/ SToICHIoMETRY

8. Coal flred in a f-lrmace anallzes 30ozo VCM, |le/o FC, l1o/a

ash, So/o M, L6% N ald l.ioto s with a GCV
of g0. i MJ/
kg.-leJUse analysis shows 30% FC, iS%s VCM, 4oolo ash
Td-Tf.-HrO. Air supptieri is sarurated at 2S"C, Z4O rnm CHAPTER
!S tvtotl ralio of Cq t-o CO is S:t and FI, to CO ," i,r
The stackgas leaves ai 900"C a:rrd.Z65 *ro'Ug.
CJ""r"t.,
a) ors_at anaJ5rsis of ttre stack gas SULFUR AND ITS
Y:9Z:,_9.A,. i.E9o/6, CO, J.Egozo Hz, tt.!bo/o b,,
ZZ-69a/oN2)
b) ms stack gaslm3 atr (Lg6)
CO'MPOUNDS

5.I SULFUR COMPOUNDS

' One of the most imporlant an<i basjc raw rnateria-ls jn the
chemical process industrjes is SuUur. It e<ists in nature both in
the free state as Rau; Suli-r and combjned jn ores such as pgrites.
Before conversion intO its other eompounds Raw Sulfur or pyrites
are bumed to give S4 or_-SOr. The operations are simllar in
prlnciple to the corflE?StffiFb-f carbon compounds, aJthough
special furnaces have to be empioyed. Among the most jmportant
applicatioirs of sulfur is in the manufacture cif Sulfuric Acid- Olgn1.

5.2 BURI\IING OF RA\v SULFUR

. Raw suifur js a combinaUon of pure S and inert materials.
When srrifur is bumed, the foilowjng reaetlons Lake place;

Main Reaclion:
S+Or-SO,
SiCe Reacuon:
S+3/2Or=SO"
I

8l
 T
,' ', ir )11 ill(lME1liv :: UI-i'UIr,tj'it, ll'S aofti Pi-.i. i N i. i;l r' B.i

.r *^,, , C.
O, calculations rnay be based on
any of the above
Solution: tsasis: i00 1-
tq laf,w J
11,,,;111,",r.,
'l'l rerr
O, (S conversicn to SOr)
l'lrr, o, (S con'ersion to Soji = Total aJ At S
i;;
= x s,/z i AIR Staek Gas
'l'lrr detemlnaUon 300c
of the Excess
l(lly whether the ca-icr-tlations are ?,
*9 7o Excess O, shouJd 740 mm Hg
oased on t"l:e conversion
lltrr to SO, or SO.. of 65 7o X'ss
60%RH BURNER
'l h l,;xcess O, (S conversion
to SOr)
\\
O, Irom air - rireo O" (S tro so2
)
Fuel Cinder
x 100 10% s
rireo O, (S ro Sorl- Raw S
95%o S inerls
9Oo/r:
rl ir l,l-xcess O, (S conver.sion 5olo inerts
to SO.)
O, from air - ttreo
%F ro so3) x 100
theo o, (s to sol Total at S = 95/32 = 2"96875
Theo O, (S to SOr) = 2.96875
,,lt,""y::"=,,r::: Eap Sr.:tfur Anatysis (case O, from ai1 = (1.65){2.96875} = 4"898
,n};. ffi;",iI11, i,, *. o
-o= tai n s rJ N, from ai1 = 4.898 {79/21) = 18.427
:.":.:* -::{,
,?
i,li?pffirH] ffi:: : -con
a,sena.a,." l" Tlreo O, (S to SOu) = 2"96875 x 312 = 4.453
.:: T.:::: ci rn n ur ;;;
;i:u"::T
,' :,, ,*]o :",1 : *. s " " ;;rffi
III i 11
j

;i
I Ii

i
y
:H: ?.:;s il"' ?: :::l ;i ;: 3 :1,
il T".;
I**:
e I e e

*;;;; a) %o
=
excess O, (S
100z6ANS
to SOr) = t(4.8g8 '4.453)14.a531 -r r00

g*j:, - 1668.2t1t228 + 3A)

l','lIi::,:::,'l:'in #ua
L' ttot included
Itt "l!', *. #'ffi
qru .iii,
Lrrus #as water
;X#
At 30"c log\P
'VP = 7.96681
= 31.7 mm Hg
lll ll]e rcqrrlfc ^a *. t.lt).( I /
"1
Moles H,O from ai1= {4.898 + 18.427) x 0615
l')turnple l: Raw Su.ifur 74A.- | 6)(3i7)
anal_r-z:ng g5gtr S and 5 ineris
5olo, rrtct Ls is
JS

3,Y::1,*i? ai(s r,: so,) Ar )s

30"c, 7.40 mm He ;,;"do#^":
"2?!':I:ess . 76r) 2'/ i " '.t)
::llil:: ollf the
.A:-raiysis cjnder shcr.r,s jC.:j'S ,", .:L ilt 3arr
(q.ssa . 18 4'27 = Lt.6L5l ,'224, _.^ , :.:..
inens. 8B0,/o of tilc li gasiieO Ur,u tlr.,,!]
i-,1
i.,;,:.. t" SO)' illo :,,,,,
ic SOr. Calculate:
1^
-^ h: aCr! J 10t)
a) 9/o excess aj:iS tr., Qr\ I
:,
i)) It ) ;t1., , L'..1 ..... ..,.. .l
.i.
=61127,ANS
:r
c) eortrJ,j,:ie ariaj_vsis of iJle bunter gas
 14,,,slolc;-rlcMEll.ry sul-FliR.A-NU i.is 6'e1'4;1r''r
r'l'' s5
'/

