Rodrigo Duterte

Rodrigo Roa Duterte KGCR (/duːˈtɜːrtə/; Tagalog: [roˈdɾigo ɾowa

His Excellency
dʊˈtɛɾtɛ] ( listen); born March 28, 1945), also known as Digong
and Rody,[5] is a Filipino politician who is the 16th and incumbent Rodrigo Duterte
President of the Philippines and the first from Mindanao to hold the KGCR

office.[6][7][8][9] He is the chairperson of PDP–Laban, the ruling

political party in the Philippines. Duterte took office at age 71 on
June 30, 2016, making him the oldest person to assume the
Philippine presidency; the record was previously held by Sergio
Osmeña at the age of 65.[10]

Born in Maasin, Southern Leyte, Duterte studied political science at

the Lyceum of the Philippines University, graduating in 1968,
before obtaining a law degree from San Beda College of Law in
1972. He then worked as a lawyer and was a prosecutor for Davao
City, before becoming vice mayor and, subsequently, mayor of the
city in the wake of the Philippine Revolution of 1986. Duterte won
seven terms and served as mayor of Davao for over 22 years.

Frequently described as a populist[11][12][13] and a

nationalist,[14][15][16] Duterte's political success has been aided by
his vocal support for the extrajudicial killing of drug users and 16th President of the Philippines
other criminals.[17] Human rights groups have documented over Incumbent
1,400 killings allegedly by death squads operating in Davao
Assumed office
between 1998 and May 2016; the victims were mainly drug users,
June 30, 2016
petty criminals and street children.[18] A 2009 report by the
Philippine Commission on Human Rights confirmed the Vice President Leni Robredo
"systematic practice of extrajudicial killings" by the Davao Death Preceded by Benigno Aquino III
Squad.[19][20] Duterte has alternately confirmed and denied his Mayor of Davao City
involvement.[21] The Office of the Ombudsman closed an
In office
investigation in January 2016 stating that they found no evidence
that the Davao Death Squad exists, and no evidence to connect the June 30, 2013 – June 30, 2016
police or Duterte with the killings.[19][20] The case has since been Vice Mayor Paolo Duterte
reopened.[22] Duterte has repeatedly confirmed that he personally Preceded by Sara Duterte
killed criminal suspects as mayor of Davao.[23][24][25]
Succeeded by Sara Duterte
On May 9, 2016, Duterte won the Philippine presidential election In office
with 39% of the votes, defeating four other candidates, namely Mar June 30, 2001 – June 30, 2010
Roxas[26] of the Liberal Party (23.5%), Senator Grace Poe (21.4%),
Vice Mayor Luis Bonguyan
former vice president Jejomar Binay of the United Nationalist
Sara Duterte
Alliance (12.7%), and the late Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago
of the People's Reform Party (3.4%).[27] During his campaign, he Preceded by Benjamin de
promised to kill tens of thousands of criminals and end crime Guzman
within six months.[28][29][30] His domestic policy has focused on Succeeded by Sara Duterte
combating the illegal drug trade by initiating the Philippine Drug
War. According to the Philippine National Police the death total In office
passed 7,000 in January 2017, after which the police stopped February 2, 1988 – June 30, 1998
publishing data.[31] Following criticism from United Nations Vice Mayor Dominador Zuño
human rights experts that extrajudicial killings had increased since (acting)
his election, Duterte threatened to withdraw the Philippines from Luis Bonguyan
the UN and form a new organization with China and African Benjamin de
nations.[32] He has declared his intention to pursue an "independent Guzman
foreign policy",[33] and sought to distance the Philippines from the
United States and European Union and pursue closer ties with Preceded by Jacinto Rubillar
China and Russia. Succeeded by Benjamin de
Guzman
Vice Mayor of Davao City
Contents In office
June 30, 2010 – June 30, 2013
Early life
Mayor Sara Duterte
Education
Sexual abuse Preceded by Sara Duterte
Shooting of student at law school Succeeded by Paolo Duterte
Mayor of Davao City In office
Law and order May 2, 1986 – November 27, 1987
Davao Death Squad Officer in Charge
Federalism advocacy Mayor Zafiro Respicio
2016 presidential campaign Preceded by Cornelio Maskariño
Constitutional reform Succeeded by Gilbert Abellera
Rape comments Member of the Philippine House of
Human rights Representatives
Election to the Presidency from Davao City's 1st District
In office
Presidency
June 30, 1998 – June 30, 2001
Domestic policy
Anti-drug campaign Preceded by Prospero Nograles
Capital punishment Succeeded by Prospero Nograles
Mindanao insurgency Personal details
Terrorism
Born Rodrigo Roa
Communist insurgency Duterte
Foreign policy March 28, 1945
China and Russia Maasin,
Territorial disputes Commonwealth of
United States the Philippines
ASEAN Political party PDP–Laban (2001–
Economic policy present)
Presidential immunity
Other political Kabataang
Public image affiliations Makabayan[1]
Supporters (1970s)
Controversy and criticism Laban ng
Human rights concerns Makabayang
Homophobic comments Masang Pilipino
Rape comments (1998–2001)
International stage Hugpong sa Tawong
 Catholic Church Lungsod (2011–
Views on media killings present)
Personal killings Coalition for Change
War on Drugs (2016–present)

Personal life Spouse(s) Elizabeth

Zimmerman
Family and ancestry (m. 1973;
Religion annulled 2000)
Health Domestic Honeylet Avanceña
Political views partner
Honours and awards Children 4, including Paolo
Honour of the Philippines and Sara
Foreign honours Parents Vicente Duterte
See also Soledad Roa
Notes Residence Malacañang
References Palace[2][3][4]

Further reading Education Lyceum of the

Philippines
External links
University (B.A.)
San Beda University

Early life (LL.B.)

Signature
Duterte was born on March 28, 1945, in Maasin.[34] His father was
Vicente G. Duterte (1911–1968), a Cebuano lawyer, and his mother,
Website Official website (htt
Soledad Duterte (née Roa; 1916–2012), was a school teacher from
p://president.gov.ph)
Cabadbaran, Agusan and a civic leader of Maranao descent. Duterte
has said that his grandfather was Chinese who hailed from Xiamen
in Fujian, China.[35] Duterte's father was mayor of Danao, Cebu, and
subsequently the provincial governor of (the then-undivided) Davao
province. Rodrigo's cousin Ronald was mayor of Cebu City from
1983 to 1986. Ronald's father, Ramon Duterte, also held the position
from 1957 to 1959. The Dutertes consider the Cebu-based political
families of the Durano and the Almendras clan as relatives.[36]
Duterte also has relatives from the Roa clan in Leyte through his
mother's side.[37] Duterte's family lived in Maasin, and in his father's
hometown in Danao, until he was four years old.[38] The Dutertes
initially moved to Mindanao in 1948 but still went back and forth to
the Visayas until 1949.[39] They finally settled in the Davao Region Commander-in-Chief Rodrigo
in 1950. Vicente worked as a lawyer engaged in private practice. Duterte (His Excellency) in full Battle
Soledad worked as a teacher until 1952 when Vicente entered Dress Uniform (BDU)
politics.

Education

Duterte went to Laboon Elementary School in Maasin, for a year.[37] He spent his remaining elementary
days at Santa Ana Elementary School in Davao City, where he graduated in 1956. He finished his secondary
education in the High School Department of the then-Holy Cross College of Digos (now Cor Jesu College)
in today's city of Digos in the now-defunct Davao province, after being expelled twice from previous
schools, including one in the Ateneo de Davao University (AdDU) High School due to misconduct.[36] He
graduated in 1968 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science at the Lyceum of the Philippines in
Manila. He obtained a law degree from San Beda College of Law in 1972. In the same year, he passed the
bar exam. Duterte eventually became a Special Counsel at the City Prosecution Office in Davao City from
1977–79, Fourth Assistant City Prosecutor from 1979–81, Third Assistant City Prosecutor from 1981–83,
and Second Assistant City Prosecutor from 1983–86.

Sexual abuse

Duterte has said that he was sexually abused by a priest when he was a minor.[40] After he was challenged
by the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) and AdDU officials to name the priest and
file a case against him, Duterte then revealed the priest's name as Fr. Mark Falvey, SJ (d. 1975).[40] The
Jesuits of the Society of Jesus in the Philippines confirmed that according to press reports in the United
States, in May 2007, the Society of Jesus agreed to a tentative payout of US$16 million to settle claims that
Falvey sexually abused at least nine children in Los Angeles from 1959 to 1975. Accusations against Falvey
began in 2002, and he was never charged with a crime. Additionally in May 2008, the Diocese of
Sacramento paid $100,000 settlement to a person allegedly raped and molested by Mark's brother, Fr. Arthur
Falvey. However, it was not clearly indicated in the report if Mark Falvey was assigned at the Jesuit-run
Ateneo de Davao.[41] When asked why he did not complain when the abuse supposedly happened, Duterte
claimed that he was too young to complain about the priest's abuse and was intimidated by authorities at that
time. He also stated that he never disclosed that information after he was expelled and moved to a different
high school and especially not to his family.[42]

Shooting of student at law school

Duterte stated at a rally in April 2016 that he shot a fellow student who had bullied him about his Visayan
origin as well as other students of the same ethnicity, while at San Beda law college. He said "But the truth
is, I'm used to shooting people. When we were about to graduate from San Beda, I shot a person." Duterte
said that he shot the student in a corridor at the college when the said student called him names again. He
later told a reporter that the student survived, but refused to answer any further questions about the
incident.[43]

However, in an interview aired at 24 Oras and published on the official GMA News Online website on April
22, 2016, retired labor arbiter Arthur Amansec said Duterte and Octavio Goco at that time were both playing
with a gun as it was normal for students to bring guns to school in the seventies. Amansec is Duterte's
former classmate in San Beda College who witnessed the incident. He added that "the bullet hit the school's
wooden floor and was embedded there." Amansec emphasized that Duterte and Goco remained friends until
Goco died in the United States years later.[44]

Mayor of Davao City

After the 1986 People Power Revolution, Duterte was appointed officer-in-charge vice mayor by president
Corazon Aquino.[45] In 1988, he ran for mayor and won, serving until 1998. He set a precedent by
designating deputy mayors that represented the Lumad and Moro peoples in the city government, which was
later copied in other parts of the Philippines. In 1998, because he was term-limited to run again for mayor,
he ran for the House of Representatives and won as Congressman of the 1st District of Davao City (under
the Laban ng Makabayang Masang Pilipino coalition). In 2001, he ran again for mayor of Davao and was
elected for a fourth term. He was re-elected in 2004 and in 2007.[46]
 In 1995, after Flor Contemplacion, a Filipino, was executed in
Singapore after confessing to a double murder, Duterte allegedly
burned a flag of Singapore (though this claim was later denied) and
joined 1,000 employees of Davao City in protest.[47][48]

