A’s Steward Morris School

Class - IX

Matter In Our Surroundings

Chapter # 1
• As we look at our surrounding we see a large variety of things with different
shapes ,size, and textures everything in this universe is made up of materials
which scientist have named “matter”. The air we breathe ,the food we eat, the
clothe we wear, stone, clouds, stars, planets and animals even a small drop of
water everything is matter. matter is made of tiny particles and we can touch
and feel the matter. It can defined as—
Matter:
• Anything which occupies space and have mass is called matter.
which is felt by our five basic sense organs. But everything which feel by sense
organs not necessary to be matter like happiness, sadness, joy and some other
emotions.
• Early Indian philosopher matter made-up from five basic elements which is
Air, Earth, Fire, Water and Sky Called Panch Tatva. But modern scientists
divide the matter based on their physical properties and chemical properties.
• On Physical State matter grouped in solid, liquid and gas.
• On Chemical Composition matter grouped in elements, compounds and
mixture.
• Every matter made-up of particles so matter have particle nature.

• Characteristic of particles of matter—

– Particles are too small in size.
– Particles have inter-particular space between them.
– Particles have inter-particular force of attraction
between them.
– Particles are continuously in motion.
• Activity to show the particles are too small
Dissolve 2 – 3 crystals of potassium permanganate in 100ml of
water in a beaker. Take 10ml of this solution and dissolve in
100ml of water. Take 10ml of this solution and dissolve in 100ml
of water. Repeat this process 5 – 6 times. This shows that a few
crystals of potassium permanganate can colour a large volume
of water because there are millions of tiny particles in each
crystal
• Activity to show the particles have space between them.
Take some water in a beaker and note its level. Dissolve some
salt or sugar in it with the help of a glass rod. The sugar
dissolves in the water but the level of water does not change.
This is because the particles of sugar get into the space
between the particles of water.
• Activity to show the particles have force of attraction
between them
We can show this by hammering of same size a piece of chalk,
stone and iron with the same intensity. We observed that chalk
piece convert into fine powder and stone break-down into few
pieces whereas iron object not break so we concluded inter
particular force of attraction very weak in chalk piece and much
stronger in iron metal.
Activity to show the particles are continuously in motion.
To show this we burn an incents-stick at corner of hall and after
some time we observed that the fragrance of incent-stick get filled to
all over the hall. This is because kinetic energy posses by particles.

Diffusion
Movement of particles from their higher concentration to lower
concentration naturally called diffusion.
Rate of Diffusion ∝ temperature
 • Properties of different sate of matter.
PROPERTIES SOLID LIQUID GAS
Interparticle Very small. Comparatively Very large.
Spaces large.
Interparticle Very strong. Weak. Very weak.
Force
Nature Very hard and Fluid. Highly fluid.
rigid.
Compressibility Negligible. Very small. Highly
compressible.
Density Very high. Medium. Very low.
Kinetic energy Very low. Medium. Very high.
Diffusion Very slow. Medium. Very fast.
Changes in state of matter
We can change the state of matter by two way
• By changing the temperature.
• By changing the pressure.
 Latent heat
The amount of heat energy required to convert completely 1kg
substances from one physical state to another is called the latent
heat. SI unit of latent heat is Jkg-1 .
Latent heat of fusion :-
The amount of heat energy required to change 1kg of a solid into liquid at
atmospheric pressure at its melting point is called the latent heat of fusion.
Latent heat of vaporisation :-
The amount of heat energy required to change 1kg of a liquid into gas at
atmospheric pressure at its boiling point is called the latent heat of
vaporization.
 Effect of pressure on gas.
When pressure is applied on gas the particles come closer and
the gas changes into liquid. We can liquefy gases by applying
pressure and reducing the temperature.
Compressed solid carbon dioxide is called dry ice. If the pressure
is reduced it changes directly to gas without coming into liquid
state. So solid carbon dioxide is known as dry ice.
 Evaporation
The change of a liquid into vapour at any temperature below its
boiling point is called evaporation.
Evaporation is a surface phenomenon. Particles from the surface
gain enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction and
escape from the remaining liquid.

Factors affecting Evaporation:

• Temperature
• Surface area
• Humidity
• Wind speed
Working of Desert Cooler
Difference between evaporation and boiling
Evaporation Vaporisation (boiling)
Occur at any temperature At fixed temperature (Boiling point)

Take place on the surface of liquid Take place through the liquid called
called surface phenomena. bulk phenomena.

Causes cooling effect. Causes heating effect.

Only few molecules energetic All molecules have same energy.

 Evaporation causes cooling
When a liquid evaporates, the particles of the liquid absorb heat from
the surroundings and evaporates. So the surroundings become cold.

• People sprinkle water on the roof or open ground because during

evaporation water absorbs heat makes the surface cool.

• During summer we sweat more because during evaporation the

sweat absorbs heat from our body and keep the body cool.

• Wearing cotton clothes in summer keeps us cool because cotton

absorbs sweat and when the sweat evaporates by absorbing heat
from our body making the body cool.

• Earthen pot has numerous pores in its wall from where water comes
out which absorb heat from the earthen pot and evaporate. Due
this loss of heat pot cool down and water kept in it also cooled.