INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction
 UTILITY?
Equipment's that supports the major equipment like
reactor, distillation column, etc…
 TYPE OF UTILITIES?
Heat exchanger, condenser, evaporator, humidifier,
etc…

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TYPE OF UTILITIES
Heat
exchanger

Reboiler Condenser

Evaporator
Humidifier

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 Heat Transfer?
“The transfer of heat from hot surface to cold
surface or the other way around known as source
and acceptor/sink”.
 Heat transfer is essential part of most chemical
processes.

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1.1 Heat Transfer Mechanism
Conduction

convection 3 radiation
Mechanism

However the magnitude of individual coefficient

will depend on the nature of the heat transfer
process by conduction, convection, condensation,
boiling or radiation)

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1.1 Heat Transfer Mechanism

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 1.2 Heat Transfer Utility – Heat
Exchanger
 Common heat transfer utility – heat exchanger

Running tap
water?

 “Exchanger” - all types of equipment in which heat is

exchanged but is often used specifically to denote
equipment in which heat is exchanged between two
process streams.
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 1.2 Heat Transfer Utility – Type of
Heat Exchanger
1. Double-pipe exchanger: The simplest type, used
for cooling and heating
2. Shell and tube exchangers: used for all
applications
3. Plate and frame exchanger (plate heat
exchanger): used for heating and cooling

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4. Plate fin exchangers
5. Spiral heat exchangers
6. Air cooled: Coolers and condensers
7. Direct contact: Cooling and quenching
8. Agitated vessels.
9 Fired heaters.

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1.2 Heat Transfer Utility – Heat Duty
 Amount of energy the heat exchanger must transfer to
the process fluid per unit time in order to cool or heat
the process fluid to the desired temperature
 Rate of heat transfer

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1.3 Classification Of Heat Exchanger
 Classified by TEMA;
 TEMA “American Tubular Heat Exchange Manufactures
Association”
 3 Classes:
1. Class R ~ heavy industrial like O&G
2. Class C ~ medium and general processes
3. Kelas B ~ Chemical industrial
 Construction and fabrication are governed by:
1. American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
under BPV Code, Section VIII Division I: Design and
Fabrication of Pressure Vessels.
2. British BS3274
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1.4 Basic Design and Theory of Heat Exchanger
 Main objective:
-To determine the surface area required for the
specified heat duty (rate of heat transfer)
using the temperature differences available.
 General equation
Q  UATm
Q= Heat transfer per unit time, W
U= Overall heat transfer coefficient, W/m2°C
A= Heat transfer area m2
Tm= Mean temperature different ,C

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1.5 Overall Heat Transfer
Coefficient
 Reciprocals of the individual resistance.

do
d o In( )
1 1 1 di do  1 1
      
U o ho hod 2kW di  hid hi 

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 Uo=overall coefficient based on the outside area of the tube , W/m2°C
 ho= outside fluid film coefficient, W/m2°C
 hi= inside fluid film coefficient, W/m2°C
 hod= outside dirt coefficient (fouling factor), W/m2°C
 hid= inside dirt coefficient, W/m2°C
 kw= Thermal conductivity of the tube wall material, W/m2°C
 di= tube inside diameter, m
 do= tube outside diameter, m

 Individual coefficients - nature of heat transfer mechanism

(conduction, convection, condensation, boiling or radiation),
physical properties of the fluids, fluid flow-rates, and physical
arrangement of the heat-transfer surface

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1.6 Dirt/Fouling Factor
 Performance of HE deteriorates over time
due to result of accumulated deposits on
the heat transfer surface
 Layer of deposits represents additional
resistance
 Deposited material reduces the overall
heat transfer coefficient to reduce thereby
reduce the heat transfer rate.
 Necessary to oversize an exchanger to
allow reduction in the performance
during operation
do
d o In( )
1 1 1 di d  1 1
    o   
U o ho hod 2kW di  hid hi  15
1.7 Typical Values For Overall
Heat Transfer Coefficient, Uo

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1.7 Typical Values For Overall
Heat Transfer Coefficient, Uo

Refer to Coulson and Richardson’s Chemical Engineering Design

Fourth Edition 2005

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1.8 Nomograph - Overall Heat
Transfer Coefficient, Uo

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 1.7 General Procedures for HE design
1. Define the heat duty: heat-transfer rate, Fluid flow rate,
temperatures.
2.Collect the fluid physical properties required: density,
viscosity, thermal conductivity, etc…
3. Decide on the type of exchanger to be used
4. Select a trial value for the overall coefficient, Uo
5. Calculate the mean temperature difference, Tm
6. Calculate the area required
7. Decide the exchanger lay-out
8. Calculate the individual coefficients.

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9. Calculate the overall coefficient and compare with
the trial value. ** if the calculated value differs
significantly from the estimated value, substitute the
calculated for the estimated value and return to step
6.
10. Calculate ∆P; if unsatisfactory return to step 7 or 4
or 3, in that order of presence.

11. Optimize the design: repeat steps 4-10 for cheapest

(small area)

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