Final - Report - View Tower

Detailed Architectural and Engineering Design of View Tower at Padam Pokhari, Hetauda
DATA SHEET
Project Information
Name of the Project Preparation of Detailed Architectural and Engineering Design of View Tower at
Padam Pokhari, Hetauda
Name of the Client Government of Nepal
Hetauda Sub-Metropolitan City
Department of Physical Infrastructure
Hetauda
Name of the Consultant ZeneX Engineering Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
Kupondole, Lalitpur
Phone no 01-5261182
Submission Information
Name of the Report Preparation of Detailed Architectural and Engineering Design of View Tower at
Padam Pokhari, Hetauda
Number of Volumes Vol - I : Final Report
Submission Phase Final Report
Date of Submission Jestha, 2076
Submission Type Hard Copy & Soft Copy
Hard Copies Produced 2
Consultant's Team Mr. Shyam Sunder Kawan : Team Leader
Mr. Sudeep Lamsal : Project Co-coordinator
Ms. Rojita Sharma : Architect
Mr. Bipul Poudel : Structure Engineer
Mr. Sandip Adhikari : Electrical Engineer
Mr. Arun Prasad Parajuli : Water Supply & Sanitary Engineer
Mr. Lokendra khatri : Civil Engineer
Mr. Rajan Subedi : Environmentalist
Mr. Madan Puri : Civil Engineer
Supporting Members
Mr. Sudeep Lamsal : Structure Engineer
Mr. Paras Subedi : Electrical Engineer
Ms. Binu Maharjan : Architect
Mr. Saugat Karki : Civil Engineer
Mr. Sushil Lamichhane : Civil Engineer
Report Checked by
Official Stamp
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, we would like to acknowledge The Hetauda Sub-Metropolitan City for giving us an opportunity to
prepare Detailed Architectural & Engineering Design of View Tower at Padam Pokhari, Hetauda. We are
especially thankful to the personnel of Physical Planning and construction, Er. Krishna Bahadur Adhikari,
(Senior Engineer, Sub-Metropolitan City) and Mr. Manoj Waiba (Ward Chairman, Ward-13) for coordinating as
well as providing us relevant materials and information. We are also grateful to Mr. Nikit Pokharel (Engineer,
Hetauda Sub-Metropolitan City), and land donors of the area for their facilitation and assistance during field
visit.
Design Team
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ACRONYM AND ABBREBIATION

BoQ Bill of Quantities
CCTV Closed Circuit Television Camera
DUDBC Department of Urban Development & Building Construction
ECS Equivalent Car Space
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
FEM Finite Element Method
GoN Government of Nepal
IBC International Building Code
ICC International Code Council
IS Indian Standard
NBC National Building Code
RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete
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TABLE OF CONTENT
DATA SHEET..........................................................................................................................................1
Project Information..............................................................................................................................1
Submission Information........................................................................................................................1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...........................................................................................................................2
ACRONYM AND ABBREBIATION...........................................................................................................3
TABLE OF CONTENT..............................................................................................................................4
LIST OF FIGURES....................................................................................................................................5
LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS........................................................................................................................6
LIST OF TABLES......................................................................................................................................6
1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................7
1.1 BACKGROUND...........................................................................................................................7
1.2 OBJECTIVES................................................................................................................................7
1.3 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS..........................................................................................................7
1.4 STUDY METHOD........................................................................................................................7
1.4.1 Approach............................................................................................................................7
1.4.2 Method- (Phase I, Phase II, Phase III).................................................................................7
2 SITE AND SITUATION...................................................................................................................15

2.1 LOCATION................................................................................................................................15
2.2 CLIMATIC DATA.......................................................................................................................16
2.3 OWNERSHIP.............................................................................................................................17
2.4 TOPOGRAPHY..........................................................................................................................17
2.5 SURROUNDINGS......................................................................................................................18
2.6 EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE....................................................................................................18
2.7 DEMOGRAPHY.........................................................................................................................18
3 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS..............................................................................19

3.1 SITE PLANNING APPROACH.....................................................................................................19
3.1.1 SITE & SITUATION.............................................................................................................19
3.1.2 CONVENIENCES................................................................................................................19
3.2 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT OF VIEW TOWER...............................................................................20
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3.2.1 View tower.......................................................................................................................20

3.2.2 Approaches to Design......................................................................................................21
3.2.3 Design Development........................................................................................................21
3.2.4 MATERIAL.........................................................................................................................25
3.2.5 ORIENTATION & CLIMATIC CONDITION............................................................................25
3.2.6 STRUCTURAL PROVISIONS................................................................................................25
3.2.7 DESIGN OUTPUTS.............................................................................................................26
4 Cost Estimates.............................................................................................................................31
ANNEX.................................................................................................................................................32
5 LITERATURE REVIEW OF VIEW TOWER.......................................................................................33

5.1 VIEW TOWER - DEFINITION.....................................................................................................33
5.1.1 USE AND IT TYPES.............................................................................................................33
5.1.2 HIGH RISE BUILDINGS.......................................................................................................34
5.1.3 EVOLUTION......................................................................................................................34
5.1.4 VIEW TOWER IN CONTEXT OF NEPAL...............................................................................35
5.1.5 VIEW TOWER IN INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT....................................................................35
5.1.6 LANDSCAPE......................................................................................................................36
5.1.7 VEGETATION.....................................................................................................................37
5.1.8 WATER..............................................................................................................................37
5.1.9 COMPONENTS OF SITE PLANNING...................................................................................37
5.2 STANDARDS & CODES FOR THE DESIGN PROCESS..................................................................39
5.2.1 Nepal National Building Codes.........................................................................................39
5.2.2 International Codes..........................................................................................................39
5.2.3 National Building Byelaws................................................................................................40
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Location of View Tower..............................................................................................................15
Figure 3 Proposed Location for View Tower............................................................................................17
Figure 4 Surrounding area of View Tower................................................................................................18
Figure 7 Satellite image location of view tower.......................................................................................20
Figure 8 Unobstructed view from location of view tower........................................................................21
Figure 9 Octagonal base plan...................................................................................................................21
Figure 10 Second to Fifth Floor plan........................................................................................................22
Figure 11 Top Floor Plan..........................................................................................................................22
Figure 12 Roof Plan..................................................................................................................................22
Figure 13 Front Elevation.........................................................................................................................23
Figure 14 3D view for Tower....................................................................................................................24
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Figure 15 3D view for view tower............................................................................................................24