In 2013, Davao City sent rescue and medical teams to Tacloban to

give aid to the victims of Typhoon Haiyan, locally known in the
country as Typhoon Yolanda. Financial assistance was also given to
Bohol and Cebu for the earthquake victims.[49]
Then-Mayor Duterte (left) with then-In 2010, he was elected vice
President Benigno Aquino III during a
mayor, succeeding his
meeting with local government unit
daughter, Sara Duterte-
leaders in Davao City in 2013
Carpio, who was elected as
mayor. He has been offered
the Interior Secretary post
four times by Presidents Fidel V. Ramos, Joseph Ejercito Estrada,
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo and Benigno S. Aquino III, but rejected
all of them.[36]
Then-newly-elected Davao City Vice
Mayor Duterte reading his inaugural
Duterte also passed the city's Women Development Code, which
speech in June 2010
aims "to uphold the rights of women and the belief in their worth
and dignity as human beings".[50][51] Duterte banned swimsuit
competitions in beauty pageants in Davao City.[52] Duterte also
gained prominence for supporting the first-ever Gawad Kalinga Village inside a jail facility which is only
located in Davao City. It is a home-type jail with ten cottages built inside the compound, which now serve as
home for women inmates.[53]

Law and order

Davao had the highest murder rate, the second highest rape rate, and the fourth highest number of index
crimes in the Philippines, according to official police raw data for the years 2010 to 2015. Nevertheless,
Duterte claimed that the city was one of the world's safest, a narrative that gained currency in the national
media, creating a widespread public perception that has been a significant factor in establishing support for
his nationwide drug policy.[54][55][56]

As of April 2015, Davao City improved to 5th in ranking of the world's safest cities, with a crime index of
18.18 and a safety index of 81.82. Osaka, Japan tops the list with a safety index of 84.47, followed by Seoul,
South Korea (83.42) and Singapore (83.36).[57]

As of October 2019, Davao City ranks second as the top safest city in Southeast Asia, according to an online
user-contributed survey site Numbeo.com

Based on the Crime Index 2019 Mid-Year of Numbeo, Davao City has a Safety Index rate of 72.50. Davao's
rank rose from last year's number four with 71.21.[58]

Prostitution in the Philippines is illegal. In Davao, by city ordinance, police ensure that prostitutes have a
valid health card, but do not arrest them.[59] In 2010, the Philippine Child Protection Unit stated that Davao
was one of the top five areas for child prostitution and sex tourism in the Philippines.[60] Jeanette Ampog,
the executive director of Talikala, a Davao-based NGO that helps prostitutes, said in October 2016 that child
prostitution had sharply increased over the past two years. She said that children were cheaper and more
marketable.[61] Nevertheless, the city was awarded "Most Child-Friendly City for Highly-Urbanized
Category" in 1998, 1999, 2013 and 2014.[62][63]

The City Council amended ordinance No. 1627, Series of 1994, to impose a prohibition on selling, serving,
drinking, and consuming alcoholic beverages from 01:00 until 08:00 each morning. Executive Order No. 39
was signed by Duterte, reducing the speed limits for all kinds of motor vehicles within the territorial
jurisdiction of Davao City in the interest of public safety and order.[64] Duterte also signed Executive Order
No. 04, Series of 2013 to impose an order creating the implementing of rules and regulations for the new
comprehensive anti-smoking ordinance no. 0367-12, Series of 2012.[65] Davao City's Firecracker Ban was
also implemented with ordinance No. 060-02/1406-02, Series of 2002 by the City Council through the
support of Duterte.[66]

Davao acquired 10 ambulances for central 911 intended for medical emergencies and 42 mobile patrol
vehicles and motorcycles for the Davao City Police Office (the first and only 9-1-1 emergency telephone
number in Asia which is also free of charge).[67] Duterte, through Executive Order No. 24, ordered all
shopping malls and commercial centers to install, operate and maintain high end and high definition closed
circuit television (CCTV) cameras at all entrance and exit points of their premises.[68]

In 2015, Davao City was among the local government units awarded with a "Seal of Good Local
Governance" by the Department of the Interior and Local Government.[69]

In response to Duterte's comments in 2014 relating to killing a person suspected of smuggling rice in Davao
City, the Office of the President of the Philippines issued a statement saying, "Killing a person is against the
law. The President has been firm in the belief that no one is above the law. We must not resort to extralegal
methods," while the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) has condemned killing as a sin
and insists on the protection of rights of the accused. Human rights activists then said that Duterte built a
culture of impunity in the city.[70]

In early September 2015, an incident was reported of a tourist being forced to swallow his own cigarette butt
in a local bar in Davao City after the tourist refused to comply with the public anti-smoking ordinance of the
city. Duterte was contacted by the bar owner and the then-mayor personally went into the bar and forced the
tourist to swallow his cigarette butt. Duterte was then met with criticisms especially from the Commission
on Human Rights (CHR).[71]

Davao Death Squad

We're the ninth safest city. How do you think I did it? How did I reach that title among the
world's safest cities? Kill them all [criminals].

— Duterte, May 15, 2015[72]

Duterte, who has been dubbed "The Punisher" by Time magazine,[73] has been linked by human rights
groups such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch to extrajudicial killings of over 1,400
alleged criminals and street children by vigilante death squads.[17][74] In the April 2009 UN General
Assembly of the Human Rights Council, the UN report (Eleventh Session Agenda item 3, par 21) said, "The
Mayor of Davao City has done nothing to prevent these killings, and his public comments suggest that he is,
in fact, supportive."[75] Human Rights Watch reported that in 2001–2002, Duterte appeared on local
television and radio and announced the names of "criminals", some of whom were later executed.[76] In July
2005 at a crime summit at the Manila Hotel, Duterte said, "Summary execution of criminals remains the
most effective way to crush kidnapping and illegal drugs."[77]
Duterte has denied responsibility for the extrajudicial killings. He has also
frequently announced his support for them. According to Reuters, "Duterte's
loud approval for hundreds of execution-style killings of drug users and
criminals over nearly two decades helped propel him to the highest office of
a crime-weary land."[17] In 2009 Duterte said: "If you are doing an illegal
activity in my city, if you are a criminal or part of a syndicate that preys on
the innocent people of the city, for as long as I am the mayor, you are a
legitimate target of assassination."[78] In 2015, Duterte confirmed his links
to extrajudicial killings in Davao, and warned that, if elected president, he
may kill up to 100,000 criminals. After the said confirmation, Duterte
challenged human rights officials to file a case against him if they could
provide evidence to his links with vigilante groups.[79]

Federalism advocacy Duterte speaks with Davao

City residents in 2009.
In September 2014, Duterte and former mayors and governors, calling
themselves the Mindanao Council of Leaders, advocated for a federalist
government.[80] A month later, Duterte attended an event sponsored by the Federal Movement for a Better
Philippines in Cebu City.[81] In December 2014, Duterte held a summit entitled "Mindanaons Forging Unity
Toward a Federal System of Government".[82]

2016 presidential campaign

As early as the first quarter of 2015, Duterte made hints to the media
of his intention to run for president in the 2016 elections. However,
he denied these plans numerous times amidst clamor from his
supporters for him to run.

In January, Duterte said he would abolish Congress if he chose to

run for President and was elected.[83] On November 21, in a private Duterte–Cayetano 2016 campaign
gathering with fraternity brothers from San Beda College of Law, logo
Duterte formally announced his presidential bid and also finally
accepted Alan Peter Cayetano's offer to be his running mate, and
named his daughter, Sara Duterte, as his substitute for Mayor.[84][85]

In his campaign, he said he would introduce a federal parliamentary

form of government. He also promised to kill tens of thousands of
criminals and eradicate crime in six months.[86][87]

Constitutional reform Duterte and allies campaigning in

Pandacan, Manila
Rodrigo Duterte campaigned for decentralization and a shift to
federal government during the 2016 presidential election. In an
October 2014 forum organized by Federal Movement for a Better Philippines in Cebu City prior to joining
the presidential race, the then-mayor of Davao City called for the creation of two federal states for Moro
people as a solution to the problems besetting Mindanao.[88] Mayor Duterte said that Nur Misuari and his
Moro National Liberation Front don't see eye-to-eye with the Moro Islamic Liberation Front which the
administration of President Benigno Aquino III had inked a peace deal with. He also said that the "template
of the Bangsamoro Basic Law is federal", but what is granted to the Bangsamoro should also be granted to
other Moro groups and other regions in the country.[89] In a dialogue with the Makati Business Club prior to
the elections, Duterte said he is open to "toning down the Constitution" to accommodate more foreign
investors to the Philippines.[90] He also said he is open to up to 70 percent foreign ownership of businesses
in the country and foreign lease of lands up to 60 years, but will "leave it to Congress to decide".[90]

Rape comments

At a campaign rally on April 12, 2016, Duterte told supporters that, as Mayor, he thought he "should have
been first" to rape Jacqueline Hamill, an Australian missionary who was gang-raped and killed during the
1989 Davao hostage crisis. He recalled examining her corpse concluding that she was raped but also
remarked that he "should have gone first".[91]

After being condemned for his comments, Duterte later apologized for the incident and acknowledged the
comment as a "bad remark" saying he regretted his "gutter language" but would not apologize for being
misinterpreted. He insists though that the remark was not a "joke" as reported by some media outlets, saying
that he stated it in a narrative. He further said that he was not apologizing for stating the remark reasoning
that he made the remark out of "utter anger" when he recalled the events.[92] He threatened to sever
diplomatic ties with the US and Australia, if elected, after their ambassadors criticized his comments.[87]

His daughter Sara Duterte subsequently announced on social media that she was a rape victim, but would
still vote for her father. He said that he doubted her story, jokingly referring to her as a "drama queen".[93]

Human rights

In a campaign speech on April 27 to business leaders, he said his

presidency would be "a bloody one", but that he would issue "a
thousand pardons a day" to police and soldiers accused of human
rights abuses, and would also issue a presidential pardon to himself
for mass murder at the end of his six-year term.[87]

Election to the Presidency

On May 30, 2016, the 16th Congress of the Philippines proclaimed

Duterte as the President-elect of the Philippines after he topped the
official count by the Congress of the Philippines for the 2016
presidential election with 16,601,997 votes, 6.6 million more than
his closest rival, Mar Roxas.[94][95][96] Camarines Sur representative
Leni Robredo on the other hand, was proclaimed as the Vice
President-elect of the Philippines with 14,418,817 votes, narrowly
defeating Senator Bongbong Marcos by 263,473 votes.[97] 2016 Philippine electoral vote results

Presidency
The Presidency of Rodrigo Duterte began at noon on June 30, 2016, Presidential styles of
when he became the 16th President of the Philippines, succeeding Rodrigo Roa Duterte[98][99]
Benigno Aquino III.