Ineri bal: 0.9 x Vlt crndei- = 5 I00 moies dry SO, free }3u;-rter g;;"s
Wt cinder = 5.5b5 Soiuti,crr-- Basis

At S gasified = 2.96gZE - (.t .x 5.555)/32 2.951 9.7970 SO,

=
A.IR -^.^O^ Gas
Burner
At S convertecl.to SO, = 0.gB x 2.gil 2.SG-"^ oro^ 9.169/r, O,
= l.OU t-
At S converted to SO, O.l2 x 2.g5I 0.385 81.057o i't,
= 745 mm Hg 760 mm Hg
= drv
I\{oles O" i-isec.i BURNER
gr_{o., SO, = O, for S0.
"p = 2.596 + ol:ssti/2) = s..tzz
Fuel
Free O, = O, from air - O, used up 4.ggg _.3.t22
= = L,t I I kaw S
Complete Analysis ANS 88olo S
l2olo inerls
GAS n o/o
SO, 2"596
O- from 2i1 = 8I'05 x l2l/79) - 21"54
10.93
a2 1.771 7.45
N, 18.427 77.54
o' fo, SO^ = 21.5:4 - (9.79 + 9.16) = 2'59
SO, 0.355 r.49
fuflf** So. fon-ned = 259 x (2/3\ = l'727
HrO 0.615 ,EO = at S convet'Led to SOu
23.764 at S converted to SO'
Total at-S = at S converted to S0, "+

bl ' =1.727+9'79=1i'517
Calculations Based on Analysls of Bumer
Gas (Case ID Theo o, to SOr) = 11?11 ,,. .;
(S
In the orsat araiysis of the bumergas, SO.
To find the moles.of SO.. a comparison
is noi included. 'ir,r". ol is to sorl = 11'517 x (3r2) = L7"28
of rje oxyqeri-ln tne
Wut",ipp-
,ru."om orvgffi I 1l'il"71x I00
s inea a) 7o Excess Pir (S to SOr) = l(21'54: 11"517)
-Ib-trred = 87.030/o ANS
during combustion. The O, frorn *re Jr .L
determined from the U.
comes from a:r.
\ ln the bumer- gas since aI of ttrese b) %o Excess Air (S to SOr) = [(21 '54 ' 17'281/ 1728)x L{]0

= 24.65% A-1{S
ExamlsLe 2:. Ilaw sul{ur andpirrg gB% S an', l2o/oineris
bumed::ndl.:: a gas wirtr an orcat;al,=t" when (roo * tz2z) xzz4, l:* "?7:;#9
9.79o/o:O, of , ,nt Burnei Cas
- 760'.2'i3 ''2it
a,nd 8i,05 N;- nry,Jt,
,ci,jrr[, is
c)
suppliec ai 25,c ^?r_6yoqand zoo nrm lig. m'alr (zi.s+ + 81.05), 224' - zt-)
;;'-
/4)
A) 9rr, r;:ii ..s Zri:. {S tO ,qC.,J
b) 96 excess air (S to SO,) I706 ,{NS
='
=
c) nt3 j-,r,r_.-.,..-. gas/rn3 e,,i;
 'I
I, i,, ji_'.i jil )i,,,, j:1'5r'
S,iil,rri.)'(,r\Iln ITS COMP()1-1lii,)S / 89

Ir , l,he ieaciion:
4 FeS, + Il O" = 2 Fe,O. + E SO^ Solulioru Basis: 100 i;roles SO, iree BumEr Gas
:1777 L.3136 .2s8g .9d-5.4

F'ree O, = O, nct usecl jn ttre ;-eactions AIR Burner Gas

= 3.1165 -.5986 - 1.3i36 = t.2O41 8.150/o S0,
8.460/o O,
( )rsat Analysis ANS.
83.38% N,
GAS n O,/-
BURNER
so, 0.355.i 6.89
o, 7.2A41 6.ti / Cinder
N2 11.723 84.,44
Fuel
I3.BB:5 Flrites 3.06% SO3
62% FeS,
Vapor pressure I8o/o gangue
at, 2E C = 25.61 mm Hg

II,(J fi-oin air + 23'61x.8 O, from ajr = 83.38 x {21179) = 22"164

= {3.1163 11.723) * = 0.388
74O _ 23.61( 8) SO, ir, lhe burner gas = 8"15
SO, in Burner Gas = O.3tg2Z - .0255 = O.2.g3TZ
In the reaclion:
;n3 ^.
uurrrer Cas _ rl3 8825 + o.388 + O29377) x 22 1 ^A- , ?ry::'79
I 4FeS,+I1 O,= 2FerO,+ ISO,
d)
E' =---- 75o' 27;) 4"075 I 1.206 2.A375- 8" I5
-r rr.*
lo0
, = 554 ANS O, f SO. = 22.164 - 11.206 - 8.46 = 2"498
.or

Ih the reaction:
4 FeS, + 15 O, = 2 FerO, + I SCu
.666 2.498 333 1.3325
tlxcLmple 4: Drv p_vnte fines contai n)ng B2o/o FeS, and
)g%
gangue are bu;ned jn a Herreshoff Burner. -lhe Cinder Analvsis:
cinder produced contains 3.0670 SO, and no \ rl Wt%
unburned FeSr. Orsal arla1_vsos of the du.r., gu.., e7O QQ
shov.,ed g.ts9/o sor. g 46% C- a-nd ss.:gt =r, Fe.O. = Q.0375+.3'33) ]60 a