Figure 16 Overall aerial view of view tower.............................................................................................26
Figure 17 Overall aerial view of view tower.............................................................................................26
Figure 18 View Tower entrance...............................................................................................................27
Figure 19 Paved path leading to the view tower......................................................................................27
Figure 20 View from the ground to the view tower and the sky..............................................................28
Figure 21 Individual View decks at respective floors...............................................................................28
Figure 22 Landscaping of the view tower................................................................................................29
Figure 23 Passage within view tower premise.........................................................................................29
Figure 24 Mid - floor view decks..............................................................................................................30
Figure 25 Lower floor view decks.............................................................................................................30
Figure 47 Pheonix Observation Tower, US...............................................................................................33
Figure 48 Observation tower in Germany................................................................................................33
Figure 49 Eifell Tower, France..................................................................................................................34
Figure 50 Tower at Germany...................................................................................................................34
Figure 51 Daman View Tower..................................................................................................................35
Figure 52 Dharahara................................................................................................................................35
Figure 53 Towers around the World........................................................................................................36
Figure 54: Some View Towers around Globe...........................................................................................36
LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS
NO TABLE OF FIGURES ENTRIES FOUND.
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 : Load Combination.....................................................................................................................10
Table 2List of Important Towers around the World.................................................................................36
Table 3Pavements in pathway.................................................................................................................38
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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
The project "View Tower" is newest and one of a visionary concept in the context of Nepal in terms of the
Tower Design and Construction initiated by the Government of Nepal. The main concept is to provide the
entertainment and refreshment service from one place to all the service seeker. The site is located at Padam
Pokhari, Ward no. 13 of Hetauda Sub-Metropolitan city. The site is more reliable as there is road accessible to
site, forests and tress nearby and less ponding problem. The land is relatively plain showing gentle downward
slope as we go from south to north side of the site. The site is located to the west from the east-west highway
with peaceful environment. With the initiation of local people and respective organizations, the project is
aimed to build a tower which would symbolize as an identity to Hetauda ward-13 as well as whole Hetauda
City and attract tourists to the city.
The feasibility study for the construction of the View Tower has been conducted and a preliminary design has
been carried out. This preliminary design has proposed a tower of 30 meters high with 7 floors, recreational
area. Furthermore, landscaping of the area has also been proposed in the preliminary design.
1.2 OBJECTIVES
The main objective of the consulting services is to prepare Detailed Architectural & Engineering Design of view
tower. Engineering Design should be in compliance with the prevailing standards and Nepal Building Codes,
which is seismically safe and sound, economical, aesthetical and affordable as well as environment-friendly.
1.3 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

In order to achieve the above objective, the scope of work for the project are as defined below:
I. Data and information relevant to the site and project has been collected.
II. Detail Topographic Survey of the proposed site has been carried out.
III. The site visit has been carried out and a detail inventory of the site and surroundings has been
prepared.
IV. The revised master plan and design of the Project incorporating Building Bye-Laws has been presented
for the approval by the Client.
V. The design has been carried out in compliance with the Environmental & Social Management
Framework for the Implementation of Building Resilience to Climate Related Hazards as well as the
GoN environmental policies, Environmental Protection Act & Rules.
VI. Final Details of Architectural, Structural and Service Design and Drawings will be prepared. The final
design report will be submitted incorporating the comments and suggestions.
VII. Detailed Quantity Estimate of the building has been prepared along with its accessories including the
provisions of the demolition of the existing structures on the proposed site.
VIII. Technical Specifications and Rate Analysis has been prepared.
1.4 STUDY METHOD

1.4.1 Approach
In general, the approach for the execution of the assigned job has been through the identification of the
objective and tasks related to the study. Detailed work program is prepared based on the overall time frame
and constantly monitored. The output of the individual member has been assessed at regular interval. The
changes regarding the design and detail will be updated to the Sub-Metropolitan City.
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1.4.2 Method- (Phase I, Phase II, Phase III)

Effective methods and techniques have been worked out for the phases as described below:
Phase I: Preliminary Study & Project Review
A. Desk study
Before commencing any project, the understanding of the project is vital, specially its context, background,
objectives and scopes. Fore mostly, a preliminary data collection regarding the Project has been carried out
which can be acquired from various sources. All the documents and reports to be provided by the client like
the Feasibility Report has been collected and studied thoroughly. In addition, the field data, the prevailing by-
laws of corresponding Municipality, Climatic and topographical condition of the study area etc. has been
collected from related officials. Besides inventory of possible development sites and relevant past reports had
been collected before carrying out field-appraisal.
B. Site Visit and Inventory
A preliminary site visit consisting of the Core Team members has been carried out by the design team with a
view of enabling team members to observe and document first-hand information regarding the existing
condition of the site. This has helped the team to assess the data obtained and in planning the details of the
tasks to be undertaken. The observation has been supplemented by photographs or sketches to show the
existing condition in site. All the parameters have been noted and indicated in the drawings. The existing
infrastructures and its present condition, deficiencies, etc. has been noted.
The discussions with the concerned officials have been held for the identification of the practical criteria in the
site. The data and information regarding the existing physical infrastructure as well as the socio-cultural
context of the area are collected supplemented by photographs and sketches.
C. Topographical & Detailed Inventory Survey of existing structures
The survey team has carried out Engineering Survey at the site for determining the topography of the site to
review the topographic map from the prefeasibility report. Topographical survey has been conducted with
Total Station for the greater accuracy to verify the report from the prefeasibility study. All features of the land
have been detailed out in the field. The Consultant uses the digital terrain modeling or Civil 3D, which includes
the generation of the cross sections from the survey data.
Engineering survey for the proposed Site consist of the following:
 Establishment and Monumentation of Bench Marks and Control Points
 Bench Mark Survey
 Traverse Survey
 Topographical Survey and prepare detailed topographical map of the proposed Site
 Measurement of existing structures
Phase II: Development of Conceptual Design of the Project
A. Literature Review
The literature review provides an analytical framework for a good and efficient design. By reviewing various
literatures regarding the planning, designing of building, framework for a resourceful and user responsive
design can be achieved. Except the documents and data related to the study area, the design data for the
architectural and planning design of the project has also been considered from various internationally
accepted standards. This deals with the planning of the building with the provision of minimum required
space data. Further, relevant building codes and standards essential for the design of the building has been
considered.
The study of the features of the tower architecture has been carried out which has been incorporated in the
design of the tower.
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B. Development of the Conceptual Design

