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Dr.R.Jegatheesan
Professor, EEE Dept.
POWER SYSTEM OVERVIEW
TEXT BOOKS
REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Nagarath I.J. and Kothari D.P. Modern Power System Analysis, Tata Mc
Graw Hill Publishing company, New Delhi, 2002.
2. Wadhwa C.L. Electrical Power Systems, New age international (P) Ltd.
Publishers, 1995.
3. Pai M.A. Computer Techniques in Power System Analysis, Tata Mc Graw
Hill Publishing company, New Delhi, 2003.
EE 0308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
Chapter 1
1. Generation system
2. Transmission system
3. Distribution system
4. Loads
Depending on the fuel used we have Hydro-Electric Power Plants, Thermal Power
Plants and Nuclear Power Plants. Generated supply will be of 11 kV. To have
greater efficiency, transmission is carried out at high voltages of order 230 kV or
400 kV. Power transformers are used to setup the voltage levels. Transmission
system consists of transformers, transmission towers and transmission lines.
Thereafter, voltage levels are reduced in stages. Distribution system supplies
power to different loads. Thus power system network is large, complex and very
expensive. Power system analysis deals with analysis problems associated with
power network. Power Flow Analysis, Short Circuit Analysis and Transient
Stability Study are the main Power System Analysis Problems.
Single line diagram or One-line diagram
Electric power systems are supplied by three-phase generators. Ideally, the generators
are supplying balanced three phase loads. Fig.1.1 shows a star connected generator
supplying star connected balanced load.
IA
Z
EA
0 n
EC EB Z Z
IB
IC
IA
Z
EA
0 n
Often the diagram is simplified further by omitting the neutral and by indicating
the component parts by standard symbols rather than by their equivalent circuits.
Such a simplified diagram of electric system is called a one-line diagram. It is
also called as single line diagram. The one-line diagram of the simple three-phase
system considered above is shown in Fig. 1.3.
IA
Z
EA
0 n
Load
1 T2
T1
3
2
Load B
Load A
1 T2
T1
3
2
Load B
Load A
This system has two generators, one solidly grounded and the other grounded
through a resistor, that are connected to a bus and through a step-up transformer
to a transmission line. Another generator, grounded through a reactor, is
connected to a bus and through a transformer to the other end of the
transmission line. A load is connected to each bus.
On the one-line diagram information about the loads, the ratings of the
generators and transformers, and reactances of different components of the
circuit is often given.
Per phase analysis of symmetrical three phase systems are illustrated through
the following three examples.
EXAMPLE 1.1
SOLUTION
Repeat the previous problem with the load impedance connected in delta.
SOLUTION
Calculate the line currents in the three wire Y-Y system of Fig. 1.7.
A
+ (1.5+j6) Ω
1100 0 V
- (2.5+j4) Ω
(2.5+j4) Ω
(1.5+j6) Ω
C
The single phase equivalent of the given three phase system is shown in Fig. 1.8.
A
+ (1.5+j6) Ω
1100 0 V
- (2.5+j4) Ω
1100 0
Current IA 10.2133 68.2 0 A
(4 j10)
Since the source voltages are in positive sequence, the line currents are also in
positive sequence. Therefore
Refer the one-line diagram of a sample power system shown in Fig. 1.4.
1 T2
T1
3
2
Load B
Load A
Fig.1.9 combines the equivalent circuits for the various components shown in
Fig. 1.4 to form the per-phase impedance diagram of the system.
Fig.1.9 combines the equivalent circuits for the various components shown in
Fig. 1.4 to form the per-phase impedance diagram of the system
1 T2
T1
3
2
Load B
Load A
The impedance diagram does not include the current limiting impedances shown
in the one-line diagram because no current flows in the ground under balanced
condition.
+ + +
E1 E2 E3
- -
-
Absolute values may not give the full significance of quantities. Consider the
marks scored by a student in three subjects as 10, 40 and 95. Many of you may
be tempted to say that he is poor in subject 1, average in subject 2 and good in
subject 3. That is true only when the base for all the marks is 100. If the bases are
10, 50 and 100 for the three subjects respectively then his marks in percentage
are 100,80 and 95 and thus the conclusions are different. Thus, there is a need to
specify base quantity for meaningful interpretation.
actual impedance, Ω
Per - unit impedance (1.4)
base impedance, Ω
Base MVA
Per-unit impedance = actual impedance x (1.5)
(Base voltage,kV)2
(base voltage, kV)2
Base impedance , Ω (1.3)
base MVA
Base MVA
Per-unit impedance = actual impedance X (1.5)
(Base voltage,kV)2
For three phase system, when base voltage is specified it is line to line base
voltage and the specified MVA is three phase MVA. Now let us consider a three
phase system. Let Base voltage, kV and Base MVA be specified. Then single-
phase base voltage, kV = Base voltage, kV / 3 and
single-phase base MVA=Base MVA / 3. Substituting these in eq. (1.3)
actual impedance
Per - unit impedance
base impedance
Base MVA
= actual impedance X (1.7)
(Base voltage,kV)2
(base voltage, kV)2
Base impedance , Ω (1.6)
base MVA
Base MVA
Per-unit impedance = actual impedance X (1.7)
(Base voltage,kV)2
EXAMPLE 1.4
A three phase 500 MVA, 22 kV generator has winding reactance of 1.065 Ω. Find
its per-unit reactance.