Gangr,re = {4.075+,666)( i 20Xi 8i82)

OIJ LA

tl+.6Cr
i
I

9694
ClJcr:l;ie: -/

aj g.i, o{ the ieS, chil_.ged coirvei_ied Lo

b) Zo c.rcess airl.-ts, io SO,i -- SC- --2 ar) ? 306
c) (_.rr;tirlet. il.tit_],-. , . ,;-- , ;ic -l;L: it.ra,r
,qaS \1'l i)l -)ll lll cirider = t379.2t+.i2.+ 88) x (.0306r.3694) = l3 9

.'".-
 ,l
. .
rr',t_
T
I
r'.-
.J..!'
.- r ,;.,1
'.
(,,.1:' :' , i) l

,", l , ,lCHlulnETR':

The SO., irom rhe

gtt!'-t' the conver"lers,l:r3l:iT:,ertt:l
the gases [uprfo*t'=
rllr ["'e-q2 Cha-rged converied SC2- W.A75 / (+.O75+.866)j .orrni.r.roerrt passage of Sirlfunc Acrcj
?"titta
r, 100 = 85.95% ANS houid (ciow'nwa'r-d)
iJforl".a
';=;";';"
bY t}re reacLion'
I'lrer'l O, iFeS, to SCr) = @.A75 +.666) x(lI/4) = 13.038
uor r H,o = H,sor f
x
/
rl'ir c-xctss a:r(FeS, to SOr) =l(22.164 - 13.038) / 13.0381 1O0
" 70% ANS
I
Moles SO. in'the bumer Sas = 1.332 - (15.9/80) = 1.3325 -i""'od I
absorhing
\.6 to bL the most efficient
('ornpleie of Bumer Gas ANS sM#{|,''= t"t"f'"'# otnt*se known.as
ap'ent to procluce ""ff""t ,ut]g'.
produet utttt to give
grades of
tt'e
GAS n o/o o=i"u*Water is added io
SO, B. r5 8.06
'"*"Jo:"::ilffJ1:l';al Rllnose= -1".^tn'= if
book' dirrerent I
used *' ub'n'u''S a;!ents'
Q D'7
o2 8.46 .at"i
N2 t1J.JO 82.45 concentralions o[ 'fir'"ile
So. r.3325 1.12
1 0 1.13325

l.+ pnopucrtoN oF suLFURlc AclD *HF*so rl:e rr-ts nav !:, f "-?-:f.';. .,333iJ:: 3
AND OLEI"'M
q -
i"9,^-t' ;qi'li::
:

"f3l
oxi d a' o n or tn e. s ior
in the corr'er1e r 8? J,T::H;:#
* ;",
r[u ric Acid has hjstorjca]ly heen produced by two melhods,
I ir
;";;;;this, the o, I
llrr (lonracf Process and the Ch,anber Process. Both of these gases'
the O, ln the wastes
Ittrtlrr:rcls involve the formaUo4 of SO, irr abunterusingeitherRaw
for the Conlacl Process is
illustrated
f3 ur lyrite; foliowed by cortversicn of Lhe SOr-to SOr; ard The flow ciia$ram
nlr';orljon of SO, in water lo give Sullurjc AclO of Oieum. below':
lt

Hl C.rndtct Process l---- Sulluric Acid

Soi'n
'lhe contact process involves the calaivtic oxidalion of SO, Seconcary Arr
'
a) Dilule a'cid
?nmaeY Atr
to SOo usirrEi Vanadjutn Pentoxde or Platinum dispersed in tr) Conc 'Atrd

irsbestos or sihca gel as cataJ-vst unde;- appropriate condjtions CAJALYTIC GAs

irr an equip:rrent kno'*,n as a Conuefler. The reaction is: BURNER CONVERTER ABScRSERI
I

qnl 1,/2 O" = !SC. *_J I

,t, ; I CNlrl /'''id

-fV'o o;-more convei-t.ers ina.v be in series. a'lrd extra air Co.wllea aias ir i {.-1lD
'-
m

( i ; r.il t: rj Sc'co;-iitl;irr/ -{ ii i i'l:'r-u 1ig 5rr pp 1 i -.J

11.
 ('( rlVi\'llllli)::l i 'ri
SIJI-FiiIi Airi; lllS

Ge's
Soir-dioi r-- tsasis: 100
moies SO" free Bur;'rer
lr) Clzanber Process
Aside from the bumer, Lhe pi:ocess involves the use of a
GloverT'ower, and the Chari-,bers and Gay Lussac's J'ower. The Br.;r RNER AlrllJ-YSI S :

Primarl' O, fi"om air = 81.5

x Q1/79i = 21 66
hotgases frcm ttre burner passes up tlrough the GloverTower
wheie SO, is converled to H-SO,. This comprlses ai:out 157o O, unaccounted for = ir"oo-18-o'5=3'16
of the total HrSO, product-ion. The baiance of the conversion x t2/$ = 2'10
takes place in the chambers. The chamber process produces '"" = 3.16
S converred to SO" in BG
a weak sulfurjc acid (70o/o H-SO4).
= *ot"" S9'ioy'*d
(B:2) (l/"s6) = 670
Since the contact process is the more pooular methoti for Toial wL of Raw sl= ti.iitll6's1
Sufuric Acid production, it shall be the only oae considereci '-sis'of Burner Gas ANS
a) ComPleLe Praly
in the computational analysis of this book"
o/s