The inferences extracted from the literature and case studies has provided an analytical framework for the
development of the Conceptual Design in the design process. The ideal functional interrelationship of the
various programs has been worked out in a schematic format which has been incorporated in the spatial
design.
Spatial requirement of the project has been calculated through various activities: meetings and study of
norms. The team conducted interaction session with the Client at different phases of the project on various
aspects regarding the design of the project. The specific site-requirements and project specific requirements
has been worked out which helped to determine the additions or modification necessary to be implemented
on the conceptual design during the course of detail development of the project. Then a master plan has been
prepared with the space allocations that meets the specific needs and requirements of the project.
C. Geotechnical Investigation
Detailed geotechnical investigation of the construction site has been conducted to identify regional and local
geological formations and features, ground water levels and design parameters for foundation suitable for the
construction with the required degree of cost effectiveness and technical soundness. The investigation
involves excavating boreholes with sampling and testing ground conditions and ground water table.
Location of boreholes
After the schematic layout plan has been finalized showing approximate field-testing points. Precise location
and method of investigation has been confirmed accordingly under the direct involvement of the Engineer.
Boreholes have been backfilled to the satisfaction of the client’s engineer. Team has been mobilized with their
equipment’s for drilling 2 nos. of bore holes to a depth of 1 m.
Soil testing
Field and laboratory test have been conducted for samples collected in the field as per the standard; relevant
code of ASTM, BS or IS code. The borehole logs have been logged and verified. The samples have been
properly classified according to unified soil classification system. The engineering parameters have been
established. Shear strength and settlement parameters have been assessed. Safe bearing capacity and net
bearing capacity have been calculated according to IS: 6403-1981 and IS: 8009-1976. Allowable bearing
capacity at the proposed site and the variation within the area has been proposed. Allowable bearing
capacity for different types of foundation for different depths has been recommended based on National
Building Code of India (1983) or other suitable codes.
Design parameters
Design parameters has been proposed like allowable bearing capacity of soil, type and depth of foundation
based upon the analysis of the field data and lab tests. Allowable bearing capacity for different types of
foundation for different depth has been analysed and recommended based on National Building code of India
(1983) or Nepal building code 2000.
D. Intermediate Discussions & Meeting

Incorporating the issues from the critical analysis of the project, the design requirements will be delineated
and further refined through different stages of the process through the interdisciplinary approach maintaining
a well-coordinated line of communication among the team members.
This has been achieved through frequent discussion and coordination with the interdisciplinary experts from
various fields like
 Architecture & Design,
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 Structure Engineering,
 Sanitation and environment.
Discussion with the client about the development in the design at different stages of the design development
has been carried out.
Phase III: Detail Design
i. Preparation of the Detail Architectural Design & Working drawings
Architectural Design has been based on the common practices, Nepal Building Code, the finalized design has
been detailed. The final architecture design and details together with the electrical, structural, water supply
and sanitary, HVAC design has been submitted along with this draft report. 3D modeling has been prepared
based on the finalized architectural design of the project. The Architectural design drawings comprises the 3D
rendered drawing prepared in AutoCAD and Sketch up 3D modelling software & Lumion Rendering software
to provide the near to realistic design images of the project.
Detail architectural design and drawings of the view tower has been prepared in consultation with the client.
The architectural details have been carried out in compliance with NBC 206:2003 regarding the provisions for
physically disabled people. The architectural design drawing and detailed architectural and engineering
working drawings has been prepared acceptable to Client, in suitable and presentable scales. The elevation,
the floor-wise plan, overall perspective views of the complex has been prepared in standard scale.
ii. Seismological study & considerations
Design codes
The structure has been analyzed with Finite Element method (FEM). Beams and columns will be modeled as
frame element while slabs will be modeled as thin shell elements. Material properties, different loads has
been referred from related IS codes and Nepal Building codes. Earthquake load will be calculated from Nepal
Building code (NBC105: 1994) and IS 4326-1967_Part-1: 2002), respectively and maximum of two values has
been used for design. Design of different members of the building has been performed based on IS 456:2000.
Limit state design methodology will be adopted for design.
Load calculations
Dead load are based on IS 875 part 1:1987
Live load are based on IS 875 part 2:1987
Earthquake Load:
Seismic coefficient (Based on NBC105: 1984):
Load Combinations
Different load combinations are made as per IS code and critical one selected for design of the
member
Table 1 : Load Combination
S.N. Combination
1 1.5 (DL + LL)
2 0.9 DL + 1.5EQX
3 0.9 DL - 1.5EQX
4 0.9 DL + 1.5EQY
5 0.9 DL - 1.5EQY
6 1.2 (DL + LL + EQX)
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7 1.2 (DL + LL - EQX)

8 1.2 (DL + LL + EQY)
9 1.2 (DL + LL - EQY)
10 1.5 (DL + EQX)
11 1.5 (DL – EQX)
12 1.5 (DL + EQY)
13 1.5 (DL – EQY)
Design of the structural elements

