per cell GSM/GPRS system. In
n =6 microcellular layer, each cell has one channel (time slot) is
It hap dB = 10 log 10 ∑ Pn − hap ⋅ I n − hap wat reserved for control signaling, another channel is reserved
n =0 for GPRS data sessions, the remainder six channels are
Where Pn-hap is the probability of n active interferers from shared by both circuit switched GSM services and GPRS
seven states (0 - 6) that can be obtained as above, hence the data sessions. In macro cellular layer, each cell has one
total interfering traffic is Ahap = 2.4 Erlang, then Pn-hap equals: channel (time slot) is reserved for control signaling, the
n
A hap / n ! reminder seven channels are shared between the seven
P n − hap = i = 6 clusters in the microcellular layer.
∑ A hap / i!
i
D- TRAFFIC MODEL
i= 0
Traffic models for future broadband systems are the
I n−hap wat represents the interference power in watts for n subject of much current research. Here, a simple model is
active interferers HAP. used, whereby the arrival of voice calls and data sessions are
The average carrier strength is calculated as; modeled according to two mutually independent poisson
C ( d hap ) = Ptx − hap − L ( d hap ) processes, with negatively exponentially distributed inter-
arrival times. both of them are scheduled to share the radio
where; d hap is the distance between the mobile terminal resources. This is considered to represent a typical voice call
and the servant HAP as shown in figure (5) and data session, where the radio link is the limiting factor
2
on the speed of the downlink, and congestion control
d hap = 17 2 + rmhap techniques such as an access queue is employed. When the
where L ( d hap ) is the free space propagation loss base station is presented with a burst of packets to transmit
to a user, it selects one or more channels and coding scheme
between the servant HAP and mobile terminal. The mean to use according to the current CIR, and attempts to transmit
carrier to interference ratio in the HAP system is CIRhap: the packet, if there is no available resource in the terrestrial
CIR hap = C ( d hap ) − It hap dB layer, it will try to access HAP layer, if there is available
resources, it will be served, if there is no resources, it will be
B- CODING SCHEME CHOICE stored in the access queue waiting for a finite time. During
The CIR is obtained for each data terminal. It depends on this time if resources will be available in any layer, it will
the current location and the current operating system, both served, if not it will be cleared from the system due to buffer
will assign the propagation loss and shadow fading term. time expiring. When a new voice call request arrives, it takes
The value of CIR will control the choice of the coding a free channel, if there is no channel available and the
scheme used in GPRS. There are four coding scheme are number of voice calls in the service is below six, hence one
considered, during the user mobility the CIR is varied, thus of GPRS data sessions stops its transmission in order to
will control the choice of the appropriate coding scheme allocate a channel to the new voice calls. The interrupted
according to the following table: data session will try to access the corresponding cell in the
Table 1: Switching between CS's depending on CIR value macro cellular layer, if there is no available radio resources it
CIR ≤ CIR ≤ CIR ≤ CIR is stored in the suspend queue without limitation on the
CIR storing time. When resources are available again in any
5.9586 10.1315 16.5037 >16.5037
Coding layer, the data sessions in the suspend queue have higher
CS1 CS2 CS3 CS4 priority to be resources allocated than the new data session
Scheme
or data session in the access queue. The discipline in the
The switching between these CS's was done according to access and suspend queues follow the First In First Out
[10,22], which present the optimal choice of the coding (FIFO) principle which is the simplest scheduling and
queuing method. The average service time of circuit
switched calls is assumed to be exponentially distributed
with mean 120 seconds. The voice traffic load is set to 2.275
Erlang to satisfy the general requirements of 2% blocking
probability which is a typical target value for GSM
operators.
In this paper the Email traffic model is used, that has the
following characteristics:
• Calls and data sessions arrived according to poisson
processes.
• Adapted coding scheme according to the carrier to
interference ratio.
• Interferences from the first two tires in the terrestrial
system are considered.
• Interferences from the first tire in the HAP system are
considered.
• The macro cell's base station mounted on a high altitude
platform.
• Single carrier, eight time slots per each microcellular cell.
• Single carrier, eight time slots per each macro cellular cell
(single HAP).
• The length of the Email size is exponentially distributed
with a mean of 320 K bit, [22].
• Average service time of 320000 /13400 second.
• The data terminal can operate in MSC mode, up to seven
time slots were used simultaneously.
• Mobile stations are assumed to be moving with a uniform
truncated speed between maximum value of 60 Km/h
(vehicles) and minimum speed of 5 Km/h (pedestrian).
• Access queue of length 20 and maximum storing time of 2
minutes.
• Suspend queue with infinite length and storing time.
• Micro cell radius set to be 1Km.
• Macro cell radius set to be 7 Km.
• The queuing discipline is FIFO.
• The average service time of GPRS data session is not
small, hence during the mobility of the data terminals,
handoffs are required for these terminals to complete their
data sessions.
• The handoff computed only for users served in the
terrestrial system, while it is neglected in the HAP system.
During the data terminal movement within the NLOS cell
area, it suffers both propagation loss and shadow fading due
to terrain features and building density, while in the LOS
coverage area only the propagation loss is considered.
V. SIMULATION RESULTS
The developed simulator was intensively utilized to
investigate the behavior of the Email traffic model over
GPRS system. The simulation results show that the use of a
practical GPRS system with added HAP layer will improve
the QoS parameters of GPRS system. Figure (6) shows that
the use of macro cellular layer will reduce the blocking
probability of new data sessions, for example at offered
traffic of 14 Erlang the blocking probability reduced from
0.3 to about 0.06. The handoff failure probability of data
sessions shown in figure (7), the use of HAP layer made an
enhancement by about 37% at offered traffic at 14 Erlang.
Figure (8) show the RLC block delay, there is a reduction in
the RLC block delay after using the macro cellular layer.
The data sessions enter the system per second is presented in
figure (9), this ensure that all the simulation programs
operate under the same offered traffic and thus authenticate
the reliability of the simulator. The data sessions served in
the system per second and the percentage of data sessions
completed are illustrated in figures (10,11) respectively, both
figures prove the gain of using macro cellular layer. The
normalized channel occupation time (throughput) is
presented in figure (12), it is clear that at low and moderate
traffic, the macro cellular layer cause the radio resources to
be free, while at high traffic, the macro cellular layer carry
the traffic which should be blocked if there is no macro
cellular layer, and thus will increase the channel throughput.
VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the effect of using a HAP LOS system to
serve as a second servant for the mobile data terminal in a
micro cellular GPRS system is investigated. Results were
obtained by simulating GSM/GPRS Multi-layer cellular
network air interface and Email traffic model. The
contribution of this paper is that, first; the proposed multi-
layers structure is sufficiently to enhance the GPRS system
with the lowest infrastructure requirements, second; the use
of macro cellular layer using high altitude platform will
enhance the quality of service parameters of the GPRS
system such that, blocking probability of new data sessions,
handoff failure of data sessions, RLC block delay, data
sessions served in the system and the throughput.
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second.

Figure (6): The blocking probability. Figure (10): The data sessions served in the system per
second.

Figure (7): The handoff failure probability.

Figure (11): percentage of data sessions completed.

Figure (8): The RLC block delay.

Figure (12): The channel occupation time (throughput).