At the age of 71, Duterte became the oldest person ever elected to
the presidency. Duterte is also the first local chief executive to get
elected straight to the Office of the President, the second Cebuano to Reference President Duterte, His
become president (after Sergio Osmeña), the third Cebuano- style Excellency (rarely
speaking president (after Osmeña and Carlos P. Garcia), the first used)[99]
Visayan from Mindanao and the fourth Visayan overall (after
Spoken Your President, Your
Osmeña, Manuel Roxas and Garcia).[101]
style Excellency (rarely
A Pulse Asia survey conducted from July 2–8 showed that Duterte used)
had a trust rating of 91%, the highest of the six presidents since the Alternative Mr. President,
Marcos dictatorship (the previous highest was Duterte's predecessor, style President Mayor[100]
Benigno Aquino III with 87%).[26] One year after taking office his
trust rating was 81%.[102] Shortly after his inauguration on June 30,
Duterte held his first Cabinet meeting to lay out their first agenda,
which included the country's disaster risk reduction management,
decongesting the Ninoy Aquino International Airport in Manila, the
country's main gateway, and expressed his ideas and concerns
regarding the territorial disputes in the South China Sea prior to the
announcement of the verdict of the Philippines' arbitration case
against China over the issue,[103] which the Philippines later
won.[104] Four days later, on July 4, Duterte issued his first
executive order entitled "Reengineering the Office of the President
Towards Greater Responsiveness to the Attainment of Development
Goals", allowing his Cabinet Secretary, Leoncio Evasco, Jr., to President-elect Duterte (left) and
supervise over several agencies that focus on poverty reduction.[105] outgoing President Benigno Aquino
III at Malacañang Palace on
On July 23, Duterte signed Executive Order No. 2 also known as the
inauguration day, June 30, 2016
Freedom of Information Order.[106]

On August 1, 2016, Duterte launched a 24-hour complaint office

accessible to the public through a nationwide complaint hotline,
8888, while also changing the country's emergency telephone
number from 1-1-7 to 9-1-1, which was first instituted in Davao
City.[107]

On August 7, Duterte approved the burial of former President

Ferdinand Marcos at the Heroes' Cemetery in Taguig scheduled for
October 18,[108] saying that Marcos was qualified for the burial at
the cemetery due to him being a "former president and a soldier". Duterte takes his oath of office as the
The decision was vehemently opposed, due to "the brutal, oppressive 16th President of the Philippines
and corrupt nature of Marcos's two-decade regime".[109] An online before Associate Justice Bienvenido
L. Reyes at Malacañang Palace
petition which received over 30,000 signatures stated:
while his children look on, June 30,
2016.
Burying Ferdinand E Marcos alongside our nation's
heroes who fought for our freedom is an affront to the
thousands of lives tortured and murdered during his
reign. Laying him to rest at the Heroes' Cemetery is a
disdainful act that will send a message to the future of
our nation—our children—that the world we live in
rewards forceful and violent hands.[109]

Following the September 2 bombing in Davao City that killed 14 people in the city's central business
district, on September 3 Duterte declared a "state of lawlessness", and on the following day issued
Proclamation No. 55 to officially declare a "state of national emergency on account of lawless violence in
Mindanao".[110] The Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) and the Philippine National Police (PNP) were
ordered to "suppress all forms of lawless violence in Mindanao" and
to "prevent lawless violence from spreading and escalating
elsewhere". Executive Secretary Salvador Medialdea said that the
declaration "[did] not specify the imposition of curfews" and would
remain in force indefinitely. He explained: "The recent incidents, the
escape of terrorists from prisons, the beheadings, then eventually
what happened in Davao. That was the basis."[111]

In December 2016, Duterte was ranked 70th on Forbes list of The

Duterte is greeted by overseas
World's Most Powerful People.[112][113] On December 7, Duterte
Filipinos during his official visit to
signed Executive Order No. 10 creating a consultative committee to
Vietnam, September 2016.
review the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines.[114] Duterte signed
Executive Order 26 imposing a smoking ban in public places on
May 16, 2017.[115] In the same month, the Duterte administration began to implement the Anti-Distracted
Driving Act.[116] During his presidential campaign and transition, Duterte called for the reimposition of
capital punishment in the country to execute criminals involved in "heinous" crimes, such as illegal drug
trade, insisting on hanging.[117]

While adjusting to working and residing at the Malacañang Palace, Duterte divides his workweek between
Manila and Davao City by spending three days in each city, utilizing the Malacañang of the South while in
Davao.[118]

Domestic policy

Anti-drug campaign

After his inauguration, Duterte gave a speech in Tondo, Manila,

where he urged Filipino citizens to kill drug addicts. He asked the
communist rebels known as the New People's Army to "use your
kangaroo courts to kill them to speed up the solution to our
problem".[119][120]

Department of Justice spokesperson and undersecretary Markk

Perete clarified the “shoot-to-kill” order the President gave to police
officers whom he instructed to go after “erroneously released” Duterte presents a chart which he
claims illustrates a drug trade
prisoners who will refuse to surrender.[121]
network of drug syndicates, on July
Perete stated that what the President said was if in the course of 7, 2016.
effecting a re-arrest, those sought to be rearrested pose a real threat
to the life of apprehending officers, then the officers may take such
action necessary to ensure their safety.

The Philippine Daily Inquirer published a "kill list".[122] Ifugao Representative Teddy Baguilat urged the
Philippine House of Representatives to investigate the "spate of extrajudicial killings and/or summary
executions of suspected violators of laws on illegal drugs and other suspected criminals".[123] Senator and
former Justice Secretary Leila de Lima urged Duterte's administration to cease the extrajudicial killings and
said that she would file a resolution for the Philippine Senate to conduct an investigation.[124] The militant
group Bagong Alyansang Makabayan also asked Duterte to investigate the increasing number of
extrajudicial killings.[125] The Duterte administration demanded critics to provide evidence.[126]
Duterte has justified the drug war by claiming that the Philippines was becoming a "narco-state". According
to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the prevalence of drug use in the country is lower than the
global average.[127] Duterte has dismissed human rights concerns by dehumanizing drug users, stating in
August 2016: "Crime against humanity? In the first place, I'd like to be frank with you. Are they humans?
What is your definition of a human being?"[128] In the first three months of Duterte's term in office,
according to police figures, over 3,000 killings were attributed to his nationwide anti-drug campaign. More
than half were attributed to vigilantes. At the beginning of October, a senior police officer told The
Guardian that ten "special ops" official police death squads had been operating, and that he had personally
been involved in killing 87 suspects. He described how the corpses were dumped at the roadside ("salvage"
victims), or had their heads wrapped in masking tape with a cardboard placard labelling them as a drug
offender, so that the killing would not be investigated. The chairman of the Commission on Human Rights,
Chito Gascon, was quoted in the report: "I am not surprised, I have heard of this." The Philippine National
Police declined to comment. The report stated: "although The Guardian can verify the policeman's rank and
his service history, there is no independent, official confirmation for the allegations of state complicity and
police coordination in mass murder."[129]

Capital punishment

During the 2016 election, Duterte campaigned to restore the death

penalty in the Philippines.[130][131][132] Duterte, who won the
election in May 2016, supports restoration of the death penalty by
hanging.[133] It has been reported that he wants capital punishment
for criminals involved in illegal drugs, gun-for-hire syndicates and
those who commit "heinous crimes" such as rape, robbery or car
theft where the victim is murdered.[133] Duterte has theatrically
vowed "to litter Manila Bay with the bodies of criminals".[134] In
Duterte speaking with PNP Police
December 2016, the bill to resume capital punishment for certain Director General Ronald Dela Rosa
"heinous offenses" swiftly passed out of Committee in the House of in the Malacañang Palace on August
Representatives; it passed the full House of Representatives in 16, 2016
February 2017.[135] However, the law reinstating the death penalty
stalled in the Senate in April 2017, where it did not appear to have
enough votes to pass.[136][137]

Mindanao insurgency

Duterte has said that Moro dignity is what the MILF and MNLF are
struggling for, and that they are not terrorists. He acknowledged that
the Moros were subjected to wrongdoing, historical and in
territory.[138]

Duterte was endorsed in the election by Moro National Liberation

Front (MNLF) leader Nur Misuari[139] due to his background in
Mindanao.[140] Jesus Dureza was his second choice.[141] Other
Duterte welcomes Norwegian Kjartan
Muslims also supported Duterte and denounced Roxas, the Aquino-
Sekkingstad following his release
supported pick.[142]
from Abu Sayyaf captivity.
During the Mindanao Hariraya Eid al-Fitr 2016 convention in Davao
City on July 8, 2016, Duterte vowed to address the Moro conflict
and bring peace in Mindanao, assuring the Filipino Muslim community that "something will change" before
the end of his term. He said that the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) and the Moro National
Liberation Front (MNLF) both support his proposal for federalism in the Philippines, which he says is the
only solution to the Bangsamoro peace process. Duterte said that if the proposal for the country's shift to
federalism fails or is not desired by the Filipino people, he will vow to pass the Bangsamoro Basic Law,
which would establish the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region. He also added that the Basic Law should
benefit both MILF and MNLF, saying he is willing to negotiate with both secessionists to initiate a
"reconfiguration" of territory.[143][144]

A crowd of Muslims were attending the speech by Duterte where he accused America of bringing terrorism
to themselves, saying that terrorism is not the result of the Middle East.[145] He railed against the actions
undertaken in the Middle East by the USA.[146] Duterte blamed the war on Mindanao on colonialist
Christianity being brought to the Philippines in 1521 by Ferdinand Magellan, saying there was peace before
that and that they were made to fight their "Malay brother" by Christians.[147]

The Bud Dajo Massacre inflicted upon the Moros was mentioned by
President Duterte to criticize the United States and its President
Barack Obama.[148] The massacre was cited a second time by
Duterte in criticizing America while calling for the exit of American
troops.[149]

On November 6, 2016, Duterte signed an executive order to expand

the Bangsamoro Transition Commission to 21 members from 15, in
which 11 will be decided by the MILF and 10 will be nominated by
Duterte meeting with MNLF
the government. The commission was formed in December 2013 and
chairman, founder and former ARMM
is tasked to draft the Bangsamoro Basic Law in accordance with the
Governor Nur Misuari, November 3,
Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro[150] 2016

Duterte signed the Bangsamoro Organic Law on July 26,

2018,[151][152] which abolished the Autonomous Region in Muslim
Mindanao and provided for the basic structure of government for the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region,
following the agreements set forth in the Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro peace agreement
signed between the Government of the Philippines and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front in 2014.[153]

Terrorism

The Maute group, an ISIS-inspired terrorist group, had reportedly been able to establish a stronghold in
Lanao del Sur since early 2016. The group had been blamed for the 2016 Davao City bombing and two
attacks in Butig, Lanao del Sur, a town located south of Marawi, in 2016.[154] Before the Duterte
administration, the Philippine government had downplayed the threat of ISIS in the Philippines.[155] Even
after the February 2016 Butig clash with the Maute group, then-President Benigno Aquino III discounted the
possibility of the Islamic State's presence in the country. He said that those behind the attack were just
mercenaries wanting to be recognized by the Middle East-based terror group.[156]

In November 2016, President Duterte confirmed the Maute group's affiliation with the Islamic State.[154]
Amidst fierce fighting in Butig on November 30, 2016, Duterte, in a command briefing in Lanao del Sur,
warned the Maute group: "Ayaw ko makipag-away sa inyo. Ayaw ko makipag-patayan, (I do not want to
fight with you. I don't want us killing each other) but please, do not force my hand. I cannot be forever
traveling here every month para lang makipag-usap (just to talk), at pagtalikod ko patayan na naman (and
when I turn around, there's killing again). I do not want to mention anything, but please do not force my
hand into it."[157][158] On December 2, 2016, as the military regained control of Butig, the retreating Maute
fighters reportedly left a note threatening to behead Duterte.[159]
On May 23, 2017, clashes between Philippine government security forces and militants affiliated with the
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), including the Maute and Abu Sayyaf Salafi jihadist groups
erupted in the city of Marawi.[160]

On the same day, Duterte signed Proclamation No. 216 declaring a 60-day martial law in Mindanao
following clashes between the AFP and the Maute group in Marawi, Lanao del Sur.[161] He said that the
implementation is similar to Proclamation No. 1081 and expressed the possibility of extending the scope of
the martial law nationwide if deemed necessary.[162]