The structural design has been performed by changing the loads from slabs to beam and then on to the
columns. The loads are then carried down to the foundation and finally to the earth below.
The approximate sizes of the structural elements are determined through preliminary design so that after
analysis the pre assumed dimensions might not deviate considerably, thus making the final design for both
safe and economical purpose. Then, the detail design of the structural elements are done by the limit state
method of design with the reference of the codes IS 456-2000, IS 456-1978 (SP16) and IS 13920-1993.
Reinforcement detailing is done by using SP 34.
Preliminary Design
The tentative size of structural elements will be determined through the preliminary design so that after
analysis the pre assumed dimensions might not deviated considerably, thus making the final design both safe
and economical. Tentative size of various elements will be determined as follows:
 Slab
For slab, preliminary design will be done according to deflection criteria span /effective depth =
26*modification factor. (IS456-2000 Art 23.2.1)
 Beam
Thumb rule of 1’-0”=0’-1” (d=L/12 to L/15) basis will be adopted to consider the preliminary design of the
beam section.
b/D=1/2
 Column
Preliminary design of column will be done. For the load acting in the column, live load is decreased according
to IS 875-1978.
iii. Preparation of the Detail Structural Design Analysis & Drawings
Based on the final Architectural design, Structural analysis has been carried out to design safe, economic,
stable, efficient structures which then will safe guard the lives of the people in the state of earthquake
disasters. While designing a structure great emphasis has been given for seismic analysis, as natural disasters
like earthquake on perspective of Nepal have been a great catastrophe on existence as well as wealth due to
worst scenario it can create. The analysis of the structure has been done in the most realistic approach with
the help of standard engineering software like SAP2000 (nonlinear), STAAD PRO, and its design has been fully
incompliance with various stipulations of Standard code of practice like Nepal National Building Code; Seismic
Design of Building in Nepal (NBC 105), Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete I.S. 456-2000,
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HANDBOOK ON CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT AND DETAILING; SP34 and Criteria Earthquake Resistant Design
Structures I.S:1893:2002.
The above-mentioned Standard Code of Practice has been thoroughly implemented for proper analysis,
design and detailing with respect to safety, economy, stability, strength, ductility besides satisfactory
serviceability requirements of Cracking and deflection has also been considered. The foundation design of the
structure ensures that the Safe bearing capacity of the subsoil at the site shall not exceed the loads from the
structure. All the analysis, design and detailing has been based on the principles of Limit State of Design.
Hence, the general scope of the structural design includes the following:
 Identification of the structural system and structural member for the analysis. These structural
elements include but not limited to,
 All floor, roof, and wall framing members and slabs
 All piers, walls, columns, footings, piles, and similar elements of the substructure
 All other substructures and superstructure elements that are proportioned on the basis of stress
 All other substructures and superstructure elements that are proportioned on the basis of stress,
strength, and deflection requirements.
 Determination of vertical loads which will be imposed by all the dead loads and live loads. The dead
load includes those of permanent materials and equipment, including the structure’s own weight with
the allowance for any loadings that are anticipated to be added at a later data. The live loads include
all loads resulting from the occupancy and use of the structure.
 Determination of horizontal loads due to earthquake and wind for which seismic analysis according to
standards will be followed whereas analysis of wind velocity and pattern in the proposed site will be
considered.
 As per the geotechnical investigation report, bearing capacity of soil has been considered.
 Analysis of the structure by standard structural analysis software that uses finite element approach
and analysis of the space frame for vertical and horizontal loads.
 Determination of stresses and displacements for all the members and joints.
 Structural design and detailing of all the members in R.C.C. by limit state design and structural design
of all the steel members.
iv. Preparation of Landscape Design & Drawings
Landscaping has been closely integrated to produce the functional and aesthetic detailing. The guiding
philosophy has been "Harmony and aesthetics". It has been considered that the environment is enhanced by
the construction of the buildings in the site. The necessary site considerations have been adopted in the
landscape design for the unnecessary cutting and filling during the site development works as per the design
requirements of the project during the design phase.
Elements of the master plan of which landscape is one of the major components has been tailored to the
specific requirements of the site and fully integrated into the existing topography. To achieve a harmonious
mixture of greenery, lawn, paved walkways and water body within the permissible cost constraints has been
one of the major considerations during the design while as also maintaining that the design is responsive to
the climatic conditions of the site. Emphasis has been laid on selecting system of trees and flowering shrubs,
which need lesser manicuring. The landscape details of the different areas have been worked out, which will
enable the contractor to execute the envisaged task smoothly as per the design and specification provided.
During landscape design of the building premises, the following aspects has been considered,
 Environmental sustainability and economical design such as durable exterior material has been
recommended that enhance both the site landscaping and the building design
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 Balance between softscape and hardscape.

 The landscaping designed to create an environmentally sensitive and aesthetically attractive design
blending the created exterior environment with the tower and other structures.
 Landscaped courts and open spaces made accessible to all, both staffs and visitors
 The landscape design that enhance the aesthetic character of the view tower structure and hide or screen
exposed equipment and building parts, features, or functions that, by their nature, are not aesthetically
pleasant. Vegetation used to screen or form a barrier to, particular matter and to protect the structures
from motor vehicle pollutant source.
 Use of trees and vegetation to shade large hardscape areas
 Topography of the site designed around the building that slopes away from the buildings to direct any
water away
 Landscape design includes use of sustainable local/regional vegetation requiring minimal watering in
order to minimize the maintenance of the plantings
 Low-maintenance landscape design and features given priority and high efficiency irrigation, and/or use of
captured rainwater encouraged to the most
 Energy efficient exterior lighting has been encouraged by incorporating solar powered lightings where
possible.
v. Preparation of Technical Specification
Technical Specification has been prepared based on approved Architectural design. The specification of
construction materials has been prepared in compliance to the standard requirements of Nepal Bureau of
Standard and/or ISO Standard. The technical specification will be approved by Client before detailed cost
estimation made of the project.
vi. Preparation of Detail Estimate, Rate Analysis & BOQ

 Detailed Estimate
The detailed estimate of each item has been calculated by using the spreadsheet. The breakdown of the
estimated quantity has been provided with the detail Estimate of tower.
 Rate Analysis
The Rate Analysis for the estimate purpose has been based on GoN Norms for Rate Analysis 2041. The unit
rates have been adopted for current fiscal year’s District rates. The rates include all expenses for the
completion of the works to the standard as specified in the Norms for Rate Analysis. The rates basically consist
of direct expenses as cost of supply and delivery of materials, hauling, storage, lifting, carrying, labor cost for
erection, maintenance and equipment cost (if any). The rates also include all indirect expenses as contractor's
overhead and profit at 15% of the direct expenses. The Rate Analysis has been prepared using an Excel
Software.
 Unit Rates
Unit Price Analysis:

Construction items for which unit prices or lump sum prices would be bid by contractor has been first
identified and then annualized considering the following to derive their unit cost.
• Standard GoN norms of unit price analysis and other accepted norms for LCB contracts;
• markets prices;
• Availability of materials on local markets or alternative cost of imported materials;
• Wages of skilled and unskilled labors;
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• Mobilization and demobilization cast;

• Overheads and profits
Material's Rates:
The unit prices of materials to be adopted for the purpose of rate analysis has been either taken from the
approved rates for the district or from authorized agencies and analyzed according to GoN Norms and
Consultant's experience.
Labor Rates:
Labor Rates has been taken from the office of district development committee and verified with the current
market investigation report of market study team.
 Cost Estimate:
Based on the approved technical specification from Client, detailed cost estimates have been prepared for
civil, electrical, water supply, sanitary works and interior works of the project. This includes the estimation or
calculation of the quantities required and expenditure likely to be incurred in the construction of a work. For
Electrical, water supply and sanitary works, estimation of numbers of different fittings are found out and rates
are taken per number for supply and fixing in position. The cost estimate is based on government norms, rate
analysis and the approved rate for construction materials of the district.
For the purpose of rate analysis, the following points has been considered
• Details about all the operations involved in carrying out the work
• Quantities of materials required and their costs
• Number of different categories of laborers required
• Capacity of doing work per labor
The rate of a particular item of work depends on the following: -