Exompie 5: Raw Sulur, 967o pure js burned in dry exbess air

.GASN
r.7.63
producing a g?s wjth an orsat anaJysis of 18 7o s0, 18
, 0.49
SO2, 0.50% O, ald 81.5070 Nr. The bumer gases
02 o'5
79.82
are fed to a calalyLic converler together wit}:, 20o/o N; B1'5

excess secondaqr air resulting in the oxidatjon of

sbu *2J
102. r
2"06

. 60% of the SO, to SO' The gases fr-om th9

converler enier an absolber to produce the acic.
CO I,TIIERIER AN'AIYSI
S:
Assuming no fi:rt-ire: oxidatjon of the SC, taicng of SO, to SOu
place in tJ-e absorbE:r, citjcr-rlate. Theo Q, for comPlete, conversion
- ttnl." free Orln Bunier Gas
a) Compleie .urir'':;is i.,-f ihe bumer gas = 172 x Moles SO,
b) Complete a.t:eji':li; of ihe converler gas =l/2x18-O'5=LI
c) Wt of an 6592o ccncer:traled LI-SO* sc;luuon per 8'5 x (1"21-= 10'2
Secondary 0, Irom air = 37
kg raw S charger, if the absorbirig acid is 400/o
g.s6nflary N, from #'= =ia"z*zgl';-! = 38
FlrSOo: 'tii"-l'$fzt)
d) wi ;f a 570 oieurri forrned per kg ra"w S charged x 18 = 10'8
if the absorbinq acjci js ai 9096 H,SO4 solution. SO, converted to SO. = 0.6

The Reacbon is: SO,

+ 1/2 O, = S0,
10.8 5* 10.8
Sulfuric Acid

SO, unreacted =- ,3 - 19.3rA =r) - l: A

Secondary A,lr(20% r'ss) Sol'n
72
a)40% Aciu
+ 1L/,1 = 5.3
b) 90% Acid O, iJter reactjon = tl.J '38.37
'i:
ti9E7
N, after reac[lon ; 81.5
CATALYTIC GAS + =
CONVERTER 2'1 + 10 8 = 12 s
ABSCRBE ;b;;.;leacti'rn =
 tlt5,z s r-,ric t{l{i^.1ii'I-r'r' SUl,iLi R :\ND iTS COiv'l](']lrj'iDS / 87

5.:, HOAsfiruG 0F lEtOhi P-fHlTEs

Solu.&on: Basis: 100 kg Pynte
Iron pr,rlres reler to rhe sullide ore n:ost commoniy burrred
for SO, rnarufacture. It consists primarill, cf jro! Sulllde (feSrl
sma1l amounts of meLa-llic sulfides and appreciable antounrs 01 AIR Burner Gas
totaliy jncombuslibie mateials. These inconnbustjble materja-ls ^,-o^
lcw 3500c
ue reported as GA.N'GLE in the a-r:alysis. 740 mm Hg 750 mm Hq
The following reacUons take piace ir the combustjon of BO% RH
*filiZt,^ 17 33% x'ss B U RhIER
+ 11 o, = 2 Fe,'o,+ B so, y'
Reacuon: 4 FeS,
fl SiAe .Reacijon:4 Fe.S, + 15 O, = 2FerO, + 8 -sO./ t--------- t cinder
Fuel
1 L .1 10lo FeS,
As in the bumji:g of raw S, the tJ:reorelica-i O, and.o% excess Raw S
66.630/o FerO,
ajr have to be defined as Lo wheLher based on conversion of FeS, 85%o FeS,
2.670/o SA.
to SOz or SO. .,.,)r'
150/o $a;r$ue
19.6% gangue
'Iheo O, (FeS, to -qC,,) = Tctal rr:c;les FeS- x ),7/4
Theo O, {FeS, to SO.) = Total moles FeS, x I5/4

Dr:ring buming, the gangr-:e a;:d lhe ircn oxide goes to the N4c,ies FeS, = 85/t2a = 0'70833
cirrder. Unbur:red FeS^ rnay alsc be :;resefrt aiTFcsbibiy a smajl
arnount of the ciiva-leai oxide n:a-v a-lso be formed" The latter is Tkrec O, (FeS, to qO,) = 919!?l x (\t/4) = 1.948
.;-r.,o^ n' fFes to so;) = 0 70833 x (15/a) - 7- h,5b
small enough and mav be neglectrri ilr a ri,eli cperated'furnace-
Thus t}e rnain Sulfur cornpout-lcis in the cinder are SO" which ij"#o# ;'";' il Tllli " 2 656 -- 3 I i63
is absorbed on rhe cinder by rJre tnaFffi t r't o,-,-, air = 3 ll€ill x Qg/21 = 17'723
F.Sr_ - l'948) I 1'948] x lO0
a) o/oexcess O, (FeS, to SO, = [(3'1163
s) Catculations Based on P1'rite Ana-lysis = 59.97% ANS
Carngue Ba.l: 0'196 x Wt of 3inisl = 15
Example.3: $rrite Fine s conLarning E50/o FeS, and 15% g2ngue tVt oI cinder = 76.53
are charged to a bumer. An arralysis of *re c;lnder Wt of FeS, in cinder = 0'tiiIi76 53l = 8'503
shows I 1. 1 1plo FeS,, 66.6302'o FerO., 2.620/o SO. and
FeS, lost in the cinder = (E'503185J x 10tl = i0ozb ANS
. 19.670 gangue. Air js supplied lT.Z3a/o in excess b) Yo
(FeS, to SO") ar 25"C. 740 nrm FJg md S0?e Rli. Moles iSO, fo,med = 0 0255/'08 = 0'319"27
Il 8o/a of IJre SO-, fcrmed js absorbed in Lhe cjnder,
ca]c u la{ e: ln the reacuon:
a) o/o excess air(Fe-1, lc SO-) '1 FeS^ - ]5 u: -? .0796
F'Z?:-- 6 SO,
--
t-.] o,l
cf lltc I'eS. ;:zr=.ei iu.Sl ir', -ilrt ,:jr:rl::i-
r.:
. i596 o.sgso '31s2'v
c) C:-s:iL an.,ai-lvsis r-,i' iiit b,:;;ier .3.as
d) mt cl l;'.:me;- gas at 3511 f-: a,t,-l lfii tr:;':: l-j:'./ iv'Jrrles FeS. cotivill'€cl Lo SO, = :".'::-
1.<. ir-.i.rr:- = f).t,77'7