The Battle of Marawi became the longest urban battle in the modern history of the Philippines.[163]

According to the Philippine government, the clashes began during an offensive in Marawi to capture Isnilon
Hapilon, the leader of the ISIL-affiliated Abu Sayyaf group.[164][165] A deadly firefight erupted when
Hapilon's forces opened fire on the combined Army and police teams and called for reinforcements from the
Maute group.[166]

Maute group militants attacked Camp Ranao and occupied several buildings in the city, including Marawi
City Hall, Mindanao State University, a hospital, and the city jail.[166] They also occupied the main street
and set fire to Saint Mary's Cathedral, Ninoy Aquino School, and Dansalan College, which is run by the
United Church of Christ in the Philippines (UCCP).[164][167] The militants also took a priest and several
churchgoers hostage.[168]

The Armed Forces of the Philippines stated that some of the terrorists were foreigners who had been in the
country for a long time, offering support to the Maute group in Marawi. Their main objective was to raise an
ISIS flag at the Lanao del Sur Provincial Capitol and declare a wilayat or provincial ISIS territory in Lanao
del Sur.[169][170]

The fighting lasted for five months until October 17, 2017, the day after the deaths of militant leaders Omar
Maute and Isnilon Hapilon. President Duterte declared Marawi as "liberated from terrorist influence".[171]
This was followed by another October 23, 2017 pronouncement of Defense Secretary Delfin Lorenzana that
the five-month battle against the terrorists in Marawi had finally ended.[172]

The rehabilitation of Marawi after the siege is subject to criticism from various groups and sectors due to
perceived gaps in addressing the basic needs of displaced Maranao people. The criticism centered on the
failure of the martial law to address basic human dignity issues in the area,[173] the delay in the recovery
efforts by Task Force Bangon Marawi,[174] and the role of Chinese government firms and Duterte-allied
business entities in the rehabilitation plan.[175] A year after the siege, a report was made indicating that most
of the funds have been used for relief, while reconstruction projects remain few.[176]

Communist insurgency

In July 2016, Duterte directed his peace process advisor for the CPP–NPA–NDF rebellion, Silvestre Bello
III, to lead a government panel in resuming peace talks with the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP),
the New People's Army (NPA), and the National Democratic Front (NDF) in Oslo, Norway, expressing hope
that a peace treaty between the rebellions would be reached within a year.[177] The first talks began on
August 22–26, 2016, in which the parties agreed upon "the affirmation of previously signed agreements, the
reconstitution of the Joint Agreement on Safety and Immunity Guarantees which 'protects the rights of
negotiators, consultants, staffers, security and other personnel involved in peace negotiations',[178] and the
accelerated progress for negotiations."[179] In February 2017, due to recent attacks and kidnapping of
soldiers by members of the NPA despite the imposed ceasefire by the government and the rebel groups,
President Duterte cancelled all negotiations with the CPP–NPA–NDF and labeled them a terrorist
group.[180] He also ordered the arrest of all NDF negotiators.[181] Military offensive against the group
resumed after Duterte's cancellation of ceasefire.[182]

Duterte's has also accused of indigenous schools in Mindanao of indoctrinating children with communist
ideology and threatened to bomb them.[183][184][185]

Foreign policy

The Duterte administration has vowed to pursue an

"independent foreign policy" that would reject any
meddling by foreign governments, reiterating Article
II, Section 7 of the 1987 Constitution which states:
"The State shall pursue an independent foreign policy.
In its relations with other states the paramount
consideration shall be national sovereignty, territorial
integrity, national interest, and the right to self- International trips made by Duterte during his
determination." In September 2016, Duterte said: "We presidency
will observe and must insist on the time-honored
principle of sovereignty, sovereign equality, non-
interference and the commitment of peaceful settlements of dispute that will serve our people and protect the
interests of our country."[33]

Duterte made his first international trips as president to Vientiane, Laos and Jakarta, Indonesia on September
5–9, 2016.[186]

China and Russia

Following his inauguration as president, Duterte mentioned his willingness to "reorient" his foreign policy
towards China and Russia, particularly in the areas of trade and commerce.[187] During an interview with Al
Jazeera, he expressed his willingness to conduct joint military exercises with China and Russia.[188] In
September, Duterte said that he is considering purchasing military equipment, particularly weaponries and
armaments, from China and Russia to strengthen the capabilities of the Armed Forces of the Philippines in
addressing insurgency and counter-terrorism, saying that deals between the Philippines and the two
countries are already in discussion and that the Chinese and Russian governments have offered the
Philippines soft loans that would be payable in 2025.[189]

On October 18–21, 2016, Duterte visited Beijing to meet with Chinese officials, including President Xi
Jinping and Premier Li Keqiang. While announcing his "separation" from the United States in front of
Chinese and Filipino businessmen at the Philippines–China Trade and Investment Forum in Beijing on
October 20, Duterte also said that he would realign himself with the Chinese ideological flow and that he
might also travel to Russia to meet with President Vladimir Putin to "tell him that there are three of us
against the world – China, Philippines, and Russia".[190][191]

On November 20, 2016, Duterte met with Putin during the sidelines of the APEC summit in Lima, Peru.
Duterte has praised Putin's leadership skills and called him his "idol". Putin also invited Duterte to visit
Moscow.[192][193] Duterte said that he would visit Moscow on May 25, 2017, where a defense cooperation
agreement between the Philippines and Russia is expected to be finalized.[194]
 During an interview with RT
in November, Duterte said
that the Philippines is "not
ready" for military alliances
with China and Russia due to
the Mutual Defense Treaty
signed between the
Philippines and the U.S.;
however, he clarified that the Duterte meets with Russian
Duterte's handshake with Chinese
Philippines could seek President Vladimir Putin during the
President Xi Jinping prior to the
stronger diplomatic APEC summit in Lima, Peru,
bilateral meetings at the Great Hall of
cooperation with China and November 19, 2016.
the People in Beijing, October 20,
2016 Russia, as well as other
countries, "to make the
world more peaceful".[195] Russian Ambassador to the Philippines
Igor Khovaev expounded on Duterte's statement by saying that the Russian government is offering a
strategic partnership with the Philippines, not a military alliance, and added that Russia does not believe in
establishing military alliances with Asia. However, Khovaev explained that the Russian government is open
to assisting the Philippines in purchasing Russian-made weaponry.[196]

On May 1, 2017, following a visit to three Chinese naval ships at the Port of Davao, Duterte expressed
interest in conducting joint military exercises between the Philippine Armed Forces and China's People's
Liberation Army in Mindanao, particularly in the Sulu Sea.[197]

In July 2019, UN ambassadors of 37 countries, including the Philippines, have signed a joint letter to the
UNHRC defending China's treatment of Uyghurs in the Xinjiang region.[198]

Territorial disputes

On July 12, 2016, the Permanent Court of Arbitration tribunal in the Hague announced its ruling in favor of
the Philippines in its case filed under the Benigno Aquino III administration in 2013 against China on issues
regarding the South China Sea under the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the
Sea, including the latter's nine-dash line claim which the tribunal ruled had no legal basis.[104] Three days
after, during a testimonial dinner in San Juan, Duterte asked former President Fidel Ramos to lead the
Philippine envoy to Beijing for bilateral negotiations with China over the disputes.[199] Ramos accepted the
offer on July 23,[200] but resigned on October 31.[201] During his first State of the Nation Address on July
25, Duterte said that his administration "strongly affirms and respects" the ruling and would use it as a guide
to negotiate for a resolution on the territorial disputes.[202] Duterte prefers to discuss the issue quietly and
directly with China and has vowed not to raise the issue before the Association of Southeast Asian
Nations.[203][204] Duterte said "he would not want to antagonize China" and would want to "maintain good
relations with China" to "create an environment where we sit down and talk directly".[204]

On October 12, Duterte declared his intention to terminate joint US–Philippine naval patrols in the South
China Sea, which he believes could needlessly antagonize China.[205] His reticent approach with China
contrasts with his otherwise "belligerent rhetoric and swaggering persona"; he has received support for some
political ads from an anonymous Chinese donor.[206]

On October 20 in Beijing, Duterte and Chinese President Xi Jinping agreed to resume direct talks on the
dispute.[207]
When then U.S. Secretary of State-designate Rex Tillerson threatened China's positions on the islands, the
Philippines said that Tillerson was speaking for the U.S. only in the U.S.'s interest and prerogatives.[208]
Delfin Lorenzana, Duterte's Defense Secretary, rejected the possibility of war against China over the islands
in the South China Sea.[209]

On April 6, 2017, Duterte ordered the Armed Forces of the Philippines to occupy and fortify at least nine
uninhabited islands in the South China Sea. He announced plans to visit the Philippine-administered Thitu
(Pag-asa) Island during Independence Day and raise a Philippine flag there.[210] Duterte also ordered the
Philippine Navy to build structures on the Benham Rise in order to reassure the Philippines' sovereignty
over the undersea region, following the sighting of Chinese survey vessels.[211] He also announced plans to
rename the Benham Rise to the Philippine Ridge.[212] On April 12, Duterte canceled his plan to visit the
Thitu (Pag-asa) Island, citing goodwill and friendship with China.[213] On April 21, Defense Secretary
Delfin Lorenzana announced the allocation of ₱1.6 billion to develop the Thitu (Pag-asa) Island, despite
rejection from the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs.[214] The development of the island is expected to
include the construction of a marine research center, beaching facilities, a radio station, an ice plant, and a
power station, as well as the improvement of the Rancudo airstrip runway.[215] On May 16, 2017, Duterte
signed an executive order formally renaming the Benham Rise to the Philippine Rise.[216]

In February 2018, the Philippine Daily Inquirer published aerial surveillance photos of Chinese military
fortifications in the South China Sea which showed runways, hangars, control towers, helipads, radomes and
multi-storey buildings on reefs across the region, described by the newspaper as "island fortresses". The
photos, which were mostly taken in late 2017, were authenticated by the Center for Strategic and
International Studies, which described them as "the most complete, detailed batch of aerial pics available",
and stated that the "photos show China is nearly done with its militarization of South China Sea". Duterte's
spokesman told reporters: "[The region has] long been militarized. And the question is, what can we do?" -
which led to accusations of dereliction of his "sacred core duty" of defending Philippine territory.[217]

United States

On September 12, 2016, Duterte said that he is "not a fan of the

Americans" and that he wants to "reorient" foreign policy with the
United States. He requested that U.S. forces in Mindanao should
leave the Philippines, specifically those who are part of the
Operation Enduring Freedom, saying that it would "inflame the
situation with the Abu Sayyaf".[218][219] Duterte said on September
13 that he does not plan to cut ties with the United States, but wants
to reiterate the administration's pursuit of an "independent foreign
Duterte with then-U.S. Secretary of
policy" in accordance with the Constitution; the administration will
State John Kerry, July 26, 2016
continue to honor mutual agreements like the Visiting Forces
Agreement and the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement.[220]
On September 20, Duterte said: "I never said get out of the
Philippines, for after all, we need them there in the China Sea. We don't have armaments."[221][222]

On September 27, Duterte vowed not to allow the U.S. government to interfere with the policies of his
administration. He criticized the U.S. government for "lecturing" his administration on human rights amidst
their campaign on illegal drugs and said that he will "cross the Rubicon with the U.S." Duterte added that he
plans to forge "new alliances" with China and Russia in trade and commerce.[223] U.S. Department of State
deputy spokesperson Mark Toner responded to Duterte's criticisms by saying that the Philippine–U.S.
relations could still remain "strong and unabated" despite Duterte's criticisms.[224] The following day, while
addressing the Filipino community in Hanoi, Duterte said that the Balikatan military exercises and the joint
naval patrols in the South China Sea between the Philippines and the U.S. in October would be "its last" in
order to avoid provoking conflict with China.[225][226]

On October 5, Duterte accused the U.S. of refusing to sell

armaments to the Philippines and said that he would rather purchase
armaments from China and Russia.[227] In an attempt to repair
relations with the U.S., Duterte's Defense Secretary, Delfin
Lorenzana, said Duterte was "misinformed" about the U.S. alliance:
"Maybe, the defense ministry and the armed forces were remiss in
providing him the correct information."[228]

On October 6, Duterte's then-Foreign Secretary Perfecto Yasay Jr.