• Specifications of works and materials, quality of materials proportion of mortar method of
constructional operation, etc.
• Quantities of materials and their rates, number of different types of labor and their rates
• Location of the site of work and its distances from the sources of materials and the rate of transport,
availability of water.
• Profits, miscellaneous and overhead expenses of contractor.
 BoQ and Abstract of Cost:
The detailed abstract of cost has been provided including the cost of every item and their cost break down
where VAT, contingences and other cost are included. Detailed Bill of Quantity (BoQ) has been prepared that
provides project specific measured quantities of items of work identified by the drawing and specifications in
the tender documents.
Any other necessary document required for the bidding process and construction permit, will be prepared.
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Detailed Architectural and Engineering Design of View Tower and Padam Pokhari Park at Padam Pokhari,
Hetauda
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3 SITE AND SITUATION
3.1 LOCATION
The proposed site for View Tower is located at Padam Pokhari, ward no. 13, Hetauda Sub-Metropolitan City
of Makwanpur district. The site is at 8 km away towards the western side from the East-West Highway.
Figure 1 Location of View Tower
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3.2 CLIMATIC DATA

The climate here is mild, and generally warm and temperate. In winter, there is much less rainfall
than in summer. The average annual temperature in Hetauda is 22.7 °C. Precipitation here averages
2206 mm.
Precipitation is the lowest in December, with an average of 4 mm. Most precipitation falls in July,
with an average of 613 mm.
At an average temperature of 27.6 °C, June is the hottest month of the year. In January, the average
temperature is 14.7 °C. It is the lowest average temperature of the whole year.
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3.3 OWNERSHIP
The proposed site is under the ownership of Hetauda Sub-Metropolitan City. The land parcels are in the
name of ward office.
3.4 TOPOGRAPHY
The land is relatively plain showing gentle downward slope as we go from southern to northern side. Hence
there will be less problem regarding the drainage management of the site. The site has a drop at the
eastern portion of the site.
Figure 2 Proposed Location for View Tower
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Figure 3 Surrounding area of View Tower
3.5 SURROUNDINGS
Currently the proposed site is surrounded by Chure range and view of Hetauda from atop. The site has
currently access from northern side of the village of Padam Pokhari.
3.6 EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE
The proposed site has one road accesses. The road towards the proposed site from the northern part. The
access road is earthen track and needs to be black topped in order to provide all year access to the view
tower.
3.7 DEMOGRAPHY
Hetauda Sub-Metropolitan City has a population of 1,52,875 (as per census). The Padam Pokhari
Park and Chure Green Vie Tower is proposed in Ward 13 of Hetauda Sub-Metropolitan City. It has
total household of 1,702 and total population of 7,838. The male account for 3,632 and the female
account for 4,258.
18
4 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

4.1 SITE PLANNING APPROACH
Considering the scale of the project in terms of its functionality as well as the size, it becomes critical to
consider the social, economic, & environmental impact of the development of a project as such over the
locality and the surroundings. Hence the design should be approached strategically from local level area
planning perspective addressing the different aspects of the locality in the vicinity of the project. This can
help to achieve the intended goals of the project in a more inclusive & sustainable approach at the same
time which can further ensure the benefits to the local people and also the stakeholders of the project.
One of the major components of any design project remains the "accessibility" as it serves as the gateway
to the most essential function of any design enabling any users to experience the architecture itself. In the
case of this project, the site boundary of the project is irregular in shape which is required to be provided
with the main access road along the southern and eastern edges of the site as per the discussions with the
stakeholders and the land donors for the project.
4.1.1 SITE & SITUATION

The total site area consists of 1013 m^2 of which landscape portion covers almost 80% of the total area.
Geographically, the project site is in the hills of Makwanpur District of Nepal which is also among the hot
places in country. The climate here is mild, and generally warm and temperate. In winter, there is much
less rainfall than in summer. The average annual temperature in Hetauda is 22.7 °C. Precipitation here
averages 2206 mm.
The average rainfall is 2618mm. During the monsoon, the area is prone to Landslide and erosion as well.
The terrain of the site is download slopped with overall 6 meters of level difference over the area of the
site. As Hetauda lies to the North of the foothills of the Chure range, distant views of the hills in the north
can be viewed from the normal eye level at the site.
The settlement in the vicinity of the proposed project site area is very sparse as most of the land are
currently being used for cultivation.
These aspects of the site have been considered in the overall site planning as well as designing of the built
forms as well as landscape design which pose as a constraint as well as inspiration & guiding factors for the
overall design of the project.
LAND SURFACE
The hardscape & soft scape has been provided in the design in balanced manner emphasizing on various
types of plantations that shall help to mitigate the harsh climate in the region. Maintaining the proportion
of the hard surface as low as possible and use of semi permeable pavements on the pathways and proper
storm water drainage design & management becomes important due to low percolation capacity of the soil
nature of the site.
4.1.2 CONVENIENCES
The provision of conveniences like drinking water, toilet, resting pavilions, sheds, seating chairs or benches,
etc. is an essential aspects of the landscaping as it helps to provide comfort to the users of the spaces and
enhance the experience of the landscape as a whole.
19
4.2 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT OF VIEW TOWER

4.2.1 View tower
View tower is a structure used to view events panoramic view from a long distance and to create a
full 360 degree range of vision to conduct the long distance observations. Generally, they are
standing alone structure with their height varying. View tower may be designed in such a way that as
they must rise over trees and other obstacles to ensure clear vision.
Figure 4 Satellite
Figure image
7: Satellite location
image of viewoftower
of location View Tower
The site is located at Padam Pokhari, Province-3, Hetauda. From this location the
unobstructed panoramic view of the Chure range can be observed. Also as Hetauda is one of
the rapidly urbanizing city, this view tower and its surrounding can serve as one of the
recreational infrastructure to the city.
20
4.2.2 Approaches to Design

4.2.2.1 Site responsive design
Site condition is one of the main factors while designing any structure. The design should be
responsive to the site conditions and its climatic factor. To achieve this the planning is done
in such a way that the orientation and position of the structure is placed such a way that
there is no obstruction in viewing angle. As it is hot climate, emphasis is given on shaded
space.
Figure 5 Figure
Unobstructed view fromview
8: Unobstructed location
from of view tower
location of view tower
4.2.3 Design Development