.".S0 +t.'ffia.,
 I r Comolele Anaiysis of C,--;nVe:-Ler Cais AJiJS
ihe i:bso;"i:ers a:rarirze J.950zir S,i)r, 7"820;,b 0. iurd
GA.S ft o,/o
9l.2301; N, Calcuiate:
SO, 71 /j..
a") Cermpiete analysis of tlre brrmer gas
Yfr
o b3
b) (% conversion of SO, to $0, in fi:e coriverler
I\i2 119.87
":)"
82.51
,J Wi of a 6C9/o H"SO. neecled tr: p;:orlirce a
So. 'l? a cor:centated 9002b I{?Se4 solution /irr
8.88
1At aa d) Wt of an 88% H,SO4 aciri needed to produce
120lo Oieum/tr
r\II.SORBER ANALySIS:
[-ct y = wt of 85% HrSOo solution formed
j, - I2.g(80) = y I tC32 = wL ai 4Oo/o H"SO* useC Waste
0.95% SO2
G:s
Sulfuric Acid
Prirnary Ar 7 Eza/, A2
Sol'n
91.2;!,6 lr2
H,SO4 Ba-la:rce: a) 60% Acid

Oa$ - +1032{9Sl80)=0.85y
1032) i ^,.^.,_* |.9Y':i9{ -*^.-"1 b) 88% Acid

y= 1892 kg/i00 motes Se free BG - | BURilER ls a,r.

ra* tnrrr^JX' I cor.rvrnlrn
s

-I' Bo ooo," *, '----|'

I

r') Wt of 8596 Actd/kg ra* S = tB92/620 2.g23 ANS

=
|
cind.,
'
Pyriie B.Z9 % FeS2
I

l_ _ - a) 90% uonc. Acid

I,et z = wt of 596 oleurn fonnerl 1CC0 kg,hr 3 81 % S03 converter cas
z - 1032 = wt of g0%o H-SO. ar:id useC 81% Fe52 1 .B'{utbsoz
b) 12 96 Oleum

19% gangue

SO, Balarice: \q\a

0.9 (z - 1032) lsoigS) * :0gz = .c5 z + 95 z (80/98) Solulion: Basis: 100 moles dry,S{}r-{+ee Br:mer Cas
z = 3014.83 kgl100 moies f::O, fi.ee BG
BURNER AI.IAIYSIS.
'l) M't of 57o Oleurn /kg raw S = 30.t 4.83/ 6Z0 = 4.5 AN,S O, from atr = 84"44 x (2t/79r =.22.446
Example 6: l00O l€/1r $rntes arLalyzirrg gl9.o FeS,
and lgo/o For the RedcLon:
gangue js bumed in t:xcess
g*_*lf
at to produci a burner . 4 FeS, + 11 O, = 2 FerO., + 8 SO,
.al
orsar anaiysis af b-.84% SOr. 9.22o/o O,
, 2.92 8.03 1.46 s.84
and 84.44010 N,. Analysis of the cin'rjer: shows
B.2go,c,unbumei FeS, L:d : af ra SO, t"l. g_r., O, icr conversion oftseS, tO SO. - 2.2 44€, E.iJ3 - ii.72 = 4 696
from ttre bumer entei a catal-l,tic conierter _he..
SO. js oxidized to SO.. parlial orsat arra_11_s;s of For the Reacl.ion:
lhe
conl,erter gas shorvs 7"87i/, so,. l,rc acldjrjctc 4 FeS, +- 15 Or'.= 2FerO, + 8 SO,
:r3ccrda;r. ?-:r- iS s..rpj,rlierl ;;, ihi coi:i.et1ei. .j-he t.2522 4"696 0.6261 2.5045
conve rt:rga.rse S at_e dtet: sent lo ar: absorber w.here
.li:1rcl w';,.t l::-;, i;,-1,:s pllc:. Tii.l.r.i.r:_.-.ie ga: L,cn, Cinder ,A"na]vsisi \1ry' bti,

FeS, - (',v rlroies) 12C t 2(i.v a.l i

FerO- =, {1 .a6+.52611(}60j :137 "i 7b
!1i "'{?*
 96 / srorcritoMETRi' SIiLI'-Lln AJ'jD IlS COitl;'C;UivnS '/ 97
S $dd dsd*l
G -a:rgu e = (2.92+ I .2522+w)t1 2Ol i I I /8 I ) \ tt +y' * 2S ) 4,{w I con'r,ersion of SO, to SO. = (4.0846/5 84) x 100 = 70 ANS
so. = a motes
. b) %o