Duterte with then U.S. Secretary of
denounced the idea of the Philippines being regarded as a "little
State Rex Tillerson, August 7, 2017
brown brother" by the U.S.[229] Yasay said that the Philippines had
been "failed" by the U.S.[230][231]

On October 20, while on a trip to Beijing, Duterte declared a "separation" from the United States which he
stated had lost militarily, socially, and economically, and emphasized a realignment of the Philippines to
move closer to China.[232] During a press conference after arriving from Beijing, Duterte clarified that what
he meant by "separation" was a "separation of a foreign policy" and not a severance of diplomatic ties,
saying that it would not be feasible to cut diplomatic ties with the U.S. due to the large number of Filipino
Americans.[233] U.S. Department of State spokesperson John Kirby responded by saying: "We are going to
be seeking an explanation of exactly what the president meant when he talked about separation from the
U.S.; it's not clear what that means and all its ramifications."[234] On October 23, U.S. Assistant Secretary of
State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs Daniel R. Russel traveled to Manila to seek clarification and
explanation for Duterte's comments with Philippine officials, including Foreign Affairs Secretary Perfecto
Yasay Jr. and Defense Secretary Delfin Lorenzana.[235][236]

On November 7, Secretary Lorenzana clarified that the joint

Balikatan exercises will continue along with the Enhanced Defense
Cooperation Agreement, but the Cooperation Afloat Readiness and
Training amphibious landing exercises between the Philippine
Marine Corps and the U.S. Navy would be discontinued. He
specified that bilateral drills on counter-terrorism, humanitarian
response, special operations, engineering projects, and civic action
will remain, all of which have been approved by Duterte.[237]
Duterte with U.S. President Donald
Following the 2016 U.S. presidential election, Presidential
Trump in Manila, November 13, 2017
Communications Secretary Martin Andanar offered "warm
congratulations" to Donald Trump on his election victory. He said
that Duterte "look[ed] forward to working with the incoming
administration for enhanced Philippines–US relations anchored on mutual respect, mutual benefit and
shared commitment to democratic ideals and the rule of law".[238] While in Kuala Lumpur, Duterte
personally congratulated Trump by greeting him "Mabuhay!" and expressed hope that the Trump
administration would honor obligations and treaties signed between the Philippines and the U.S.[239] On
December 2, Duterte called then-President-elect Trump to personally congratulate him once more and
invited him to visit the Philippines for the Twelfth East Asia Summit in 2017, while Trump invited Duterte
to visit him in New York City and Washington, D.C. after the former's inauguration.[240] On April 29, 2017,
President Trump called Duterte to inform him of his planned visit to the Philippines in November for the
East Asia Summit. Trump also extended an invitation to Duterte to visit him at the White House.[241] During
their call, Duterte urged Trump to show restraint in dealing with North Korea over their nuclear weapons
program, warning him that the region could suffer "immensely".[242] Trump also praised Duterte's drug war
during the call, telling him "I just wanted to congratulate you because I am hearing of the unbelievable job
on the drug problem."[243][244]

ASEAN

Duterte has placed great importance on the Philippines' diplomatic

relations with its ASEAN neighbors. Following tradition, his first
trips outside the country were to Indonesia, Myanmar, Thailand,
Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Brunei, and Singapore.[245]

In 2017 the Philippines was chair and host to the ASEAN summits, a
series of diplomatic conferences centering on the Association of
Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The culminating event was held
in Manila on November 10–14 (31st summit). It was attended by ten Duterte joins other ASEAN heads of
states, holding hands as a symbol of
ASEAN leaders.[246]
unity in Vientiane, Laos, September
7, 2016.
Economic policy

Early in his term, Duterte's expletive-laden outbursts triggered the

biggest exodus from stocks in a year and made the peso Asia's worst
performer in September 2016. The Philippine currency was at a
seven-year low and rounding out its worst month since May 2010. In
the same month, the Philippine peso completed its biggest monthly
decline since October 2000 amid the biggest outflow from the
nation's stocks in a year.[247] According to the Philippines' Finance
Secretary Carlos Dominguez, the peso's slump this year is "mainly
due to a deteriorating trade outlook because of rising imports of Duterte speaking at the World
capital goods, which is normal for a country that is growing very Economic Forum in Phnom Penh,
Cambodia, May 11, 2017
fast".[248] Currency strategists have, however, "predicted a rebound
once investors see beyond Duterte's words".[249]

After 100 days in office, former president Ramos, a political ally-mentor of Duterte, said that "Duterte has
been a huge disappointment and letdown" and "the government was losing badly by prioritizing a war on
drugs at the expense of issues like poverty, living costs, foreign investment, and jobs".[250][251] Based on
subsequent surveys conducted by the Social Weather Stations, optimism in the economic prospects under the
Duterte administration remains "excellent" with more Filipinos believing that the quality of their lives will
improve in the next 12 months.[252] This is supported by polls conducted by Pulse Asia one year after
Duterte took office, wherein approval (82%) and trust (81%) ratings for Duterte still remain very high.[253]

Duterte's verbal attacks especially to the US and EU are viewed by many Filipinos as a threat to their jobs
especially those working for foreign companies.[254] Mark Williams, chief of Asia economist at Capital
Economics, said, "Certainly, investors are worried by some of the things he's saying, he's really unnerved
people".[255] The Philippine government, however, expects that employment, especially in BPO industries,
will continue to keep on rising.[256] Despite Duterte's bluster and the messy local politics however, the long-
term view for the Philippine economy looks good and has even pessimists conceding that gross domestic
product should grow close to 7% over the next three to five years. "Twin catalysts of infrastructure spending
and tax reform will drive the market over the next two years", Dante Tinga, head of research at BDO
Nomura in Manila, tells Barron's. "There's an investment boom under way, which I believe will help in
rerating the market over the next 12 months."[257]
In December, government data revealed that the Philippines' output of nickel ore fell 16 percent in the third
quarter from a year earlier, after the country, which is the world's top supplier of the metal, suspended some
mines in a clampdown on environmental violations. Production dropped to 19.8 million tonnes in the nine
months to September from 25.97 million tonnes a year ago, according to the data.[258] According to Finance
Secretary Carlos Dominguez, the "Philippine economy is delivering the performance we anticipated,
notwithstanding the political noise and a significant terrorist event in Mindanao". Dominguez gave the
assessment during the Banyan Tree Leadership Forum of the Center for Strategic and International
Studies.[259]

Presidential immunity

On November 7, 2016, Senator Leila de Lima, Duterte's chief government critic, filed a Supreme Court writ
of habeas data against Duterte, testing the doctrine of presidential immunity, stating, "The verbal attacks on
petitioner's womanhood and threats on her person are not covered by presidential immunity from suit
because they are not the official act of a President." The 20-page writ asked, "Can a sitting President wage a
personal vendetta against petitioner and use the resources of his powerful office to crucify her as a woman, a
human being, and a duly elected senator in violation of her right to privacy in life, liberty and security?"[260]
De Lima's counsel, De La Salle University College of Law dean Jose Manuel Diokno, said "Immunity
cannot be used to block this case. There is a blatant violation of the magna carta for women, code of conduct
for public officials. We hope the Supreme Court will listen to the plea of Senator de Lima and give
consideration to this petition because we believe it is of groundbreaking importance".[261]

Duterte had repeatedly criticized De Lima for an alleged adulterous affair with her driver and her alleged
"propensity for sex".[261] He said in August 2016 that she was an "immoral woman" who had no right to
criticize the extrajudicial killings because she had "a very sordid personal and official life".[262] She was
subsequently removed from her position chairing a Senate committee investigating the killings, and was
then forced to leave her home out of fear for her safety.[263] The writ cited several cases of Duterte
admitting that he wanted to drive her to suicide. De Lima demanded to know which foreign country had
assisted Duterte in his surveillance of her private conversations, as he had claimed, and how it was carried
out.[264][265]

Presidential spokesperson Ernesto Abella said that "Senator Leila de Lima is apparently playing the gender
card as a shield against mounting evidence of her ties with high-profile drug lords and the proliferation of
drug trade in the New Bilibid Prison." Chief Presidential Legal Counsel Salvador Panelo said that "the
president is immune from suit but even if he is not, the petition has no basis in fact nor in law".[266]

Duterte had already made light of the fact of his capacity to give presidential pardons, even with presidential
immunity, when he vowed to pardon himself the moment he became president during the 2016
campaign:[267][268]

Public image
Rodrigo Duterte developed a reputation as a "protector" and "savior" in his hometown of Davao City as
mayor of the city for more than two decades. This is despite reports of death squads in the city.[269]

Rodrigo Duterte has been described as a populist, with his foul-mouthed remarks against the country's elite
which positioned him as a "man of the people" as critical to his victory in the 2016 presidential election.[270]
He has also been compared to U.S. President Donald Trump for his rhetorical style.[269]

Supporters
Ardent supporters of Duterte have been labeled as "Diehard Duterte
Supporters", alternatively known as "Digong Duterte Supporters",
which shares the acronym with the Davao Death Squad (DDS).[271]
This label has been applied to the 16 million people who voted for
him in the 2016 presidential election.[272]

Several other Facebook groups with the acronym "DDS" supported

Duterte as early as 2011. Among these groups is the Duterte Defense
Squad, which was created on July 5, 2011. Other examples include
Duterte meets with the Filipino
Digong Duterte Supporters-Registered Nurses Group, Duterte's
community in Jakarta, September 9,
Destiny is to Serve the Country, Digong Duterte Swerte (lit. Digong
2016.
Duterte is (Good) Luck), and Davsur Duterte Supporters. In 2015,
members of the various groups urged Duterte to run for
president.[273]

Controversy and criticism

Human rights concerns

In October 2016, the French newspaper Libération depicted Duterte

as a "serial killer president", pertaining to the spate of drug-related
killings in the Philippines. The newspaper report drew condemnation
from the Filipino community in France. Presidential Spokesperson
Ernesto Abella said in a radio interview that the newspaper's
presentation of Duterte as a serial killer was "very unfair" and
"irresponsible" while DILG Secretary Ismael Sueno stated that the
description was "too much" and noted the lack of understanding over
Protest against the Philippine war on
the administration's war on drugs.[274][275][276]
drugs in front of the Philippine
Consulate General in New York City,
Then Presidential Spokesperson Harry Roque cited a Social Weather
October 2016
Stations survey showing a “record-low” of 6.1 percent of Filipinos
who said they had fallen victim to common crimes. “We reiterate
that the administration’s campaign against illegal drugs is conducted
through legitimate police enforcement operations, and deaths arising from these are due to the drug
personalities’ violent resistance to lawful apprehensions,” he said.[277]