The view tower is developed on the octagonal base plan with staircase placed centrally for
the circulation to each floor. The view tower is of 6 storey with each floor height of 3.3m. So
the total height of tower is 23m. Viewing deck or platform is provided at each floor to
maintain the flow of people and convenient circulation of visitors.
The floor plans and elevation are shown in images below.
Ground Floor Plan
(Area:72 sq.m.)
Figure
Figure
9: Octagonal
6 Octagonal
basebase
planplan
21
Floor plans
Octagonal Viewing
platform at each floor
Central Staircase for

Circulation
Figure 7 Second to Fifth Floor plan
Viewing Platform
Viewing Platform
Roof Cover
Viewing Platform Viewing Platform
Figure 11: Top Floor

Figure PlanFloor Plan
8 Top Figure 9 Roof Plan
Elevations
22
3D Views
Figure 13: Front Elevation
23
Figure 11 3D view for Tower
Figure 12 3D view for view tower
24
4.2.4 MATERIAL
Concrete is the most suitable building material for a tall and modern looking building. 100% of the Tower
will have a concrete core with cantilevered steel structure.
4.2.5 ORIENTATION & CLIMATIC CONDITION
The orientation of the building helps take full advantage of the cooling breezes that comes from the South
most of the year.
To achieve thermal comfort in cooling applications, building envelopes is designed to encourage cool
breeze access when available.
4.2.6 STRUCTURAL PROVISIONS
High rise building has been a substantial landmark for several developed countries since industrial
revolution period started. In the context of our country, RC buildings are still a luxurious entity for the
societies. In such a condition, in the urban area of Hetauda, Makwanpur, High rise Building is a mark of
step towards modernization. To mention a few, Kathmandu Metropolitan City has recently proposed the
29 storey view tower at Old Bus Park.
Amendments in the high-rise building provisions have affected the project schedule as of now. Settlement
Development, Urban Planning and Building Construction Criteria 2015 set by the government have
changed provisions for minimum setback area, ground coverage and floor area ratio for high-rise
buildings. According to the new standards, the ratio of the height of a high-rise building to its setback area
has been fixed at 4:1. Likewise, the building is allowed to cover a maximum of 60 percent ground of the
plot it is being built on while the regulation for floor area ratio has not been explicitly mentioned and left
for local bodies to decide.
High rise buildings present a variety of challenges to fire safety provisions. As building heights increase, so
do these challenges. The importance of high‐rise buildings in terms of the number of occupants, the value
of the property, and the impact a catastrophic loss would have on the community all warrant an increased
level of protection.
25
4.2.7 DESIGN OUTPUTS
Figure 13 Overall aerial view of view tower
Figure 14 Overall aerial view of view tower
26
27
Figure 15 View Tower entrance
Figure 16 Paved path leading to the view tower
28
Figure 17 View from the ground to the view tower and the sky
Figure 18 Individual View decks at respective floors
29
Figure 19 Landscaping of the view tower
Figure 20 Passage within view tower premise
30
Figure 21 Mid - floor view decks
Figure 22 Lower floor view decks
31
5 Cost Estimates
The overall costs for the construction of viewtower can be given as follows:
Estimation Sheet : Abstract of Cost
Cost Summary
S.No
Description Detailed Cost
.
A Civil Works 20,278,974.67
1 Foundation 4,733,010.29
2 Ground floor 2,449,964.04
3 First floor 2,464,689.40
4 Second floor 2,417,539.02
5 Third floor 2,340,772.45
6 fourth floor 2,359,417.81
7 Fifth floor 2,365,313.57
8 Sixth floor 1,148,268.09

B Electrical (10% of A) 2,027,897.47

C Sanitary (7% of S.NoA 1,9) 1,419,528.23

D Total (A+B+C) 23,726,400.36
E Contingencies (5% of D) 1,186,320.02
Vat (13% of D+E) 3,238,653.65

F Grand Total Rs 28,151,374.03
32
ANNEX
1. LITERATURE REVIEW FOR VIEW TOWER
33
6 LITERATURE REVIEW OF VIEW TOWER
6.1 VIEW TOWER - DEFINITION

View tower is a tall man-made structure, always taller than it is wide. Moreover, it is a building or
structure high in proportion to its lateral dimensions. The principal function is the use of their height to
enable various functions to be achieved including: visibility of other features attached to the tower such as
clock towers; as part of a larger structure or device to increase the visibility of the surroundings as in a
fortified building such as a castle; or as a structural feature as an integral part of a bridge.
The view tower, moreover an observatory tower is purposed as a vantage point to capture large ranges of
landscape such that they attract both domestic as well as foreign tourists. This will not only ensure the
optimization of available natural beauties but also stimulate and boost up the local economies through
market development.
6.1.1 USE AND IT TYPES

A view tower is a structure used to view events from a long distance and to create a full 360 degree range
of vision. They are usually tall (to ensure clear vision) and made from stone, iron, and wood. Around the
world, initially, view towers moreover popular as observatory towers were constructed by aristocrats
either as a relaxation point or as guard posts or watchtowers. In modern days, these towers mostly have
observation decks or terraces with restaurants or on the roof of mountain stations of an aerial ropeway.
They are also used as location of radio services within the UHF/VHF range (FM sound broadcasting, TV,
public rural broadcasting service, and portable radio service) making them least notable as view tower.
Hence based on the purposes, following various types of view towers can be found in the world.
1. Dedicated observation tower

2. Watch tower
3. Radio tower
4. High rise buildings
5. Light houses
6. Water towers
Figure 23 Pheonix Observation Tower, US Figure 24 Observation tower in Germany
34
6.1.2 HIGH RISE BUILDINGS