Solution
222 1.065
Base impedance 0.968 Ω ; Per-unit reactance = 1.1002
500 0.968
500
Using eq. (1.7), per unit reactance 1.065 x 1.1002
222
Base MVA
Per-unit impedance = actual impedance X (1.7)
(Base voltage,kV)2
EXAMPLE 1.5
Solution
100 18 2
New per-unit reactance = 0.25 x x( ) = 0.0405
500 20
EXAMPLE 1.6
A single phase 9.6 kVA, 500 V / 1.5 kV transformer has an impedance of 1.302 Ω
with respect to primary side. Find its per-unit impedance with respect to primary
and secondary sides.
Solution
0.0096
Per-unit impedance = 1.302 x 0.05
(0.5)2
1.5 2
Impedance = 1.302 x ( ) = 11.718 Ω
0.5
0.0096
Per-unit impedance = 11.718 x 0.05
(1.5)2
Conclusion
p M1
T1 T2
k l m n
r M2
13.2
Base voltage at motor side = 230 x 13.8 kV
220
300 MVA
T1 T2 13.8 kV M1
20 kV
p
l m n
k 230 kV
r M2
Per-unit reactance of generator = 0.2
300
Per-unit reactance of transformer T 1 = 0.1 x 0.0857
350
300
Per-unit reactance of transmission line = 0.5 x 64 x 0.1825
2302
220 2
Per-unit reactance of transformer T 2 = 0.1 x ( ) 0.0915
230
300 13.2 2
Per-unit reactance of motor M1 = 0.2 x x( ) 0.2745
200 13.8
300 13.2 2
Per-unit reactance of motor M1 = 0.2 x x( ) 0.549
100 13.8
Per-unit impedance diagram is shown in Fig. 1.12
p r
j 0.2
j 0.2745 j 0.549
+ + +
Eg Em1 + Em2
-
- -
A transformer rated 200 MVA, 345Y / 20.5 Δ kV connected at the receiving end
of a transmission line feeds a balanced load rated 180 MVA, 22.5 kV, 0.8 power
factor. Determine
Solution
2
V 22.5 2
(b) Load Z = 2.81Ω
S 180
100
Load in per-unit = 2.81 x 2
36.870 0.669 36.870 0.5352 j4014
20.5
EE 0308 Power System Analysis - Problem Set 1
1. A 120 MVA, 19.5 kV generator has Xs = 0.15 per unit and is connected to a
transmission line by a transformer rated 150 MVA, 230 Y/18Δ kV with X =
0.1 per unit. If the base to be used in the calculation is 100 MVA, 230 kV for
the transmission line, find the per unit values to be used for the
transformer and the generator reactances.
2. A transformer’s three phase rating is 5000 kVA, 115/13.2 kV, and its
impedance is 0.007 + j0.075 per unit. The transformer is connected to a
short transmission line whose impedance is 0.02 + j0.1 per unit on a base
of 10 MVA, 13.2 kV. The line supplies a three phase load rated 3200 kW,
13.2 kV with a lagging power factor of 0.8. Draw the per unit impedance
diagram taking the base as 10 MVA, 13.2 kV at the load. If the high tension
voltage is maintained at 115 kV, find the per unit and the actual load
voltage.
3. The one-line diagram of an unloaded power system is shown below.
T1 T2
C j 100 Ω
A j 80 Ω E F
B
1 2
T3
D
3
Transformer T2: Single-phase units each rated 10 MVA, 127/18 kV, X = 10%
Draw the reactance diagram with all reactances marked in per unit and with
letters to indicate points corresponding to the one-line diagram. Choose a
base of 50 MVA, 13.8kV in the circuit of generator 1.
4. Draw the impedance diagram of the power system shown below.
j 40 Ω
1 2
j 20 Ω j 20 Ω
A B
Δ Δ
Mark impedances in per unit. Neglect resistance and use a base of 50 MVA,
138 kV in the 40-Ω line. The ratings of the generator, motors and
transformers are:
E F
j0.5
j0.1429 j0.3333
j0.2755
j0.0525 j0.0525
j0.25 j0.25
j0.3333 j0.3333
j0.405 C j0.405
j0.3333