EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING A N D STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS, VOL.

1, 151-164 (1972)

THE EARTHQUAKE EXPERIENCE AT KOYNA DAM

AND STRESSES IN CONCRETE GRAVITY DAMS
ANIL K. CHOPRA* AND P. CHAKRABARTI~
Department of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.

SUMMARY
A number of questions concerning the response of concrete gravity dams to earthquakes, motivated by the struc-
tural damage caused to Koyna Dam, which has an unconventional cross section, by the December 1967 Koyna
earthquake, are considered in this work. The study is not restricted to the earthquake experience at Koyna Dam,
but includes consideration of a dam with a typical section and another earthquake motion having similar intensity
but different peak acceleration and frequency characteristicscompared to the Koyna ground motion. Theearthquake
response in a number of cases is analysed by the finite element method and results are presented. These results lead
to a number of conclusions. Significant tensile stresses must have developed in Koyna Dam during the Koyna
earthquake and similar stresses would have developed even in typical gravity dam sections. The Koyna ground
motion is relatively more severe, compared to California earthquakes of similar intensity, on concrete gravity dams.
The extra concrete mass near the crest of a gravity dam to support the roadway, etc. is responsible for causing a
significant part of the critical tensile stresses; attention should therefore be given to developing lightweight sup-
porting systems.

INTRODUCTION
An earthquake of Richter magnitude 6.5 occurred in the south-western region of India on 11 December
1967. The epicentre of this earthquake was about 60miles south of Poona, which was the nearest city.
Koyna Dam, which is a major concrete gravity dam, and the town of Koynanagar, which was originally the
construction camp for the project, were in the epicentral region of this earthquake. There was no modern
type construction in Koynanagar and many of the houses and buildings were random rubble masonry
construction. The Koyna earthquake demolished much of Koynanagar, about 180 people were killed and
2200 injured. Significant structural damage was caused to Koyna Dam.
Koyna Dam, constructed during the years 1954 to 1963, is a straight gravity structure made of rubble
concrete. It is about 2800 ft long, 280 ft high above the river bed and 338 ft high above the deepest foun-
dation. The dam is constructed in 50-ft wide monoliths, and the contraction joints between monoliths are
provided with copper water seals. The spillway or overflow part of the dam is about 300 ft long. To provide
a more impervious zone, conventional concrete with maximum aggregate size of 3 in. is used for 6 ft thickness
a t the upstream face of all monoliths, and also at the downstream face of the overflow monoliths. The non-
overflow and overflow sections of the dam, presented in Figure 1, were designed to satisfy (i) no tension in
the section, (ii) maximum compressive stresses to be less than allowable stresses for the concrete used and
(iii) the shear friction factor to be less than allowable values. A seismic coefficient of 0.05, uniform over the
height, was considered in the design loadings. Additional reservoir forces associated with earthquakes,
computed according to specified equations1 which are similar to those used in the United States,233were
apparently included. It is apparent that the design criteria adopted for Koyna Dam are similar to the practice
in the United States for gravity dams.2.3The Koyna section is not typical of gravity dams, however, and this

* Associate Professor.
t Graduate Student.
Received 9 September 1971
@ 1972 by John Wiley & Sons, L t d

151
152 ANIL K. CHOPRA AND P. CHAKRABARTI

is demonstrated in Figure 2. Departure from a typical section was the result of changes in design that had to
be introduced while construction was in progress. At first sight, the Koyna section would appear to be more
vulnerable to earthquake damage than a typical section.