As defined by Wikipedia, "A high-rise building is a tall building, as opposed to a low-rise building and is
defined by its height differently in various jurisdictions. It is used as a residential, office building or other
functions including hotel, retail or with multiple purposes combined."
With the advance in the building technology & materials, the invention of mechanical elevators & use of
reinforced concrete & steel, it became possible to build the high rise structures around the world.
However, the high-rise design does still pose new challenges for the structure engineers & geotechnical
engineers to achieve the edge cutting designs and to make them a reality from just a mere concept and
drawings. Besides, with the scale of the building the building systems becomes more complex than
anything else like for designing the HVAC system, Sanitary & Electrical systems that are required to make
the building comfortably habitable and user-friendly and achieve the intended function & use of the
building. They pose a serious challenge to firefighters during the emergencies as well.
6.1.3 EVOLUTION
During ancient times, view tower was basically used for security purpose. Many view towers are built up
in palaces. Forts were developed during war. Forts, as view towers, were built at country side. Usually,
they are used for the safety purpose of boundary of country. View towers moreover popular as
observatory tower were constructed by aristocrats either as relaxation point or guard post or watch
tower. View towers were built up of stone and not that taller than it is now. Also, most of towers were
built before World War I as military observation tower. After World War II, a great need for tall
observation tower arose, due to dual usage as transmitter and television.
It wasn’t until the mid-nineteen centuries that citizen took control of the construction of such tower. The
invention of the elevator in the nineteen century made taller observation deck possible. Most notably, the
Eiffel tower and Black pool tower were built in this era. After the invention of elevators, modern towers
were developed. Modern view tower frequently has observation decks or terraces with restaurants.
Modern observation tower is in most case no longer built of brick, instead concrete, steel and wooden
structures are preferred.
Figure 25 Eifel Tower, France Figure 26 Tower at Germany
35
6.1.4 VIEW TOWER IN CONTEXT OF NEPAL
Our Nepal is a country of beautiful scenic landscapes with an abundance of both natural and cultural
heritage. From the marvelous scenic beauty of Himalayas in the northern part of Nepal to the enchanting
subtropical pine forest, Nepal has a lot to offer to travelers, hikers, and nature seekers.
In our country Nepal, small view towers are constructed at different natural landmarks to optimize the
best of the landscapes and beauty. For example, a tower has been made in ‘Daman Mountain Resort’ for
the simplified yet the most spectacular view ranging from Dhaulagiri to Mt. Everest. The view towers of
Nagarkot, Sarangkot, Bhedetar etc. are also constructed for the same purpose. These view towers are
generally small, stand at hill tops and have observatory decks to look out. Dharahara, the nine storey
tower with spiral staircase, constructed by Bhimsen Thapa and collapsed in earthquake 2072, however
stood in the Centre of Kathmandu on plain land. It too had an observatory deck on eighth floor. Thus, in
Nepal, only small dedicated observation tower serving no other mixed uses, have been constructed so far.
36
Figure 28 Dharahara Figure 27 Daman View Tower
6.1.5 VIEW TOWER IN INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT

World War I and World War II had created a greater demand of view tower for safety and military
purpose. They were built at the country side. View towers were of height of 15-20 meters until the
invention of elevator. Invention of modern technology and modern steel, concrete construction, has made
possible in construction of tallest tower, having height of 100-600 m. With the passage of time, the
purpose of tower has been changed. The tower which were used for safety purpose have now been used
for multipurpose functions such as restaurants, offices. The towers which were usually built in the
outskirts are now built at the central core of the city or in any other appropriate place where it can be
functioned and known as landmark of the city.
There are numerous view towers all over the world.
37
Figure 30: Some View Towers around Globe
Figure 29 Towers around the World
6.1.6 LANDSCAPE
Landscape is an essential design element.

Aesthetically, beautiful landscape gives pleasure to our
soul and further develops our psychological health.
Functionally landscape can counteract the various
problem of the site regarding its climate. There are many
aspects that should be considered during the design
of the outdoor environment including radiation, heat,
emissivity, glare, and dust control. However, the most
important considerations are listed below:
1. Solar Radiation Control

2. Wind Control
3. Evaporation Control
In order to address those climatic considerations landscape designers and planners use all available
design elements and landscape treatments including vegetation, water and hardscape.
Landscape consists of the outdoor elements of the site encompassing various features like campus
entries, streetscapes, walks and pedestrian ways, open and green spaces between and adjacent to
buildings, views and vistas, plantings of all kinds, pavements and lawns, malls, plazas, and courtyards.
Utilitarian aspects of the landscape include lights, benches, and signs. The incorporation of signage into an
information system is an important component of the campus landscape.
Vegetation is one of the most effective and plays an efficient role in surface and air temperature
modification. Trees and water elements have the potential to improve the outdoor thermal comfort due
to shade and humidity. The combination of shade trees, ground cover and water elements was predictably
found to be the most effective landscape strategy in the hot area. Addition of water ponds help in
controlling the hot climate environment through its conductive and convective process and hence
provides suitable and comfortable environment. Deciduous trees can be used, providing shades in the
summer and sunlight in the winter as leaves fall away during winter.
A properly designed landscape not only helps to achieve a healthy and desirable outdoor experience and
ambience but it is equally enhancing the quality environment in the built space in the vicinity. However, it
is important the landscape is carefully integrated with the function and nature of the built forms and
compliment flow of the spaces.
6.1.7 VEGETATION
Vegetation is the most effective landscape element in surface and air temperature modification.
Vegetation can be used very effectively as an intercepting device to control the sun’s rays. The large
variety of forms, textures, and colors of plant materials provides an endless palette to choose from,
adding beauty as well as utility to the landscape.
 Groundcovers can reduce unwanted glare and prevent excessive heat gain near structures and
outdoor areas.
 The right tree in the right location can shade the building during the hottest period of the year
while letting the winter sun warm these same areas during the under heated period of the year
 The cool soil under shaded areas will absorb heat from the air faster than heat can be transmitted
to it by conduction or convection.
38
 Deciduous vegetation should be considered not only where shade is required to avoid excessive
heat gain during the overheated times of the year but also when solar exposure is desired during
the under heated periods.
 During the night the tree canopy blocks direct radiant heat loss from the ground to the sky,
because radiation is emitted only from the upper layer of the leaves.
6.1.8 WATER
Water can improve the microclimate of outdoor environment. Many researchers propose to landscape
designers’ strategies to improve the microclimate: water surfaces, fountains, porous pots of water,
reflecting pools, irrigation channels, moistened fabrics or sprinklers. All strategies are favoring the cooling
by evaporation. These strategies enable us to modify the climatic impact like the local heat, mass, and
momentum balances influencing air quality and thermal comfort.
6.1.9 COMPONENTS OF SITE PLANNING
 Site Access
Entrances shall be designed to make it impossible for cars to drive up and into the lobby. Planters can be
provided as barriers; bollards are also acceptable if well integrated with the design of the building
entrance. Barriers to vehicle access should be visually punctuated and as unobtrusive as possible to
pedestrians. If addressed skillfully, planters, trees, or sculpted bollards can be employed to provide
amenities while meeting vehicle barrier requirements.
 Building Entrances
Any public buildings, typically should have one main entrance for staff, visitors and the public. In large
buildings a second entrance may be designated for employees only. Buildings may have additional doors
used for egress or access to service areas. These doors should not be used as entrances. Closure of
ceremonial entrances and redirecting public access to below grade and other secondary entrances for
security or accessibility purposes is to be discouraged.
 Site Circulation Design