\ y" /.u i
Converter Gas n
Tota-l Wt of cinder = 451.216 + 148"l4g w + g0 a SO, = 5.84 - 4.0846 t'7554'
Or'=O.ZZ = i"5(4.0846) 7'6777
SoMng simultaneously: N, = 84'44
w=0.36268a=0.25
'fu*,07,
Wt of Pfrite/1O0 moles SO, free BC
sb, = 2.2545 + 4.o846 = ###
= (2.92+1.2522+.3G268XI20) / .81 = 6Zt.S4
NRSORBEF- ANALYSIS:
SO, in BG = 2.5045 - .25 = 2.2548 . O, in waste $as = (84.44/.9123) x 'OZB2 = 7'238
O, reacling = 7.€i77V - 7.238 = 0'44
n) Complete AnaJysis of BG For tlre reactiotl: SO, + I/2 02 - SO.
88 .44 .88'
ci.s n Vo
SO, 5.84 5.71 SO, avaiiable for absorplion = 6.339i + '88 = 7'2tgt
o2 9.72 9"51
N2 84.M 82.58 lrt y = wt of 6070 H2SO4 acid charge -- ^^ formed
SO, 2.2545 2.2 y + 7 .21g i^(80) = y + 577 -528 = wi of 9Oo/a FI?-SO{
02.2545 _t
SO, Balance:
CON\DRTER ANALYSIS: (80/98) ('9)
,156/98) (.6) + 577.528 = (y + 577.528)
I.el b = moles SO, converted to SO. in converter Y = 625.655
. The reacuon. is: SO, n ,rr'fr= c) Wt of dilute 600/o acjd/ hr.= (625 655/671"834)
tO. x 1000 = 931.26 FJ'JS {
6yu,,\ o(1ro1
i$^st:)
L1i"old Ylh(
GAS n ah
l-et z = wt of 88% acid
SO, 5.84-b l.B7oto z + 577.528 = wt of l2o/o oleum
a2 9.72 - .5b
N2 84 ++ H^SO. Balance:
r i00 . 1.5b olAA ) + 577.528{98,180) = (0. 12Xz+577 .528){98 I 80)
+ 0.88(z+577.528)
1';'7 QOr,
forSo^: 584-b =org7
-l_-ttt.aJJ
-
' i00 - i.5b
o}i{tof88%acid/hI=|777895/67].834]-x1000=1]57.87ANS
b = 4.0846
 !., '
I .' .utro-'
lrry'? '-
/ $J
(-l()l'lPOlli{llS. i !}9
ito , ,rv{q
SLJi,rLiR .4"ND i'T:

I5,5 BI5I-'LFITE LiCIUO,? PRODUCT'*r*

F,euylf< only O, and N,. Assunring nci furtlrer oxidalicrn of
l. bisuifite liquor produci:Ion, tJre gases f::om the
sur-rurbumer /-' S0, to SO, and forn:aUon of HrSC* in tl:e lower,
/
ere passeci thror-rgh a coorer, an entrajnment separator ald r tte tl')-
-
t].en I a-^i"- calculat e:
llrl() ax absoqption tower. It the tower, it is made to corile.mto r[o\ i
.n
rtact with MiIk aJ Dme or sld<ed- L,ne (lime mixed with t lrarT
u
' a) Wt of Lhe bisulfite iiquo;:
Cy'\ J
l,'rrr form the bisuifite. Lime is essenliary a mixture of cao,ivater),
Mgo , FI
, su'1
b) Lime consumptron/hr
c) Wt of water used for slaking/hr
errrl inerts. The foUowjng reactions take place:

SL.{HER: CaO + FI,O = Ca(OHJ,

-{
"t baL
7-+';,is"
.Soluhon-' Frorn 8x.6, Eas;s. 100 ir:oles SO, fi-ee Burner Ga:;
MgO+H,O=Mg(OHi,
ABSORPTION TO\,VER: rLime
',Vaste Gbs lc
Main Reacrions: 82'k ceo
_C_"!9y],
+ 2 SO, = Cq(HSOr), 0,959t SO2
x6% Mso
7.820A 02 SLAKERI
-jr--
Ms(OH)", + 2 SO, = 91.23% N2 ?o/" Inens
YglY_s_ct,l
Side Reactjons: + SO. = CaSOn + H,O
_C_"f.9p,
Se1ou1 I so, = Mgsoo + Fi,o
yzO*SOr=HrSO,
SC" + I/2 02 - SO, i--i__
Cinder
To determi,e i.f oxida'cn of SO" to SO, takes place in the 8:29 % FeS2
Bisulfite Liquor
,lls.rber', the waste ge.ses are compi;ed wii]- tlie coored burner 1.15%free SO2
( //
3.81 % SO3
7 05?; SO2
fiitses. If the o" in the waste gases js less t_l-ra_n t-i\e o" in the cooled \ 5 9olo as Brsulfrtes
,lrrr_rler gas, oxidatjon took pffi-.-----.- r*€
The rnixture of caEd Nag nisurfires, ca ancr Mg sulfates,
ll?SO' inerts and watermake up the Bisulfite liquor. T)-ie anaJysis a{ 3oz
,l' t].e bisulfite liqucr is usuaJl-v reported in terms of the 9/oSo, \t{L pynLe/ 100 moles SO, free BG = 671 834 oxida,h't'-n
lI contains, boLh 'free" ard present as bisu]fiLes; e.g. A bisuulte I
llqrror contains i0% so, ofi,hich Bo/o is 'free'and the rest are Bumer Gas: 5.84 moles SO, 't ,rf