!L.2165 p h i s of Dom
II: 2143
I K.RJ 2133.50

Non Over Flow Section Over Flow Section

Foundation K.RL. 1842 to 1900 Monolith Nos. 18/2,19 t0 23%2412
Monolith Nos. 15 to 17, 18/2
Figure 1. Koyna Dam-sections

Figure 2. Koyna and typical gravity dam sections

 STRESSES I N CONCRETE GRAVITY DAMS 153

The Koyna earthquake of 11 December 1967 had a Richter magnitude of about 6-5, the epicentre was
reported to be within 8 miles of the dam, and the focal depth was estimated as 5-8 miles. This earthquake
was recorded on a strong motion accelerograph located in a gallery within a monolith near the right bank
(Figure 3). The fundamental period of vibration of this monolith is about 0.05 sec, and it therefore appears
reasonable to consider the accelerogram as representing the ground motion at the site. The peak accelerations
for the ground motion recorded at Koyna Dam are 0.63 g for the longitudinal component, 0.49 g for the
transverse component and 0.34 g for the vertical component. Typical values for Magnitude 7 earthquakes
recorded at moderate epicentral distances in California are smaller; for example, the maximum accelerations
recorded during the El Centro (1940) and Tehachapi (1952) earthquakes were 0.33 g and 0.18 g respectively.
The Koyna accelerogram has higher frequency components compared to typical accelerograms recorded in
California; for example, the number of zero crossings per second is about twice as great as for California
earthquakes. The Koyna earthquake had a strong phase of about 6 sec duration in comparison to about 24
sec for the El Centro earthquake. The response spectrum intensity of ground shaking a t Koyna Dam was
about two-thirds of that at El Centro (1940),4.5 slightly smaller than that at Taft (1952),5 and probably less
than one-half of what would be expected in the vicinity of the causative fault in a great (Richter magnitude 8
or greater) earthquake.
The most important structural damage to the dam were horizontal cracks on either the upstream or the
downstream face or on both faces of a number of monoliths. The principal cracking was in the taller non-
overflow monoliths on both sides of the spillway section around elevation KRL (Koyna Reduced Level)

I
VERTICAL COMPONENT
THIS PART OF RECORD FAINT

\ 11 ' '1 1 1' 1 HORIZONTAL COMPONENT ALONG DAM AXIS

0 10 20 30 40
TIMESECONDS 1 I I

0 0.5, 1.o
ACCELERATION g 1

I-1 s.4
Figure 3. Accelerogram recorded at block 1-A of Koyna Dam on 11 December 1967 at 04.21 I.S.T.
154 ANIL K. CHOPRA A N D P. CHAKRABARTI

2060, which is the level at which the slope of the downstream face changes abruptly (Figure 1). There was
evidence of relative movement between adjacent monoliths during the earthquake. Although the dam did
not appear to be in danger of a major failure, the damage was serious enough to result in lowering of the
reservoir for inspection and repairs, and to require permanent strengthening.
The structural damage caused to Koyna Dam by the earthquake of December 1967 is of unusual engineering
significance. A modern dam, designed according to criteria and procedures similar to those employed in
many countries, had been damaged by ground shaking of moderate intensity. This experience raises a number
of important questions. Would other gravity dams with more conventional sections have performed
significantly better if subjected to the Koyna ground shaking ? Were the special characteristics of the ground
motion at Koyna, such as relatively large accelerations and strong high frequency components, responsible
for the damage to Koyna Dam; in other words, what would be the response of gravity dams to earthquake
motions with intensity similar to that of the Koyna motion but having somewhat different acceleration and
frequency characteristics ? What changes in the cross-sectional shape typically used for gravity dams would
lead to an improvement in earthquake resistance of this class of structures? The work reported herein is
addressed to these questions; it is based on the report of a more complete investigation submitted to the
U.S. Department of the Army.6
Horizontal
2
I
0
-I
-2 I I I I I I I I 1 I

Vertical
2
I
0
-I
-2
UPSTREAM FACE - CREST
Horizontal
2
I
ln
2 0
.-2 -I
2 -2
c
8
Vertical
._ --
5
0 2
E l
a
.!? 0
O -I
-2
U P S T R E A M FACE - K R L 2060
~~

Horizontal
2
I
0
-I
-2
Vprt icnl
2
I
0
-I
-2
0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time - secs
UPSTREAM F A C E - K R L 1938
Figure 4. Displacement response at Koyna Dam to transverse and vertical components of Koyna earthquake
 STRESSES IN CONCRETE GRAVITY DAMS 155