As 2016 concluded, the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP) nominated Duterte as
a runner-up in their 2016 Person of the Year Award that "recognizes the individual who has done the most in
the world to advance organized criminal activity and corruption".[278] The OCCRP panel members who
recognized Duterte noted his use of "death squads to slaughter drug dealers (and users)", with some panelists
comparing his use of vigilante groups to those of the 2016 Person of the Year Award winner, Venezuelan
president Nicolás Maduro.[278] In 2017, the investigative journalists' network OCCRP has named Duterte
Person of the Year in Organized Crime.[279]

Duterte has consistently voiced his grudge against the Commission of Human Rights, much to the dismay of
various human rights groups and advocates.[280] He has also threatened the abolition of the constitutionally
supported institution.[281][282] Under Duterte's first year, budget spending for the Commission of Human
Rights was cut by 72.9 million;[283] Duterte's allies in the congress even insisted that the said agency
deserves zero budget.[284] The 2018 budget for the CHR was set to ₱1,000 (US$20) by Duterte's allies in the
congress, which was lauded by Duterte stating that they had it coming due to CHR's chairman Chito Gascon
being a "yellow" (Liberal Party affiliated) and speaking out against Duterte's War on Drugs.[285] Not
contented with his insults against Gascon, Duterte has also accused Gascon of being a pedophile for caring
so much about the deaths of minors. Duterte also stated that the CHR aligned themselves with his political
enemies, stating that there are crimes against children happening everyday but the CHR only focuses on the
crimes of his administration.[286] The CHR budget was restored by the Senate after thousands of Filipinos
have expressed their outrage and dismay against Duterte and his allies on social media and on the
streets.[287]

On August 16, 2017, Duterte remarked that he would have the Commission on Human Rights investigated
and has threatened them with violence if they are found to be "obstructing justice".[288]

Many have expressed criticism of Duterte's stance against Human Rights,[289][290][291] but Duterte believes
that the number of deaths due to extrajudicial killings and summary executions are a measure of his success
in his war against drugs.[292][293][294]

Duterte firmly believes that killing criminals is not a crime against humanity, reasoning that criminals have
"no humanity".[295]

Following the death of Kian de los Santos, a minor allegedly executed by policemen under the admin's War
on Drugs, United Nations special rapporteur Agnes Callamard implored Duterte to make de los Santos'
death the last.[296] Duterte responded by severely cursing Callamard and taunting her to come to the
Philippines.[297]

Callamard had previously opined that de los Santos was murdered by the police after a CCTV recording
revealed footage of policemen dragging an unarmed boy against his will, contrary to the local police
officers' claims that the boy fought back with a gun.[298] Callamard tweeted her statement in response to
Duterte's blasé speech admitting that Kian was indeed murdered, a week after Kian's death.[299] In a
previous speech, Duterte told policemen to shoot suspects who resist arrest, and even joked that "if they
don't resist, make them fight back".[300]

During his diatribe against Callamard, Duterte had accused France of having a policy of "guilty until proven
innocent", an erroneous assumption which the French embassy corrected later on.[301] France is among the
United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) members which expressed serious concerns over the
extrajudicial killings and enforced disappearances. Representatives from Bulgaria, France, Germany, Ghana,
Hungary, Lithuania, Latvia and Peru recommended to the Philippines to allow Callamard to conduct an
investigation into the alleged extrajudicial killings in connection with President Duterte's war on drugs. The
concerned member states include Australia, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Vatican
City, Iceland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Portugal, Sierra Leone, Spain, Slovenia,
Switzerland, United Kingdom and the United States.[302] Duterte stated that there is no guarantee that Kian
would be the last. He promised that there will be more people killed for the sake of ending the "drugs
problem".[303] Barely a month after Kian's death, it was followed by the deaths of Carl Arnaiz and Reynaldo
de Guzman who were all minors found to be murdered by gunshot wounds.[304] Duterte has stated that it
was not state policy to kill drug suspects. He also expressed ridicule at allegations that they were killed
similarly to Kian. Duterte rebuked the media, saying "how could he kill them, when one of them is even a
relative" and has also claimed that the slaying of minors is done in an attempt to discredit the PNP and
undermine his war on drugs.[305]

Callamard stated that her official visit to the Philippines to engage with Duterte is not possible due to the
pre-conditions imposed by Duterte's admin to force her to engage in a public debate.[306] Callamard had
repeatedly refused Duterte's taunts for her to engage him in "public debate", saying that her visit should not
be for "entertainment".[307]
Human Rights Watch (HRW) called the first year of Duterte in office a human rights calamity. HRW
estimates that there has been 7,000 extrajudicial killings from the day Duterte first took office to January
2017.[308] The Duterte administration suspended the drugs war in February 2017 in an effort to cleanse the
police ranks of supposed corruption, also halting the disclosure of figures on deaths related to drug arrests
and raids.[309] In March 2017, HRW released a special investigation and report on the state of police related
shooting, titled "License To Kill".[310] The New York Times had also released a video documentary "When A
President Says I'll Kill You", which depicts Duterte's war on drugs through a local photographer's eyes.[311]
On August 17, 2017, HRW called Duterte a threat to the human rights community after he made threats
against human rights activists.[312] By August 2017, human rights groups and activists had claimed that
more than 13,000 people had been killed in extrajudicial killings including those they believed the
government had executed such as Kian de los Santos, contrary to government figures which estimated it to
be "only" around 3,000.[313]

On May 8, 2017, Jude Sabio, the lawyer of Edgar Matobato, filed a case against Duterte in the International
Criminal Court (ICC).[314] An online petition for the ICC to investigate Duterte for advocating shoot-to-kill
orders had been filed in Change.org only three months after he started to serve as president, following the
drastic increase in vigilante killings and Duterte's advocacy to kill drug pushers.[315]

In January 2020, the International Criminal Court confirmed that an investigation into Duterte's involvement
with the death squads was ongoing, despite the Philippines having withdrawn from the ICC two years prior,
because it continued to have jurisdiction over crimes committed when the country was still a member.
Duterte had withdrawn the country just one month after the opening of the investigation.[316]

Following the UN's 72nd General Assembly, Foreign Secretary Alan Peter Cayetano, who represented
Duterte who did not attend it, states that it scored a big victory claiming that the UNHRC "overwhelmingly
adopted Manila's human rights report card".[317] The CHR however states that these claims are nothing
more than "doublespeak" that serves to deliberately mislead people to think that the Duterte admin is serious
about human rights. The Philippines did not accept 154 recommendations of other UN member-states,
including a condition-less visit for UN special rapporteur on extrajudicial killings Agnes Callamard and a
thorough investigation of the deaths in connection with the war on drugs.[318]

Homophobic comments

In May 2019, implying that being gay is a disease, Duterte stated that he used to be gay, but was "cured" of
his homosexuality when he met his ex-wife, Elizabeth Zimmerman. The president claimed someone told
him the way Antonio Trillanes - a critic of the Duterte administration - moved suggested he was a
homosexual, saying ‘I said: “Are you sure?” They said: “You ask any gay person who sees Trillanes move,
they’ll say he’s gay.” then adding "Good thing Trillanes and I are similar. But I cured myself. When I began
a relationship with Zimmerman, I said, this is it. I became a man again.” adding "Duterte is gay. So I am
gay, I don't care if I'm gay or not".[319][320][321]

Duterte has also often used terms like "bakla" and "bayot," words that mean gay, as insults to his political
enemies. During his presidential campaign, Duterte had initially appeared to have liberal views on
homosexuality, saying the Bible should have recognized gays. But as president, Duterte has been
inconsistent on his views on same-sex marriage, saying in March 2017 that marriage was only for a man and
woman, under Philippine law. But by the end of the year, Duterte told an LGBT gathering that he thinks the
law can be changed to allow same-sex marriage.

A survey conducted by the Pew Research Center in 2013 reported that 73% of Filipinos believe that
homosexuality should be accepted, making the Philippines the second most gay-friendly country in the
Asia-Pacific region.
In 2012, when Duterte was still vice mayor of Davao City, he encouraged a local council to pass an anti-
discrimination ordinance protecting the LGBT community. Making Davao City one of the regions in the
Philippines to do so. In 2015, he stated on national television that he opposes the "bullying" of gay people.
He further stated that same-sex marriage is "good" because "everyone deserves to be happy"

Although Duterte wavered his support in early of 2017, his support towards the LGBT community
strengthened when he clarified that he has nothing against same sex-marriage, but the law needs to be
amended.[322]

In 2018, Duterte stated his opposition to same-sex marriage but favored same-sex civil union.[323]

In January 2019, Duterte attacked the country's Catholic bishops and claimed most of them were gay after
the church criticised his war on drugs. Saying “Only I can say bishops are sons of bitches, damn you …
Most of them are gay. They should come out in the open, cancel celibacy and allow them to have
boyfriends.”[324]

Rape comments

Duterte had made another remark regarding rape when he rallied the troops during the war against the
Maute in Marawi, saying that he would absolve them if they happen to rape people.[325][326][327][328]
Malacañang had defended Duterte's remarks, stating that it should not be taken seriously because it is due to
heightened bravado.[329] Several public officials expressed their distaste for the remark,[330] including a
Bangsamoro committee member who quit the council out of sheer disgust.[331] Women's rights groups
protested Duterte's statements claiming that rape is a heinous crime and should not be joked about, even
alleging that the Maranao refugees in the evacuation camps were being threatened with rape by soldiers who
were encouraged by the President.[332][333]

Chelsea Clinton expressed her disapproval of Duterte through social media,[334] to which Duterte defended
himself saying that he was being "sarcastic" when he made the remark.[335] Displeased with her comments,
Duterte launched a verbal tirade against Clinton by bringing up the Lewinsky scandal, in which her father,
former U.S. President Bill Clinton, was involved.[336]

During the second time that Duterte visited Marawi, he also made a remark on using "starlets", along with a
free trip to Hong Kong, to reward the soldiers for their valor, much to the hoots and the laughter of the
soldiers.[337]

In August 2018, Duterte's home province of Davao had the highest number of reported rape cases.[338]
Duterte responded by joking that Davao has "many beautiful women".[339] which explains the high rate. His
comments were defended by his daughter, Sara Duterte, who asked his critics: "What have you done for
Davao?".[340] Presidential spokesperson Harry Roque also defended his comments, saying that "it's more
liberal in the South".[341]

International stage

Duterte's records on human rights and his long history of comments considered to be offensive, provocative,
threatening, etc. have received sharp international criticism. He has been accused by his critics in the media
of having a "dirty mouth".[342] He had, however, promised to behave in a "prim and proper" manner on the
national and international stage once he was to be inaugurated as President, to the point that, "almost, I
would become holy."[343]
In July 2016, Duterte accused the United Kingdom and the United
States of importing terrorism to the Middle East through its
interventions, saying: "The U.S. destroyed the Middle East. ... Great
Britain and the U.S. will not admit that they forced their way to Iraq
and killed Saddam. Look at Iraq now. Look what happened to Libya.
Look what happened to Syria."[344][345]