Site circulation design for public building projects varies greatly depending on the context, which can
range from tight urban sites to suburban campuses or isolated rural settings. Yet the basic criteria remain
the same in all situations: the site design should segregate, at a minimum, pedestrian access, vehicular
access (including parking) and service vehicle access.
 Pavements and Curbs

Usually the best wearing paving materials are those that
are used extensively in the local area. Pavements and curbs Table 3Pavements in pathway
should be designed for ease of long-term maintenance, not
just for first cost. Curbs should be designed per local
standard practice. Surface-applied precast concrete curbs
or asphalt-type curbs are not a permanent solution for
channeling traffic and/or drainage on site.
 Landscape Lighting
39
Landscape lighting should be used to enhance safety and security on the site, to provide adequate lighting
for nighttime activities and to highlight special site features. The primary purpose of any particular
application of landscape lighting will help determine the requirements for light coverage and intensity.
Generally, unobtrusive lighting schemes are preferred.
It is desirable to maintain a single, or at least similar, light color throughout the project site. Site lighting
fixtures should complement other site elements. Fixtures should be placed so people do not look directly
at the light source. To avoid plant damage and fire hazard, high intensity or heat generating fixtures shall
not be located immediately adjacent to plant material. Fixtures shall be resistant to vandalism and easily
replaceable from local sources.
 Site Furniture
Useful outdoor spaces require furniture just as much as do rooms
in a building. Seating, tables, bollards, bicycle racks, cigarette urns,
trash receptacles, flagpoles, lighting standards and tree grates
should be considered as part of the initial site design.
Site furniture shall be compatible in design, size and color with the
surrounding architecture and landscape design.
Site Signage
A well-designed site should use as few signs as possible. Signs should make the site clear to the first-time
user by identifying multiple site entrances, parking and the main building entrance.
Generally, graphics and style of site signage should be in keeping with the signage used inside the
building. Signs integrated with architectural elements can also be very effective. There shall be a
consistency in the font style and color plus any directional symbology used in site and building signage.
6.2 STANDARDS & CODES FOR THE DESIGN PROCESS
6.2.1 Nepal National Building Codes
The design of the proposed building will be in compliance with the prevailing NNBC, 2060, which has been
prepared to mitigate the effect of earthquake. NNBC provides the specification, standards, norms, and
consideration etc. for design of the buildings. We will review the following codes.
NBC 101: Material Specifications

NBC 102: Unit Weight of Materials
NBC 103: Occupancy Load
NBC 104: Wind Load
NBC 105: Seismic Design of Buildings in Nepal
NBC 107: Provisional Recommendation on Fire Safety
NBC 108: Site Consideration for Seismic Hazards
NBC 207: Electrical Design Requirement for public buildings
NBC 208: Sanitary and Plumbing Design Requirement
NBC 110: Plain and Reinforced Concrete
Further the International Standards will also be referred to for the design of the building.
40
6.2.2 International Codes
For the design of the building the International Standards will also be referred. Among the International
Standards, International Building Code (IBC) which is considered as the model building code developed by
the International Code Council (ICC) will be reviewed. These ICC codes mostly details out for the benefit of
public safety and support.
ICC Building Codes are that will be reviewed during the projects are –
• International Building Code
• International Residential Code
• International Fire Code
• International Plumbing Code
• International Mechanical Code
• International Fuel Gas Code
• International Energy Conservation Code
• ICC Performance Code
• International Wild land Urban Interface Code
• International Existing Building Code
• International Property Maintenance Code
• International Private Sewage Disposal Code
• International Zoning Code
• International Green Construction Code
6.2.3 National Building Byelaws
In addition to the NNBC code for the earthquake safety during construction, other major consideration to
be made will be the bylaws of the site area. The main objective of the building bylaws is to ensure safety
as well as hygienic living condition of the area. So, the existing bylaws of the project site will be reviewed
during the design phase.
41

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Detailed Architectural and Engineering Design of View Tower at Padam Pokhari, Hetauda

ACRONYM AND ABBREBIATION

ACRONYM AND ABBREBIATION...........................................................................................................3

2 SITE AND SITUATION...................................................................................................................15

3 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS..............................................................................19

3.2.1 View tower.......................................................................................................................20

5 LITERATURE REVIEW OF VIEW TOWER.......................................................................................33

Figure 15 3D view for view tower............................................................................................................24

1.3 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

1.4 STUDY METHOD

1.4.2 Method- (Phase I, Phase II, Phase III)

Phase I: Preliminary Study & Project Review

B. Development of the Conceptual Design

D. Intermediate Discussions & Meeting

Phase III: Detail Design

i. Preparation of the Detail Architectural Design & Working drawings

7 1.2 (DL + LL - EQX)

Design of the structural elements

 Balance between softscape and hardscape.

v. Preparation of Technical Specification

vi. Preparation of Detail Estimate, Rate Analysis & BOQ

Unit Price Analysis:

• Mobilization and demobilization cast;

The rate of a particular item of work depends on the following: -

 BoQ and Abstract of Cost:

Figure 1 Location of View Tower

3.2 CLIMATIC DATA

Figure 2 Proposed Location for View Tower

Figure 3 Surrounding area of View Tower

4 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

4.1.1 SITE & SITUATION

4.2 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT OF VIEW TOWER

4.2.2 Approaches to Design

4.2.3 Design Development

Central Staircase for

Figure 7 Second to Fifth Floor plan

Viewing Platform Viewing Platform

Figure 11: Top Floor

Figure 13: Front Elevation

Figure 11 3D view for Tower

Figure 12 3D view for view tower

4.2.5 ORIENTATION & CLIMATIC CONDITION

4.2.6 STRUCTURAL PROVISIONS

4.2.7 DESIGN OUTPUTS

Figure 13 Overall aerial view of view tower

Figure 14 Overall aerial view of view tower

Figure 15 View Tower entrance

Figure 16 Paved path leading to the view tower

Figure 18 Individual View decks at respective floors

Figure 19 Landscaping of the view tower

Figure 20 Passage within view tower premise

Figure 21 Mid - floor view decks

Figure 22 Lower floor view decks

Estimation Sheet : Abstract of Cost

6 LITERATURE REVIEW OF VIEW TOWER

6.1 VIEW TOWER - DEFINITION

6.1.1 USE AND IT TYPES

1. Dedicated observation tower

Figure 23 Pheonix Observation Tower, US Figure 24 Observation tower in Germany

6.1.2 HIGH RISE BUILDINGS

Figure 25 Eifel Tower, France Figure 26 Tower at Germany

6.1.4 VIEW TOWER IN CONTEXT OF NEPAL