RESPONSE O F KOYNA DAM

There was evidence of relative movement between adjacent monoliths of Koyna Dam during the earthquake
of 11 December 1967.7$8Consequently, it becomes reasonable to consider the vibration of each monolith
in the transverse (perpendicular to the axis of the dam) plane to be independent of the others, and to neglect
the vibration in the longitudinal direction (along the axis of the dam). In analysing the dam, the problem is
therefore reduced to two-dimensional vibration of individual monoliths due to transverse and vertical
components of the earthquake ground motion.
A linear analysis of the tallest non-overflow monolith, as a plane stress system subjected to the transverse
and vertical components of the Koyna ground motion, is performed by the finite element m e t h ~ d . ~ . ~ "
Although methods are available to include the hydrodynamic effects of the reservoirll and the flexibility of
the foundation12 in analysing the response of dams, it is not necessary to include these aspects for the
objectives of this paper. The selected monolith is considered to be homogeneous with modulus of elasticity
= 4.5 x lo6 psi, unit weight = 165 pcf and Poisson's ratio = 0.20;13the damping ratio for the lower modes
of vibration is selected as 5 per cent. The periods of the first four modes of vibration, as determined by the
finite element method, are 0.326, 0.122, 0.093 and 0.063 sec. The dynamic response is analysed considering
these four modes of vibration, and selected results are presented in Figures 4 and 5. The initial displacements
and stresses in the dam due to self-weight and hydrostatic loads are included in these results.

\
Maximum Principal Stresses Maximum Principal Stresses
in psi at 4.425 secs in psi a t 4.25 secs
Figure 5. Critical stresses in non-overflow monoliths of Koyna Dam due to Koyna earthquake

Figure 4 describes the displacement variation with time at three levels on the upstream face. At the crest,
the maximum horizontal displacement is about 1.3 in. and the vertical displacement has a peak value of
about 0-5 in. ; the displacements become smaller at the lower levels. The principal contribution to the
maximum displacement at the crest is from the first mode of vibration. The contributions of the higher
modes become relatively more significant at lower levels. The distribution of critical stresses over the cross-
section is presented in Figure 5, wherein the contours of maximum principal stress (largest tension or smallest
156 ANIL K. CHOPRA A N D P. CHAKRABARTI

compression) are plotted at two instants of time: 4.425 and 4.25 sec after the beginning of the earthquake.
The larger tensile stresses occur in the upper part of the dam, exceeding 500 psi on the upstream face and
1000 psi on the downstream face. The stress concentration at KRL 2060 on the downstream face where its
slope changes abruptly is apparent. The maximum compressive stress in the section exceeds 1250 psi. It has
been demonstrated that the additional tensile stresses caused in the upper part of the section by hydro-
dynamic pressures acting on the upstream face of the dam are roughly 45 per cent of the above mentioned
maximum values.6The cracking that would be anticipated on the basis of these tensile stresses and the strength
of concrete in Koyna Dam is consistent with the damage caused by the Koyna earthquake.6

RESPONSE OF TYPICAL GRAVITY DAM SECTIONS

It is apparent from the results presented above that the Koyna ground motion must have caused rather large
tensile stresses in the non-overflow monoliths of Koyna Dam, thus resulting in significant cracking of the
dam. As mentioned earlier, the section of Koyna Dam is not typical of concrete gravity dams (Figure 2).
It is therefore of interest to compare its response with that of a dam with a typical gravity section. Pine Flat
Dam on Kings River, near Fresno, California, is especially suitable for such a comparative study because its
height is roughly comparable to the height of Koyna Dam, and it would, therefore, have similar natural
periods of vibration. The differences in the response of the two dams would then be primarily due to the
differences in the cross-section shapes.
The response of the tallest monolith of Pine Flat Dam (Figure 6) to simultaneous action of the transverse
and vertical components of the Koyna ground motion is analysed using assumptions and procedures identical
to the earlier analysis. The properties selected for mass concrete in Pine Flat Dam are slightly different :I4
modulus of elasticity = 5 x lo6 psi, unit weight = 155 pcf, Poisson's ratio = 0.20. The analysis leads to 0.256,
-32'4

