STRESSES IN BEAMS

-Introduction
-Derivation of flexure formula
-Economic Sections
-Floor framing
-Unsymmetrical beams
-Analysis of flexure action
-Derivation of formula for
horizontal shearing stress
-Design for flexure and shear
-Spacing of rivets or bolts in
built-up beams

Module 5 focuses stresses and strains in beams which have

loads applied in the xy plane, a plane of symmetry of the cross
section, resulting in beam deflection in that same plane, known
as the plane of bending.

Both pure bending (Gere & Goodno, 2009) where beam flexure
under constant bending moment and nonuniform bending (flexure in
the presence of shear forces) are discussed. We will see that
strains and stresses in the beam are directly related to the
curvature 8 of the deflection curve. Furthermore, a strain-
curvature relation will be developed from consideration of
longitudinal strains developed in the beam during bending; these
strains vary linearly with distance from the neutral surface of
the beam.

Knowledge in shear and stresses will aid us to move one

step further and investigate the stresses and strains associated
with those shear forces and bending moments. Knowing the stresses
and strains, we will be able to analyze and design beams
subjected to a variety of loading conditions. The beams
considered in this chapter are assumed to be symmetric about the
xy plane, which means that the y axis is an axis of symmetry of
the cross section.

In addition, all loads must act in the xy plane. The bending

deflections occur in this same plane, known as the plane of
bending. The deflection of the beam at any point along its axis
according to Gere and Goodno (2009), is the displacement of that
point from its original position, measured in the y direction.
We denote the deflection by the letter v to distinguish it from
the coordinate y itself.
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The Flexure Formula

Sourc: Hibbeler, 2013

*The location ӯ = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝐴/ ∫ 𝑑𝐴. If ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = 0 then ӯ = 0, then

centroid lies on the reference neutral axis.

The integral represents the moment of inertia of the cross-

sectional area about the neutral axis.We will symbolize its value
as I. Hence, Eq. 6–11 can be solved for σmax and written as

Where:
σmax the maximum normal stress in the member, which occurs at a
=
point on the cross-sectional area farthest away from the
neutral axis
M = the resultant internal moment, determined from the method
of sections and the equations of equilibrium, and
calculated about the neutral axis of the cross section
c = the perpendicular distance from the neutral axis to a point
farthest away from the neutral axis. This is where σmax
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acts
I = the moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area about the
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neutral axis

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 The above equation is often referred to as the flexure
formula, used to determine the normal stress in a straight
member, having a cross section that is symmetrical with respect
to an axis, and the moment is applied perpendicular to this axis.

When the member is assumed to be prismatic, in most cases

of engineering design we also use the flexure formula to
determine the normal stress in members that have a slight taper.

The Maximum stresses at a cross section:

Source: Gere & Goodno, 2009

For Doubly Symmetric Shapes:

For rectangular shape:

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Source: Gere & Goodno, 2009

For circular shape

Source: Gere & Goodno, 2009

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Source: Hibbeler, 2014

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Source: Hibbeler, 2014
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Source: Hibbeler, 2014
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Source: Hibbeler, 2014
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SHEAR STRESSES IN BEAMS

Source: Gere & Goodno

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 ; ;

The quantity dM/dx is equal to the shear force V (see Eq.

4-6), and therefore the preceding expression becomes

The integral in this equation is evaluated over the shaded

part of the cross section (Fig. 5-28d), as already explained.
Thus, the integral is the first moment of the shaded area with
respect to the neutral axis (the z axis). In other words, the
integral is the first moment of the cross-sectional area above
the level at which the shear stress t is being evaluated. This
first moment is usually denoted by the symbol Q:
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Distribution of Shear Stresses in a Rectangular Beam

The maximum value of the shear stress occurs at the neutral

axis (y1 = 0) where the first moment Q has its maximum value.
Substituting y1 = 0

in which A = bh is the cross-sectional area. Thus, the maximum

shear stress in a beam of rectangular cross section is 50% larger
than the average shear stress V/A.

Note: they are valid only for beams of linearly elastic materials
with small deflections. A common error is to apply the shear
formula to crosssectional shapes for which it is not applicable.
For instance, it is not applicable to sections of triangular or
semicircular shape.

To avoid misusing the formula, we must keep in mind the following

assumptions that underlie the derivation: (1) The edges of the
cross section must be parallel to the y axis (so that the shear
stresses act parallel to the y axis), and (2) the shear stresses
must be uniform across the width of the cross section. These
assumptions are fulfilled only in certain cases, such as those
discussed in this and the next two sections.
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Source: Hibbeler, 2014
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Source: Hibbeler, 2014
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Source: Hibbeler, 2014
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Source: Hibbeler, 2014

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Source: Hibbeler, 2014
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Shear Flow in Built-Up Members

The integral represents Q, that is, the moment of the

segment’s area A’ about the neutral axis for the entire cross
section. Since the segment has a length dx, the shear flow, or
force per unit length along the beam, is q = dF/dx. Hence
dividing both sides by dx and noting that V = dM/dx; thus

Shear flow is a measure of the force per unit length along

the axis of a beam.This value is found from the shear formula
and is used to determine the shear force developed in fasteners
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and glue that holds the various segments of a composite beam

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together.

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Source: Hibbeler, 2014
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Source: Hibbeler, 2014
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Source: Hibbeler, 2014
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