Assignment

1) Consider a diffuse circular disk of diameter D and area Aj and a plane diffuse surface of area
Ai « Aj. The surfaces are parallel, and Ai is located at a distance L from the center of Aj.
Obtain an expression for the view factor Fij.
2) A cryogenic fluid flows through a long tube of 20-mm diameter, the outer surface of which is
diffuse and gray with ε1 = 0.02 and T1 = 77 K. This tube is concentric with a larger tube of
50-mm diameter, the inner surface of which is diffuse and gray with ε2 = 0.05 and T2 = 300
K. The space between the surfaces is evacuated. Calculate the heat gain by the cryogenic
fluid per unit length of tubes. If a thin radiation shield of 35-mm diameter and ε3 = 0.02 (both
sides) is inserted midway between the inner and outer surfaces, calculate the change
(percentage) in heat gain per unit length of the tubes.
3) Consider the following grooves, each of width W, that have been machined from a solid
block of material.

(a) For each case obtain an expression for the view factor of the groove with respect to the
surroundings outside the groove.
(b) For the V groove, obtain an expression for the view factor F12, where A1 and A2 are
opposite surfaces.
(c) If H = 2W in the rectangular groove, what is the view factor F12?
4) Consider the parallel rectangles shown schematically.
 Show that the view factor F12 can be expressed as,

where all view factors on the right-hand side of the equation can be evaluated from Figure
13.4 (see Table 13.2) for aligned parallel rectangles.
5) Consider the perpendicular rectangles shown schematically.

(a) Determine the shape factor F12.

(b) For rectangle widths of X = 0.5, 1.5, and 5 m, plot F12 as a function of Zb for 0.05 ≤ Zb ≤
0.4 m. Compare your results with the view factor obtained from the two-dimensional relation
for perpendicular plates with a common edge (Table 13.1).
6) Determine the shape factor, F12, for the rectangles shown.
7) Consider two diffuse surfaces A1 and A2 on the inside of a spherical enclosure of radius R.
Using the following methods, derive an expression for the view factor F12 in terms of A2 and
R.

(a) Find F12 by beginning with the expression.

(b) Find F12 using the view factor integral, Equation 13.1.
8) Consider coaxial, parallel, black disks separated a distance of 0.20 m. The lower disk of
diameter 0.40 m is maintained at 500 K and the surroundings are at 300 K. What temperature
will the upper disk of diameter 0.20 m achieve if electrical power of 17.5 W is supplied to the
heater on the back side of the disk?

9) Two plane coaxial disks are separated by a distance L = 0.20 m. The lower disk (A1) is solid
with a diameter Do = 0.80 m and a temperature T1 = 300 K. The upper disk (A2), at
 temperature T2 = 1000 K, has the same outer diameter but is ring-shaped with an inner
diameter Di = 0.40 m. Assuming the disks to be blackbodies, calculate the net radiative heat
exchange between them.

10) Consider the very long, inclined black surfaces (A1, A2) maintained at uniform temperatures
of T1 = 1000 K and T2 = 800 K.

Determine the net radiation exchange between the surfaces per unit length of the surfaces.
Consider the configuration when a black surface (A3), whose back side is insulated, is
positioned along the dashed line shown. Calculate the net radiation transfer to surface A2 per
unit length of the surface and determine the temperature of the insulated surface A3.
11) A flat-bottomed hole 6 mm in diameter is bored to a depth of 24 mm in a diffuse, gray
material having an emissivity of 0.8 and a uniform temperature of 1000 K.
(a) Determine the radiant power leaving the opening of the cavity.
(b) The effective emissivity εe of a cavity is defined as the ratio of the radiant power leaving
the cavity to that from a blackbody having the area of the cavity opening and a temperature of
the inner surfaces of the cavity. Calculate the effective emissivity of the cavity described
above.
(c) If the depth of the hole were increased, would εe increase or decrease? What is the limit of
εe as the depth increases?