- 1 431-4.3
l2

Figure 6. Pine Flat Dam

 STRESSES IN CONCRETE GRAVITY DAMS 157

0.125,0.092 and 0.072 as the periods of the first four modes of vibration. In comparing these with the periods
of vibration of Koyna Dam, it is apparent that the fundamental period is somewhat smaller, whereas the
periods of the second and third modes are essentially identical. Figure 7 describes the displacement variation
with time at three levels on the upstream face. The horizontal displacement at the crest attains its maximum
of 1 in., compared to 1.3 in. in the case of Koyna Dam, after about 3.7 sec; the second mode of vibration
has important contributions to the maximum displacement. The distribution of maximum principal stress
over the cross-section at two selected instants of time is presented in Figure 8. The maximum tensile stress on
the downstream face exceeds 800 psi as compared to 1000 psi in the case of Koyna Dam. Larger stresses
develop on the downstream face of Koyna Dam apparently because of the abrupt change in the face slope
Horizontal
10

-1.0

Vertical
1.0

-1.0

I.o

0
u)
W
5 -1.0
c
.-
In
;1.0
W
E
W O
0
-0 -1.0
.-
u)
UPSTREAM FACE - EL. 830
n Horizontal
I.o
0
1
I
L-~ I
I
I I
-1.0
t I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I I
I
I I I
I I
Ver t ica I
I.o

-1.0
0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

T i m e - secs
UPSTREAM FACE - EL. 700
Figure 7. Displacement response of Pine Flat Dam to Koyna earthquake

and the wider and taller top portion. The tensile stresses on the upstream face of Pine Flat Dam exceed
600 psi as compared to 500 psi in the case of Koyna Dam. Tensile stresses exceeding 300 psi develop at the
heel of Pine Flat Dam in comparison to 500psi in the case of Koyna Dam. The maximum compressive
stresses on the upstream face are similar for the two dams, whereas those on the downstream face are smaller
in the case of Pine Flat Dam.
The responses of Koyna Dam and Pine Flat Dam to the ground motion recorded during the Koyna
158 ANIL K. CHOPRA AND P. CHAKRABARTI

Maximum Principal Stresses Ma xi mum PrincipaI Stresses

in psi at 3.775 secs in psi at 3.825 secs
Figure 8. Critical stresses in Pine Flat Dam due to Koyna earthquake

earthquake have been compared above. The principal difference between the two dams is in the shape of the
cross-section. The cross-section of Pine Flat Dam is typical of concrete gravity dams, whereas the Koyna
section has a slightly steeper downstream face with a wider and taller upper portion. Intuitively, the Koyna
section would appear to be more vulnerable to earthquake damage than a typical gravity dam section.
However, the analytical results compared above do not support such a contention.They demonstrate that
comparably large tensile stresses would develop even in typical gravity dam sections. The gradual transition
in the slope of the downstream face of Pine Flat Dam does lead to some reduction in the tensile stress con-
centration, however. Typical concrete gravity dams, for example Pine Flat Dam, of height and concrete
strength similar to that at Koyna Dam would therefore be expected to suffer similar, maybe slightly less,
damage during an earthquake similar to the Koyna shock.

INFLUENCE O F GROUND MOTION CHARACTERISTICS ON RESPONSE

As mentioned earlier in this work the accelerogram recorded at Koyna has higher frequency components
compared to typical accelerograms recorded in California. It is therefore of interest to investigate the influence
of these differences in the earthquake motions on the response of gravity dams. For this purpose, the response
of Pine Flat Dam to the ground motion recorded at Taft, California, during the Tehachapi earthquake of
21 July 1952 is analysed. As mentioned earlier, the horizontal components of this accelerogram have spectrum
intensity comparable to that of the Koyna record ; however, the accelerations are about one-third of those
at Koyna.
The response of the tallest monolith of Pine Flat Dam subjected simultaneously to the N69W and vertical
components of the Taft (1952) ground motion is analysed with the same assumptions and properties and the
most important results are presented in Figures 9 and 10. The peak displacement at the crest is about 0.9 in.,
which is slightly less than that due to the Koyna ground motion. However, in this case the maximum dis-
placements are primarily due to the first mode of vibration, whereas when the excitation was the Koyna
 STRESSES IN CONCRETE GRAVITY DAMS 159
Horizontal
1.0 I I I I I . I I I I I 1