In August 2016, Duterte was criticized after he made a homophobic

comment (using a Tagalog language slur) about the US Ambassador
Duterte meets with King Salman of
to the Philippines Philip Goldberg, stating "As you know, I'm
Saudi Arabia in April 2017
fighting with (US Secretary of State John Kerry's) ambassador. His
gay ambassador, the son of a whore. He pissed me off." Duterte
added: "He [Goldberg] meddled during the elections, giving
statements here and there. He was not supposed to do that." The U.S. State Department summoned the
Filipino chargé d'affaires Patrick Chuasoto to discuss Duterte's comments.[346] Duterte refused to
apologize.[347]

In the same month, United Nations human rights experts called for an end to extrajudicial killings of
suspected drug dealers, about 900 of whom had been executed since the May election, accusing Duterte of
"incitement to violence and killing, a crime under international law".[348] In response, Duterte threatened to
leave the UN and form a separate organization with China and African nations. He announced in a news
conference on August 19: "You now, United Nations, if you can say one bad thing about me, I can give you
10 [about you]. I tell you, you are an inutil ("useless" in Filipino street language, from the French inutile
which means the same thing). Because if you are really true to your mandate, you could have stopped all
these wars and killing [in Syria and Iraq]." Asked about possible repercussions, he stated: "What is ...
repercussions? I don't give a shit to them." He said that the UN had acted against protocol: "You do not just
go out and give a shitting statement against a country."[32]

At the 2016 ASEAN Summit, Duterte and U.S. President Barack Obama planned to meet with each
other.[349] The United States said that President Obama planned to discuss the 2,400 Filipinos who died
during Duterte's war on drugs.[349] Duterte criticized the planned topic of the meeting, saying, "I am no
American puppet. I am the president of a sovereign country and I am not answerable to anyone except the
Filipino people. You must be respectful. Do not just throw away questions and statements. Son of a whore, I
will curse you in that forum."[350] The vulgar insult prompted the White House to cancel the meeting
instead.[351] During a press conference at the 2016 G20 Hangzhou summit in China, President Obama
discussed the cancellation of the meeting, saying: "I always want to make sure that if I'm having a meeting,
that it's actually productive and we're getting something done."[352] Obama and Duterte later met
informally.[353]

On September 30, 2016, Duterte appeared to compare the killings of suspected drug addicts to the Holocaust
saying: "Hitler massacred three million Jews. Now, there are 3 million drug addicts. ... I'd be happy to
slaughter them."[354] His remarks drew international outrage particularly from the Jewish Communities.
World Jewish Congress president Ronald S. Lauder condemned the statement,[355] as did the Anti-
Defamation League.[356] Israeli Foreign Ministry also condemned his remarks while the German
government slammed Duterte's comments as unacceptable, and called in the Philippine ambassador to the
Foreign Ministry over the matter.[357][358][359] On October 2 he apologized to the Jewish community.[360]
When listening to the full conference,[361][362] he was in fact referring to the accusation of genocide by
lawyers of the European Union who wanted him to face the International Court of Justice and, as
Presidential spokesman Ernesto Abella explained, that it "was an oblique reflection of the way he has been
pictured as a mass murderer, a Hitler, a label he rejects".[363]
In September 2016, Duterte said that the United States has not even
apologized to the Philippines for its atrocities during the Philippine–
American War.[218] In October 2016, Duterte continued his tirade
against the US and the European Union saying in Tagalog that "Mr.
Obama, you can go to hell. EU, better choose purgatory. Hell is
already full. Why should I be afraid of you?"[364]

Duterte's constant cursing had local officials worried that the

Philippines would lose foreign aid from the United States and
Duterte and Indian Prime Minister
European Union. He responded that “If you think it is high time for
Narendra Modi in January 2018
you guys to withdraw your assistance, go ahead. We will not beg for
it. We have a problem here trying to preserve our society" he said.
The President continued that he would “be the first to go hungry. I
will be the first one to die of hunger". Local actress Agot Isidro responded in Tagalog "First of all, no one's
trying to fight you. As a matter of fact, you're the one who's picking a fight. Secondly, the country where
you are elected as President by 16 million out of 100+ million is Third World. You talk as if the Philippines
is a superpower. Excuse me, we don't want to go hungry. If you want, you do it yourself. Leave us out of it.
So many people have nothing to eat, and yet you'll starve us even further".[365] Her sentiments were echoed
by Senator Panfilo Lacson adding that "if the economy worsen, the entire Filipino people will be affected,
they will go hungry as well".[366]

Former president Fidel Ramos on his resignation as special envoy to China stated that he did not like
Duterte's treatment of US president Barack Obama and lambasted the administration on its refusal to ratify
the Paris Agreement on Climate Change which was later agreed by Duterte.[367][368][369]

During the 2016 APEC Summit in Peru, President Duterte skipped two major events due to jet lag. In a
press conference at his office in Makati, former president Ramos hit the absence of Duterte at the APEC
gala dinner and the shoot for the leaders’ traditional family photo. Ramos said that while Duterte and his
Cabinet may have thought that the two events are negligible, it could have disappointed the host country.
“Peru President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski must be very disappointed,” Ramos said. He said the gala night
could have been an opportunity for Duterte to exchange ideas with world leaders and sickness is an
unacceptable alibi to skip such an important gathering.[370]

In January 2018, Duterte revealed that he advised Myanmar's Aung San Suu Kyi to 'ignore human rights
criticisms on Rohingya issue'.[371] In April 5, 2018, Duterte recognized the existence of a genocide against
the Rohingya people.[372]

Catholic Church

Duterte has referred to the Catholic Church as "the most hypocritical

institution", after the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the
Philippines president Socrates Villegas released a pastoral letter
indirectly referring to Duterte as a "morally reprehensible" candidate
who has shown "scant regard" for the rights of others and the
teachings of the Church, urging Filipino Catholics to not vote for
him.[373][374][375] Unlike many prominent politicians,[376][377][378]
Duterte has spoken in favor of birth control, LGBT rights, and
President Duterte talks with Manila
reimposition of the death penalty which was abolished by President
Archbishop Luis Antonio Cardinal
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, a devout Catholic, during her second term Tagle during a courtesy call at
in 2006.[379][380][381] Upon being elected, Duterte called local Malacañang Palace, July 19, 2016
bishops "sons of whores", and said he would expand family
planning, which the Church had been opposed to. The Catholic
Church in the Philippines had lost much of its popularity and political power since being active in
overthrowing the Marcos regime in 1986. Antonio Contreras, a political science professor at De La Salle
University in Manila, said that Duterte's attacks on the Church were likely to prove popular.[382]

Duterte was accused of having referred to Pope Francis as a "son of a whore"[382] during the pontiff's visit to
the Philippines in January 2015 because it caused traffic congestion, though he immediately apologized
publicly, explaining he wasn't using these words in regards to the Pope but rather a rant to the government's
way of preparing the Pope's visit.[383] On December 4, 2015, Duterte, along with his executive assistant
Bong Go, visited and talked with Davao Archbishop Romulo Valles and Bishop George Rimando, together
with Monsignor Paul Cuison to get lectured on Christian Values. Duterte committed to lessen his profanity
in public gatherings and even assured that he would donate ₱1,000 to Caritas Davao every time he swears in
public. He also stated that he will be planning to visit the Vatican at a later time.[384] Duterte however
canceled his planned trip and instead wrote a letter to Pope Francis dated January 21, 2016. During a
campaign rally in Ubay, Bohol, Duterte's camp showed the letter coming from the Vatican's Secretariat of
State, signed by Giovanni Angelo Becciu dated February 24, stating that Pope Francis had received his letter
and that the Vatican appreciated Duterte's apology after allegedly cursing Pope Francis in public.[385] In
January 2017, Duterte wrote a personal letter to Pope Francis, expressing his gratitude during his papal visit
in the Philippines and his "highest esteem and respect" for the pontiff.[386]

On August 28, 2016, Luis Antonio Tagle, the Archbishop of Manila, acknowledged that people were right to
be "worried about extrajudicial killing". He said that it was equivalent to abortion, "unfair labor practices",
"wasting food" and selling illegal drugs, explaining that these are all "form[s] of murder".[387] On August
31, in a speech before a gathering of a religious group in Davao City, Duterte said that he once considered
being a priest: "It's good I didn't join the priesthood," said Duterte, "or else now I would be a
homosexual."[388] Duterte's officials filed a sedition case against four bishops and three priests critical of
him.[389] He also vowed to continue to attack the Catholic Church.[390]

Views on media killings

The Philippines is one of the most dangerous countries for journalists, with 174 assassinations recorded
since the Marcos dictatorship. In a press conference on May 31, 2016, Duterte said that "Most of those
killed, to be frank, have done something. You won't be killed if you don't do anything wrong." He appeared
to announce his support for killing "corrupt" journalists: "Just because you're a journalist you are not
exempted from assassination if you're a son of a bitch".

At the press conference where Duterte announced this, he wolf-whistled at a female journalist (Mariz Umali
of GMA News) when she asked a question.[391] At a news conference on the following day he defended his
comments and refused to apologise, telling reporters, "I cannot protect you". He has been criticized by
foreign and domestic media organizations regarding his comments.[392] The Southeast Asia representative
of the Committee to Protect Journalists said: "What he has done with these irresponsible comments is give
security officials the right to kill for acts that they consider defamation. This is one of the most outrageous
statements we have ever heard from a president in the Philippines."[393]

Melinda Quintos de Jesus, executive director of the Center for Media Freedom, stated in October 2016 that
major newspapers and television stations have not critically analyzed Duterte's policies, because "they fear
him. They basically are afraid to be singled out."[394]

Despite his rocky relationship with the media, Duterte's first Administrative Order was the creation of a
Presidential Task Force on Media Security, whose main task is conduct an inventory of cases of media
killings, including unsolved cases, cases under investigation, cases under preliminary investigation, cases
under trial, and cases under appeal, and "to put an end to all forms of political violence and abuses of powers
against members of the fourth estate."[395][396] In the first year that Duterte took office, four journalists were
killed.[397]

Personal killings

Duterte has repeatedly admitted to killing three people while he was the Mayor of Davao. In December
2015, Duterte recounted shooting three gunmen dead only months into his first mayoral term in 1988 after
they had kidnapped and raped a Chinese girl. He justified his actions, saying "they were committing a crime
in my presence and I was the person in authority under the law".[23] In an interview with BBC on December
16, 2016, he said: "I killed about three of them, because there were three of them. I don't know how many
bullets from my gun went inside their bodies. It happened, and I said, I cannot lie about it".[24]

On December 14, 2016, Duterte gave a speech to business leaders in the presidential palace where he spoke
of personally killing suspected criminals as Mayor of Davao to set an example for local police. He said, "In
Davao I used to do it personally. Just to show to the guys that if I can do it why can't you. And I'd go around
in Davao with a motorcycle, with a big bike around, and I would just patrol the streets, looking for trouble
also."[24][398][399]

