BJT AC ANALYSIS ( PART1)

Notes objective

• Becomes familiar with re, hybrid and hybrid π models for the BJT transistor.
• Learn to use the equivalent model to find the important ac parameters for an amplifier.

Till Now I hope u are clear with basic construction, appearance and characteristics of the transistors. After finding
the dc response of the BJT Amplifier, Now is the time to find the AC response of the circuit.

One of our first concern in the ac analysis of transistor network is the magnitude of the i/p signal.. here in this
tutorial we are going to deal with small signal technique.

Small signal: -

If is the amplitude of the input and output signals are small in comparison to quiescent value voltage and current,
they are called small signals.

Large signal: -

If the amplitude of the signal are comparable or large in comparison to the quiescent value of voltage & current,
they are called large signal.

There are three models commonly used in the small signal ac analysis of transistor networks:
• The re model
• The hybrid model
• The hybrid π models..

Steps to do AC Analysis of the BJT Amplifier Circuit

1. Setting all dc sources to zero and replace them by short circuit equivalent.
2. Replacing all capacitors by a short circuit equivalent.
3. Removing all elements bypassed by the short circuit equivalents introduced by step 1 and step2
4. Redrawing the network in a more convenient and logical form.
5. Replace the BJT with its small signal model.
6. Solve for voltage and current transfer gain and input and output impedances (node- voltage method is the best).
One
How to obtain AC Equivalent Circuit of Common Emitter Amplifier Circuit

Following Step 1 and 2 and 3 we Get the circuit of fig 2

1.Setting all dc sources to zero and replace them by short circuit equivalent.
2.Replacing all capacitors by a short circuit equivalent.
3.Removing all elements bypassed by the short circuit equivalents introduced by step 1 and step2
4. Redrawing the network in a more convenient and logical form

Figure2

Figure1

After following step 4 we get the the circuit in fig 3

Figure3

AC Equivalent Circuit of Common Emitter Amplifier

 BJT Transistor Modelling
A model is a combination of circuit elements, properly chosen, that
approximates the actual behavior of a semiconductor device under specific
operating conditions.

The re Transistor Model

BJTs are basically current-controlled devices; therefore the re models uses a diode and a current
source to duplicate the behavior of the transistor. One disadvantage to this model is its sensitivity
to the DC level. This model is designed for specific circuit conditions.

For the equivalent circuit , the input side is simply a single diode with a current Ie, because the current Ie which is the
current through the forward biased junction and the input voltage Vbe has the same characteristics as of Diode.

And the entire characteristics at the output section can be replaced by a current source whose magnitude is beta
times the base current.

The equivalent model of Fig5.12 can be awkward to work with due to the direct connection between the inputs and
output network. It can be improved by first replacing the diode by its equivalent resistance and then find the Zi
which is the input impedance looking into the base of the network. We know that diode resistance is given by rD =
26Mv/ ID Using the subscript e we can get re = 26Mv/ Ie …and Zi= βre . See fig 5.14 For improved BJT equivalent
Circuit.
Uptil now we havn’t account for the output impedance, as we assume the ideal output characteristics. but
it is not so we have some output impedance. Accounting it ain the equivalent circuit we finally got the
equivalent model for BJT in figure 5.16 .

Z
 AC Analysis with re Equivalent Model
CE FIXED BIAS CONFIGURATION

After substituting the re model in common emitter configuration result in the network shown in figure 5.22
Next step is to determine β, re, ro. Which can be either obtained from the dc analysis and specification
sheet.
From fig 5.22 it is clearly shown that

Output impedance of any system by putting Vi =0 resulting in

the open circuit equivalence for the current source

The negative sign in the equation of voltage gain, reveals that there is 180 degree phase shift between
output and input signals
 Question 1

For the network in fig 5.20

a. Determine re
b. Find ZI
c. Calculate Z0
d. Determine AV
Given ro =∞Ω, VCC =12V, RB =470 KΩ,RC = 3KΩ., C1 and C2 = 10µF, β = 100

V
AC Analysis with re Equivalent Model
VOLTAGE DIVIDER BIAS CONFIGURATION