0
-0.5
I
I
I
I
I I1 I . ' .I 'I I '111 . I I I 1
I

Vertical
1.0

0
-n c,
".1

UPSTREAM FACE- CREST

Horizonta I

r
c
.-
0 Vertical
, 1.0
in
c
c
a
€ 0
2u -0.5
-0. UPSTREAM FACE- EL. 830
.-
in Hor izont a I
(3 1.0

0
- 0.5
Vert ica I
I.o

0
- 0.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 .I4 16 18 20

Time - secs
UPSTREAM FACE- E L . 7 0 0
Figure 9. Displacement response of Pine Flat Dam to Taft earthquake

ground motion they had important second mode components. The maximum tensile stress on the down-
stream face is about 200psi and that on the upstream face is about 150psi (Figure 10); the maximum
compression at the upstream face is about 350 psi, which is significantly smaller than 450 psi at the down-
stream face. The stresses generated in Pine Flat Dam by the Taft ground motion are only about one-fourth
to one-third of those due to the Koyna ground motion, although the maximum displacements in the two
cases are only slightly different. This is so because the maximum displacements caused by the Koyna ground
motion are dominated by the second mode of vibration, whereas in the case of the Taft ground motion they
are primarily due to the first mode of vibration. The relatively intense shorter period components in the
Koyna accelerogram are responsible for the dominant contribution of the second mode of vibration. For the
same crest displacement in various modes of vibration, the displacement gradients along the height increase
with the mode number and, consequently, the stresses also increase.
RESPONSE OF STRUCTURAL SECTION
Conventional criteria for design of gravity dams can be largely satisfied by a simple triangular section with
vertical upstream face and vertex at the maximum water level (Figure 11). More specifically, the section need
not have any thickness at the crest from the structural point of view. However, a truly triangular section is
 in psi at 9.325 secs in psi at 11.525 secs
Figure 10. Critical stresses in Pine Flat Dam due to Taft earthquake

not practical because the crest of a dam must have substantial thickness to resist the shock of floating objects,
to afford a roadway, for appearance, and sometimes for other purposes. In addition, a freeboard above the
maximum water level is usually required. Such considerations lead to addition of material near the top of a
dam to provide practical crest shapes as shown, for example, for Pine Flat Dam in Figure 11. The structural
section of Pine Flat Dam was therefore considered to be as shown in the same figure. The added mass near
the top of a dam has little, if any, adverse effect on the static stresses and it is therefore rarely considered to
be an item of concern. As evident from the results of three analyses presented above, the most critical stresses
due to earthquakes occur at levels immediately below the added mass. This suggests that the added mass
must have a strong influence on the magnitude of these stresses, and, in order to investigate this possibility,
the structural section of Pine Flat Dam is analysed.
A finite element analysis of the structural section of Pine Flat Dam leads to 0.22,0.099,0.087 and 0.060 sec
as the periods of vibration of the first four modes. These periods are smaller than the corresponding vibration
periods of Pine Flat Dam presented earlier. The shapes of the first two modes of vibration along the upstream
face for Pine Flat Dam and for the structural section of Pine Flat Dam are presented in Figure 12. It is ap-
parent that the added crest mass affects the mode shapes considerably in the upper parts of the dam, resulting
in significant increase in the displacement gradients especially in the higher modes.
The response of the structural section of Pine Flat Dam to simultaneous action of the transverse and
vertical components of Koyna ground motion is analysed by the finite element method. The dynamic inter-
action between the dam and the reservoir is ignored, and the foundation is assumed to be rigid in this analysis.
The displacement response at three levels on the upstream face is shown in Figure 13. A comparison of these
displacements with those for the actual section of Pine Flat Dam, Figure 7 , indicates that the differences
between the two sets of results are small. The distribution of maximum principal stresses over the structural
section at two critical instants of time is presented in Figure 14. The maximum tensile stress on the down-
stream face is about 300 psi and that on the upstream face is about 350 psi; the corresponding stress values
for Pine Flat Dam were 800 and 600 psi respectively. It is apparent that the tensile stresses which develop in
 STRESSES I N CONCRETE GRAVITY DAMS 161