War on Drugs

Despite constant criticism of his war on drugs, Duterte had staunchly

defended his administration efforts at getting rid of "filth" from the
streets.[400][401] Duterte had even called former Colombian president
César Gaviria an "idiot".[402] This was after he read Gaviria's
opinion that was published in The New York Times. Gaviria claimed
that Duterte is simply repeating his mistakes during his term as
president when he used heavy-handed means in Colombia's war
against drugs.[403] Duterte said Gaviria was “lecturing” and the
Duterte shows a diagram of drug
Philippine case was different to Colombia.[402] syndicates at a press conference on
July 7, 2016.
Various international publications and media companies had claimed
that Duterte's "War on Drugs" was a war against the poor due to the
abject poverty of those arrested or killed.[404][405] In 2017, the
investigative journalists' network OCCRP reported that "Duterte has overseen the killing of more than 7,000
and possibly as many as 12,000. The statistics are hard to pin down because Duterte’s National Police
suppress all critical reports. And police are spared from any accountability or legal consequences for a
campaign that has left bodies in the streets."[279]

On August 18, 2017, Duterte admitted his mistake in trying to end drugs in six months, and it would take
him his entire term to end it.[406] Duterte stated that he had no idea when he took office that Philippines had
become a failed state, having been degenerated into a narco-state. He blamed the Bureau of Customs whose
people he thought were loyal to him. He also blamed the governors, mayors and policemen who were
involved in drugs and threatened to have them killed.[407] The Duterte administration had been using a
"narco-list" which Duterte shares with the mass media to warn public officials allegedly involved in the drug
trade to surrender.[408] Duterte claims to have received several death threats because of his campaign against
drugs. Unfazed by these, Duterte stated that he welcomes all attempts to kill him.[409]

Several senators have implored the public to express more outrage at Duterte's War on Drugs.[410][411]
Personal life
Duterte is known for being an avid fan of big bikes, but detests luxury cars. He once owned a second-hand
Harley-Davidson and a Yamaha Virago. He was once a habitual smoker, but he eventually quit after a
doctor's suggestion due to health concerns. Duterte is an avid reader of Robert Ludlum and Sidney Sheldon
novels.[412] Duterte is also known for his straightforward and vocal attitude in public, especially in
interviews, showing no hesitation in profusely using profanity live on-screen on numerous occasions despite
formal requests by media groups and schools beforehand to abstain.[413][414]

Duterte has his own local show in Davao City called Gikan Sa Masa, Para Sa Masa ("From the Masses, For
the Masses"), which is aired as a blocktimer on ABS-CBN Davao. He is also a member of Lex Talionis
Fraternitas, a fraternity based in the San Beda College of Law and the Ateneo de Davao University.[415]

Aside from his native Cebuano, Duterte is also fluent in Filipino and English.[416]

Family and ancestry

Duterte was once married to Elizabeth Abellana Zimmerman, a

flight attendant of Jewish and German American descent from
Davao City. She traces her roots in Tuburan, Cebu. They together
have three children (from eldest to youngest): Paolo ("Pulong"), Sara
("Inday Sara") and Sebastian ("Baste"). Paolo and Sara entered
politics while Baste, with no interest in politics, concentrated on
business and surfing but eventually ran and won as Davao City Vice
Mayor in 2019.[413] In 2012, Duterte made a notorious remark in a Duterte with Avanceña along with
media interview regarding an incident where Paolo's name was their daughter, Veronica
allegedly linked to a carnapping (portmanteau of car and
kidnapping) syndicate led by Ryan Yu. Duterte is infamously quoted
as having said: "Kill my son Paolo if he is involved in crime." Paolo was never charged for lack of evidence
and eventually won the vice mayoralty of Davao City vice in 2013.[417] Duterte's father, Vicente, died in
1968 while his mother, Soledad, died on February 4, 2012, at the age of 95.[418] Zimmerman was diagnosed
with stage 3 breast cancer in 2015.[419]

Duterte has been publicly very open about his infidelity and philandering while married to Zimmerman and
cited it as the reason for his failed first marriage when asked in interviews. In 1998, Zimmerman filed a
petition in the Regional Trial Court in Pasig to nullify her marriage. Duterte never appeared in court and did
not contest Zimmerman's petition. Two years later, the court decided in her favor, ending the 27-year
marriage of Duterte and Zimmerman. Duterte and Zimmerman have been on good terms in recent years with
Zimmerman stating, "Yes, [Rodrigo] is really a very good leader. That is all he is. But when it comes to
family, he is not capable of taking care of it." In 2001, Zimmerman eventually ran for a seat on the city
council but lost. Duterte and Zimmerman are said to have patched things up and appear to be civil to each
other, 15 years after their marriage was declared null and void. Zimmerman eventually joined the campaign
trail for Duterte's presidential candidacy in early 2016 called Byaheng Du30 in which she would travel by
bus to major cities together with her daughter Sara and a number of delegates.[419]

Duterte is currently living with his common-law wife Cielito "Honeylet" Avanceña, a nurse, with whom he
has one daughter named Veronica ("Kitty"). Duterte has eight grandchildren, half of whom are Muslims and
the other half Christian,[420][421] and one great grandchild.[422]

On his paternal side, he shares familial ties with some of the prominent families of the Visayas, particularly
the Almendrases and Duranos of Danao, Cebu.[a]
Religion

Despite being raised as a communicant of the Catholic Church, on January 19, 2016, while meeting with
businessmen in Binondo, Manila, Duterte clarified that he has not attended Mass for quite some time already
since he deemed it incompatible with his mayoral responsibilities: "If I listened to the Ten Commandments
or to the priests," said Duterte, "I would not be able to do anything as a mayor." He then clarified that he still
believed in God, but not in religion.[424] On June 26, 2016, Duterte said he's Christian, but also said that he
believes "in one God Allah".[374][425] Later, he challenged the evidence for the existence of God, while
paradoxically claiming he is neither an atheist nor an agnostic.[426][427] He has also called God
“stupid”.[428]

In July 2018, he called himself "spiritual" and expressed his belief in "one Supreme God", but stated he
"can't accept" Catholicism or organised religion.[429] Then, later in 2019, he was quoted as saying: "a part of
me which is Islam".[430]

Health

Duterte has Buerger's disease, an inflammation of blood vessels,

mostly in the limbs, and Barrett's esophagus, wherein esophageal cells
are gradually replaced by gastrointestinal cells. He has denied rumors
of throat cancer.[431]

Duterte admitted in December 2016 that he had been a user of the

addictive opioid drug Fentanyl. He said that a doctor prescribed the
drug to alleviate back pain and headaches, but that he would take Duterte had worn an Air Purifier
more than he was prescribed.[432] Fentanyl is described by the US onto his lungs to help the air from
National Institute on Drug Abuse as "a powerful synthetic opioid breath in despite on doings with
analgesic that is similar to morphine but is 50 to 100 times more Bong Go last October 16, 2019.
potent".[433] Duterte later denied that he was a drug addict, and a
spokesman stated that he was not affected by side-effects of the drug,
which include confusion, anxiety and hallucinations.[434]

Duterte has boasted about his use of Viagra: "When I was young, I could do overnight, which is more
expensive. When I got old, I could do short time only because I have such a short time left. After one
erection, that's it. No more. Without Viagra, it's even more difficult."[435][436]

A psychological assessment of Duterte was commissioned by Dr. Natividad Dayan during Duterte's
marriage annulment to Elizabeth Zimmerman in July 1998. The result was that Duterte (then Davao City
mayor) was found to have "antisocial narcissistic personality disorder", exemplified by "gross indifference,
insensitivity and self-centeredness", and a "grandiose sense of self-entitlement and manipulative
behaviours". He had a "pervasive tendency to demean, humiliate others and violate their rights and
feelings", and was "unable to reflect on the consequences of his actions." He also had "poor capacity for
objective judgement", failing to "see things in the light of facts".[437]

According to a document about Neuropsychological Evaluation, authored by five (5) doctorate degree
holders of the Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation -
Rehabilitation Psychology and Neuropsychology Division at the United States, a neuropsychological
assessment/ evaluation is a “snapshot” of an individual at a current point in time.[438]
In a speech to the Filipino community in Russia, Duterte admitted that he has myasthenia gravis, a
neuromuscular disease, which makes his eye droop.[439][440] Thus, this means that the President's
psychological assessment 21 years ago may not necessarily be representative or indicative of the President's
current behavior and psychological state.

Political views

Duterte described himself as left-leaning during his campaign and presidency, but has stressed that he was
not a communist, but rather a socialist.[441][442][443]

He was once a member of the leftist Kabataang Makabayan during the 1970s.[444] He himself is a student of
prominent Philippine leftist figure and founder of the Communist Party of the Philippines, Jose Maria
Sison.[445][446][447] In his presidency, he showed support for the left in a series of speeches: on one occasion
he proclaimed himself the first "leftist President"; calling the Communist Party of the Philippines
"revolutionary government"; ordered his officials to file petitions in court for the release of about twenty
jailed communist leaders, which led to their subsequent releases; and appointed several cabinet members
from the Philippine left.[448]

Honours and awards

Honour of the Philippines

Philippines: Knight Grand Cross of Rizal (KGCR) - (2017)[449]

Foreign honours
Malaysia
Johor: Grand Knight of The Most Esteemed Order of Sultan Ibrahim of Johor, 1st
Class (SMIJ) - Dato' (2019)[450]

See also
List of Presidents of the Philippines
List of Presidents of the Philippines by previous executive experience
Political positions of Rodrigo Duterte

Notes
a. Brothers Facundo & Severo Duterte both married women from Danao; Severo's daughter
Beatriz married post-War business magnate Ramon M. Durano, Sr. Their descendants
constitute the modern-day political family of the Duranos of Danao, Cebu. Ramon M. Durano,
Sr.'s sister Elisea married Paulo Almendras, and their descendants constitute the modern-day
Almendrases of Cebu. One of their descendants, Jose Rene Almendras is a former Secretary
of the Department of Foreign Affairs (acting).[423]

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Further reading
"The Punisher" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160310043457/http://eyeforaneye.vice.com/edit
orial/the-punisher). Eye for an Eye. (Vice) Bethesda Softworks LLC. Archived from the original
(http://eyeforaneye.vice.com/editorial/the-punisher) on March 10, 2016. Retrieved
September 14, 2016.
O'Neill, Marnie (August 2, 2016). "Horrific pictures: 300 dead in Philippine President Rodrigo
Duterte's national drug crackdown" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160910020236/http://www.
news.com.au/lifestyle/real-life/news-life/horrific-pictures-300-dead-in-philippine-president-rodrig
o-dutertes-national-drug-crackdown/news-story/deaf7d9f72745baf629c36beb1951940).
News.com.au. Archived from the original (http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/real-life/news-life/h
orrific-pictures-300-dead-in-philippine-president-rodrigo-dutertes-national-drug-crackdown/new
s-story/deaf7d9f72745baf629c36beb1951940) on September 10, 2016. Retrieved
September 14, 2016.

External links
MORE VIGILANTE-STYLE KILLINGS REPORTED IN DAVAO CITY (https://wikileaks.org/plus
d/cables/05MANILA312_a.html) Leaked US cable, January 20, 2005
DAVAO OFFICIALS DENY VIGILANTE KILLINGS, BUT HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION
BLAMES MAYOR (https://search.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09MANILA1002_a.html) Leaked
cable to US Secretary of State, May 8, 2009
100 Days of Change: President Rodrigo Duterte (http://president.gov.ph/)

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