9.72 moles O,
J)resent as bisulfites.
84.44 moles N,
Surbtrr
2.2545 moles SO, from exarnple 6 iLa u
,.,
Example 7.. Using Lhe pvrjtes and Bume.r Gas in L.xzrmpie MaO <--- ttiert+ks
6, r-i -
the burrier gases are cooled ard made to cbme jnto
Let y - wt of tie bisulfite lir;uor
. contacL with Mjtk of Lime jn ar absorplion Lcrr,,er.
Tlre doloinitic lime rrsed is 32!i Cr,O, 150/c }1sO
SCl, Ba]ance: 0 0705 .v = 5.64 (6it
a;rrj 21'o jner-Ls.'ihe it:suJire llq.,:or l,r"oraiC
ccriain_< 7.Clo/o toral SO, of wh;ch i.rSyo l. -fr..- ). = S:Ot 56 kg
ar:d lhe resi 5.9clzo belrg i;;-es::i :r: l-;isr:llirrs ,1::: .
al iig i:jsr:ifi te I)q'Lr orlhr 53()l 5{i ; ll(r()a,/C7 t srr-tr
.,--t]11.,1-.;5:;gr r-'.il-l:e f_i:-g *'as1.e .!l:tS tl.i(:r;,.,:.: il.t:,. jt .t.a.iii., jil.S - 789.i.17 A]\s
 .ifl
;l
l0c / silrcHIoMETRY
x F"q$ SUi,FLjR A.N-I) l'l-s i:or": x;i.it'lDS / i0l
I

PROBLEMS
Moles Cao & MgO converted [o Bisulfites
= (5301.56)(.059)/64 x 1/2
= 2.444 X n^* Sulfur which is 75% pure is burne.d iR e'tccss alr
Moles Cao & MgO converted to Suifates
' suppiied at Lhe rale of 4.7 13 m3 /kg erf raw' Srrlfur at 25"C,
745 mm Hg wit.h B0% RH. lf 87o/a of the suilbr charged
= Moles SOs
= 2.2545 bums to S0, and the rest lo SOr, cdculate"
a) Vo excess air{S to SO,) (65o/d
Ioial Moies CaO & MgO supplied = 2.444 + 2.2545 = 4.6985 b) Vo excess air(S to SOr) (l0y0l
c) 'Cornplete analysis iif tle bu*ret gas
( I0" 88% 5A
u, 2 .32r:to O r, 77 .62a/o Nr. I 63Yo S0r, 560/o
2"
Fcr lOC \g linic: ivioies Cao anrd MgO= 82/56 + L6/4O.i) "

Hr())
=.I.86

Wt lime/100 moles Bumergas = (J 00/1.86) x 4.6985 = 252"6 /, The burrter gas from a sulfur burner analv-zes I20lo $Q,
7.l3ak O, a:rd 83.67o/a Nr. The raw Sulfur: cirarged contains
82a/o pure Sulfur and andysis of t1e einder shaws 2090
, Wt of lime/hr = 252.6 x (100A/67I.834) = 375.986 ANS
unburned sulfur" Ca-lculate:
OMB in the Ahsorber
a) olo excess ai(S to SOr) (60or'0)
Wt Br-rrner Gas + Wt Lime + WL HrO for slaking b) o/o excess'air{S to SO.) (6.670l,rl
= Wt waste Gas + Wt Bisuifite"Liquor
c) msof saturated air(28"C" 750 torrs)/kgraw 'S {5.076)
d) mn of trumer gas (300"C, 730 torrslllg mw S (E.75)
SO, + SO, + O, .' N, + lime + HrO for slaking
S ffrite ar:aJyzing 78olo FeS, and 22a/a gargue is hurned at
Lhe rate of 1000 kg/hr. Anaiysis of Lhe ctr:der shows 7 22o/o
O, and N, in bumer gas = O, ald N, in waste.gas S as unbur-ned.FeS, and SO, ahsortred hy FerC.. Alr
'+
5.84(64) + 2.2545(B(t) + 252"6 H,O for S]'aking = 5301.56 supplied is 70% in excess based on conoerbion of FeSr'to
Water for Slaking = 4494.84 SOr. The ratio of SO, to SO, in the br.rrner gas is 3.48:1.
Ca]culate:
c) Wt water for slaking/hr = 4494.84 x (1000/671.3a) a) o/o excess air(FeS, to SO.J t24.67%1
= 6695.32 ANS
b\ a/o of the FeS, oharged lost in ljre cinder (l?9/o)
,-., c) Complete anaJysis o"f the trurner ga-s
i-. (6.260/o SOr" 9,570lo C)r, 82.35a/a Nr, I 820/c SO")
i
/ /n w@ttcw

Fuo
llJ C, -=* Sur'furc 4 Irr the burning of pynle coritaining 92ak FeS, and B0lo
. gargue, i30/a of the FeS, charged js losl in ihe cjnder.'fheA
p-anjal anall:sj5 oI lhe cinder also show.s 5.31% S0,,.
orsai tural1,sjs of the bumer qa.ses sirows 6"75910 SO,,
6.880,/0 O, a:ro 86.3804 N, AIr supplied is at 23''C" 74ll; rnnt
i-Ig iLnd SB0Z RII. C;rl:uialt
a) 7o excess air (!-eS", to -!Or) (40q4,)
bi % ercess air (FeS, to SO^i 12.676o/oi

