GENETICS

MENDELIAN LAWS Mendel then allowed all of the F1 plants to

self-pollinate. He referred to these offspring
The principles that govern heredity were as the…
discovered by a monk named GREGOR
MENDEL in the 1860’s. One of these F2 GENERATION
principles, now called… - Mendel noticed a 9:3:3:1 ratio. About
9 of the F2 plants had green pods and
MENDEL’S LAW OF INDEPENDENT yellow seeds, 3 had green pods and
ASSORTMENT green seeds, 3 had yellow pods and
- States that allele pairs separate yellow seeds and 1 had a yellow pod
independently during the formation of and green seeds. 

gametes
*see previous activity J
- Means that traits are transmitted to
offspring independently of one TEST CROSS
another - a breeding or a mating between an
individual of DOMINANT phenotype,
*Mendel performed who could be either homozygous
DIHYBRID CROSSES dominant (SS) or heterozygous (Ss),
- mating of parent plants that differ in with an individual that MUST be
two traits in plants that were true HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE (ss).
breeding for two traits

For example, a plant that had green pod
color and yellow seed color was cross-
pollinated with a plant that had yellow pod
color and green seeds.

In this cross, the traits for:
- green pod color (GG) and yellow seed
color (YY) are dominant.

- yellow pod color (gg) and green seed
color (yy) are recessive.

The RESULTING OFFSPRING OR F1
GENERATION were all heterozygous for
green pod color and yellow seeds (GgYy).
(dominant pa rin nanaig haha)





These Punnett squares show the two
different possibilities. Look them over
carefully and convince yourself that, in a
test cross, a HOMOZYGOUS INDIVIDUAL
will produce offspring with only the
dominant phenotype, but a

HETEROZYGOUS INDIVIDUAL will produce
offspring with both phenotypes (in equal
numbers).

Notice that the offspring will reflect that
ratio of the unknown's gametes because
the other parent contributes only gametes
carrying the recessive allele.






§ The rules of probability applied to MENDEL'S TWO LAWS explain inheritance
segregation and independent in terms of discrete factors (genes) which as
assortment can solve complex genetics passed from generation to generation
problems. according to simple rules of chance.

§ For example, Mendel crossed pea These principles apply to all sexually
varieties that differed in three traits reproducing organisms for simple patterns
(TRIHYBRID CROSSES). of inheritance.

§ A trihybrid cross between two Experiments with many organisms indicate
organisms with the genotypes AaBbCc that MORE COMPLICATED PATTERNS of
and AaBbCc will result in a 1/64 inheritance exist.
probability of producing an offspring
with the genotype aabbcc. The more complicated patterns of
inheritance include:
§ Aa x Aa: probability for aa offspring = 1. situations where one allele is not
1/4 completely dominant over another
allele
§ Bb x Bb: probability for bb offspring =
1/4 2. there are more than two alleles for a
trait
§ Cc x Cc: probability for cc offspring = 1/4
3. the genotype does not always
§ Because segregation of each allele pair dictate the phenotype in a rigid
is an independent event, the rule of manner.
multiplication is used to calculate the
overall probability that the offspring will
be aabbcc: 1/4 aa x 1/4 bb x 1/4 cc =
1/64 















FAMILY PEDIGREE
 - A diagram or chart that shows the *Many Inherited Human Disorders are
pattern of inheritance within a family controlled by single gene

- Also known as a FAMILY TREE. RECESSIVE INHERITED DISORDERS
1. Cystic Fibrosis
- The chart can include many - most common lethal genetic disorder
generations in the same family. in US (4% of whites are carriers)

- In all pedigree charts, - due to defective chloride channels
SQUARES represent males causing abnormal concentration of
CIRCLES represent females. extracellular chloride leading to
mucous build up from mucosal
- traces a sex-linked trait, the disease epithelium
hemophilia, through THREE
GENERATIONS of family members. 2. Tay Sachs Disease
- Dysfunctional enzyme which fails to
- The chart is also designed to show the break down certain lipids in lysosomes
possible combination of genes
contributed from a given set of 3. Sickle-cell Anemia
parents. - Single amino acid replacement in
hemoglobin molecule
The GENE FOR HEMOPHILIA is linked to the
X chromosome but is most likely to be DOMINANT INHERITED DISORDERS
expressed in males. - Not as frequent as recessive disorders
1. Achondroplasia
If a BOY receives a copy of the Hemophilia- - Dwarfism
X chromosome from his mother, he will
CERTAINLY HAVE the disease. 2. Huntingtons disease
- Mental deterioration and
A GIRL who receives a copy of the uncontrollable movements
Hemophilia-X chromosome from her
mother will not necessarily have the 3. Alzheimer’s disease
disease; she will, however, be A CARRIER. - Mental retardation usually strikes late
in life
In that chart, a CIRCLE DIVIDED IN HALF
indicates that the individual is a carrier for 4. Hypercholesterolemia
the trait. - Excess cholesterol in blood; heart
disease