Assignment

1) Hot air flows with a mass rate of m =0.050 kg/s through an uninsulated sheet metal duct of
diameter D = 0.15 m, which is in the crawlspace of a house. The hot air enters at 103°C and,
after a distance of L = 5 m, cools to 77°C. The heat transfer coefficient between the duct outer
surface and the ambient air at T∞ = 0°C is known to be ho = 6 W/m2.K.
(a) Calculate the heat loss (W) from the duct over the length L.
(b) Determine the heat flux and the duct surface temperature at x = L.
2) Fully developed conditions are known to exist for water flowing through a 25-mm-diameter
tube at 0.01 kg/s and 27°C. What is the maximum velocity of the water in the tube? What is
the pressure gradient associated with the flow?
3) Consider pressurized water, engine oil (unused), and NaK (22%/78%) flowing in a 20-mm-
diameter tube.
(a) Determine the mean velocity, the hydrodynamic entry length, and the thermal entry length
for each of the fluids when the fluid temperature is 366 K and the flow rate is 0.01 kg/s.
(b) Determine the mass flow rate, the hydrodynamic entry length, and the thermal entry
length for water and engine oil at 300 and 400 K and a mean velocity of 0.02 m/s.
4) Velocity and temperature profiles for laminar flow in a tube of radius ro = 10 mm have the
form
u (r )  0.1[1  (r / ro ) 2 ]
T (r )  344.8  75.0(r / ro ) 2  18.8(r / ro ) 4
with units of m/s and K, respectively. Determine the corresponding value of the mean (or
bulk) temperature, Tm, at this axial position.
5) Water enters a tube at 27°C with a flow rate of 450 kg/h. The heat transfer from the tube wall
to the fluid is given as 𝑞 ′ s (W/m) = ax, where the coefficient a is 20 W/m2 and x (m) is the
axial distance from the tube entrance.
a) Beginning with a properly defined differential control volume in the tube, derive an
expression for the temperature distribution Tm(x) of the water.
(b) What is the outlet temperature of the water for a heated section 30 m long?
(c) Sketch the mean fluid temperature, Tm(x), and the tube wall temperature, Ts(x), as a
function of distance along the tube for fully developed and developing flow conditions.
(d) What value of a uniform wall heat flux, (instead of𝑞 ′ s=ax), would provide the same fluid
outlet temperature as that determined in part (b)? For this type of heating, sketch the
temperature distributions requested in part (c).
6) Consider a cylindrical nuclear fuel rod of length L and diameter D that is encased in a
concentric tube. Pressurized water flows through the annular region between the rod and the
tube at a rate 𝑚̇, and the outer surface of the tube is well insulated. Heat generation occurs
within the fuel rod, and the volumetric generation rate is known to vary sinusoidally with
distance along the rod. That is𝑞̇ (x)=𝑞̇ 0 sin (πx/L), where 𝑞̇ 0 (W/m3) is a constant. A uniform
convection coefficient h may be assumed to exist between the surface of the rod and the
water.

(a) Obtain expressions for the local heat flux 𝑞 ′′ (x) and the total heat transfer q from the fuel
rod to the water.
(b) Obtain an expression for the variation of the mean temperature Tm(x) of the water with
distance x along the tube.
(c) Obtain an expression for the variation of the rod surface temperature Ts(x) with distance x
along the tube. Develop an expression for the x location at which this temperature is
maximized.
7) Oil preheater consists of a single tube of 10 mm diameter and 5 m length, with its surface
maintained at 175ºC by swirling combustion gases. The engine oil (new) enters at 75ºC .
What flow rate must be supplied to maintain an oil outlet temperature of 100ºC? What is the
corresponding heat transfer rate?
8) An air heater for an industrial application consists of an insulated, concentric tube annulus,
for which air flows through a thin-walled inner tube. Saturated steam flows through the outer
annulus, and condensation of the steam maintains a uniform temperature Ts on the tube
surface.
Consider conditions for which air enters a 50-mmdiameter tube at a pressure of 5 atm, a
temperature of Tm,i=17ºC, and a flow rate of 𝑚̇ =0.03kg/s, while saturated steam at 2.455 bars
condenses on the outer surface of the tube. If the length of the annulus is L=5m, what are the
 outlet temperature Tm,o and pressure po of the air? What is the mass rate at which condensate
leaves the annulus?

9) The core of a high-temperature, gas-cooled nuclear reactor has coolant tubes of 20-mm
diameter and 780- mm length. Helium enters at 600 K and exits at 1000 K when the flow rate
is 8 ×103 kg/s per tube.
(a) Determine the uniform tube wall surface temperature for these conditions.
(b) If the coolant gas is air, determine the required flow rate if the heat removal rate and tube
wall surface temperature remain the same. What is the outlet temperature of the air?
10) Oil at 150°C flows slowly through a long, thin-walled pipe of 30-mm inner diameter. The
pipe is suspended in a room for which the air temperature is 20°C and the convection
coefficient at the outer tube surface is 11 W/m2.K. Estimate the heat loss per unit length of
tube.
11) A thick-walled steel pipe (k = 60 W/m.K) carrying hot water is cooled externally by a cross-
flow airstream at a velocity of 20 m/s and a temperature of 25°C. The inner and outer
diameters of the pipe are Di =20 mm and Do=25 mm, respectively. At a certain location along
the pipe, the mean temperature of the water is 80°C. Assuming the flow inside the tube is
fully developed with a Reynolds number of 20,000; find the heat transfer rate to the airstream
per unit pipe length.
12) Air at 3×104 kg/s and 27°C enters a rectangular duct that is 1 m long and 4 mm by 16 mm on
a side. A uniform heat flux of 600 W/m2 is imposed on the duct surface. What is the
temperature of the air and of the duct surface at the outlet?
13) Air at 1 atm and 285 K enters a 2-m-long rectangular duct with cross section 75 mm by 150
mm. The duct is maintained at a constant surface temperature of 400 K, and the air mass flow
rate is 0.10 kg/s. Determine the heat transfer rate from the duct to the air and the air outlet
temperature.