I ()2 // S'1CIC;IIOMETRI'
c) m3 air / kg pyr:te (3.58)
d) m, bumer gas(25O"C, 750 mrn Hglii€ plTrte {b.9261
X Raw Suifur containing 83%o pure S is burned together.r
8Ao/o excess air (S to SOr). a51 analysis of tne .iriJ.i
2096 unbumed sulfur and 800/o tnerts. Air is supplied"fro*u
saturated at 30.C and 750 rnm Hg. The gases fi-orn the
br,rrner enier a converter where cataly'tic o*ldatirrr of SO,
to SO3 tales piace. A partial orsat anaJysis of the converter
gas shows 7.37a/o S0r. The gases from the converter enter
arr absorber where aiter absorpUon in acld,soluUon forrns
awaste ga$ analyzlngO.55o/o SO2, Il.9go/o O, and 82.460/o
Nr. Calculate per 1O0 hg raw sulfuri
a) Complete ar:alysis of the bumer gas (9.59% SO2,
9.O3oh Or, 76.070/o N2, 1.07% SOr, 4.25o/o H2CJ
b) % of u:e SO, enlering the converter that is conve:rted
to SO, (B8.3olo)
c) Welght of a 60% dilufe H2SO4 needecl ro produce an
B7o/o HrSO4 Q48.C4)
d) If the absorbing a:id is is g49lo Ii2SO4,- what wejght of
a l4o/o oleum js formed (587.6i) ; gangue utlhzes 4001e excess air (FeS, to SOr)suPglie! 1t
,^*.
(XD ern," containi;.rg 807o FeS, aytcl20o/o gangue js burned jn
\'Js .lxcess ,-r.ir to produce a gas with a complete ana,rysis of
7.78o/o SO2, i .39o/a Oy Bi.OAolo Nr, 4 g29lo SO. md-S.gSq.
i-lrO. AnaJysjs.of the cinder shows a.tolal sullur content
of 6.46rlo due to the presence of unburned FeS, and SO.
absorbed by FerO.. tur supplied is at 27"C, Z4S mm Hg
and satr-rrated wjth vapor.f'l-he burnergases then enter a
converter Logether wjth. 30% excess secondirry air (
supplied at the same condjlions as primary ajr) based on
the comclete conversion of all SO, [o -sO" Z5o/o of t]re SO.
acti.rally bums to SO,.f fn. .orrr.*.r'gur.r .;;-#
absorber ald absorbed in acid solution. The u.aste gases
fom:ed h.as a partlal orsat aralvsjs of 0.7010 SO.. Ca,lcr:lale
per: i€ oi pynie
a) ',r e)^ccss air (S to SO,j il\.l7)
Lr) CorrrricLe analysis of the con\.crlrj- ri,. il 7ltar, JCs.
I .5:?,r1.; C, L?,.'i]\it it,. J.!;5Vo.iir"),, .i.q2,7. 1-j. i-)
SUl.,Fi.jll. Al.ll-r jI'S rI(),\,i),t)tII'lD:-r / i[)::
c) k€ of a;r HzSCo acjci formed 'from a '400'zo ac:ci
BCto.,ir
charged (i"84)
d) kg of a 75o/o H2SO4 needed lo Prociuce ltlo./o oleurn
(0.662)
dth
The buming of rav; S consisting of 95% S and 50/o i:rerts
produces a gas whose orsat analysis shows 1t'39%o SO'
7 .zA'/, O, arra 80.840/o Nr. Ten %o of the total strlfi-rr charged
is lost io tf.. crnder. fhe burner ga$es are eooled 'dr:ld
absorbed in milk nf linre c'bra-ined by slaking a"Jime
consisUng of 580/o CaA, 32o/o MgO and ]0010 inerts witlt
wa'"er, Tiie bisuifite hquor formed contains LZVo SA, of
which 2o/o'is free and"the rest present as tris'-rffites' Orsat
alalysis of the wastc gas shows thal jt contajns V '39o/o O,
and 92.610/o N, Calculate:
a) KS bisuifite liquor/kg'raw sulfur (9'65)
b) G hme consrjmeel/kg raw sulfur t0.BB32)
t G of water used for siaking/k€ raw sulfur (6.92)
The roersliirg of pyrites axalyzing 8570 FeS, and 1502
tne iate of 35Q m3lhr at 23"C, ff3 mm Hg ard BB% RI-l'
A partial 'aneiiysis of the cinder showed 25,920/o FeS,
andt7.839/o gangue 9llly 95% 0{ @
r:onverted to so^ and the rest tcr so". The bumer gases
are cooleE arldTnar$edTo-a conve fter togetJ:er with slalied
lime from a dolomiUc iime contain ing?S1/o CaO, 250lo MgO'
If 850 kg/hr of bjsullit.e liquor are produced u'ith nc
oxjdation of SO, to SO" taking place" Assume all SO"
converled lo bisulfite, Calculate:
a) kg/hr of lime t33.-i24)
bl k€/hr of rvater for slaftjrrg 1704.7'7
c) Comp)eLe aratysis of t-he' bumer gas (5.35olo SO,
' 8.83a/o O,. 81.06?6 l\rr, 2.15o/a S0, a-r:d ?-.61a/o TI"O)