E Z
-
-
-

__
El 90

0.0
,.oo[

El 570

Figure 12.
Mode shapes of Pine Flat Dam

- Pine Flat Dam

---Structural Section of Pine Flat Dam
162 ANIL K. CHOPRA A N D P. CHAKRABARTI

Horiiontnl
I
.5
0
~ .5
-I

Vertical
I
.5
0
- .5
-I
UPSTREAM FACE-CREST
Horizontal
I
.5
0
:-.5
r
-I
_-
0
c

l
c n '
c .5
Z O
E -.5
-
0
n -1
.-
In
n
I
.5
0
-.5
:I

Vertical
I
.5
0
-.5
-I
0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Time-secs
UPSTREAM FACE - E L . 700

Figure 13. Displacement response of Pine Flat Dam

structural section to Koyna earthquake

the structural section are much smaller, being reduced to about 40 per cent at the downstream face and about
60 per cent at the upstream face. This drastic reduction in stresses takes place although the maximum dis-
placements in the two cases are similar and is apparently due to the smaller displacement gradients in the
mode shapes of the structural section. One would expect that auxiliary structures on top of a dam, such as
an elevator tower, would similarly increase the earthquake stresses developed in the dam. This was evidenced
by the earthquake damage to Koyna Dam where the worst cracking was suffered by the monolith on top of
which was located an elevator tower extending 50 ft above the roadway.
It is evident from the results discussed above that the additional material near the crest of a dam causes
considerable increase in the earthquake stresses, especially near the top. It is, therefore, important to give
attention to reducing the crest mass by developing lightweight structural systems to support the roadway
and perform other necessary functions.
 STRESSES IN CONCRETE GRAVITY DAMS 163

I""

Maximum Principal Stresses Maximum Principal Stresses

in psi at 2.925 secs in psi at 3.675 secs
Figure 14. Critical stresses in Pine Flat Dam structural section due to Koyna earthquake

CONCLUSIONS
Significant tensile stresses are expected to develop in the upper parts, on both faces, of concrete gravity dams
during strong earthquakes. These stresses may be large enough to cause cracking in dams, as was the case
at Koyna Dam during the Koyna earthquake of December 1967. The present design practice of representing
the earthquake effects by additional lateral static forces, expressed by a seismic coefficient, needs to be modi-
fied because it fails to anticipate these large tensile stresses.
Although the cross-section of Koyna Dam is not typical of concrete gravity dams and, intuitively, would
appear to be more vulnerable to earthquakes, analyses demonstrate that comparably large tensile stresses
would develop even in typical gravity dam sections during earthquakes. In other words, a gravity dam having
a typical section of height and concrete strength similar to that at Koyna Dam would be expected to suffer
comparable damage during an earthquake similar to the Koyna earthquake.
The Koyna ground motion has relatively intense short period components compared to typical ground
motions recorded in California, for example the Taft motion of 1952, and therefore appears to be relatively
more severe on short period structures such as concrete gravity dams, especially because it tends to signifi-
cantly excite the higher modes of vibration.
The earthquake performance of the structural section, without the extra concrete near the crest of the dam
to support the roadway, etc. of a gravity dam is considerably better than that of the corresponding complete
section, primarily due to the reduction in mass near the crest. It is, therefore, very important to give attention
to reducing the crest mass by developing lightweight structural systems to support the roadway and perform
other necessary functions. Similarly, auxiliary structures usually appended on top of dams should be located
with discretion so that they have a minimum of adverse effect on stresses in the dam.
164 ANIL K. CHOPRA A N D P. CHAKRABARTI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This investigation was sponsored by the Office of the Chief of Engineers, U.S. Department of the Army,
Washington, D.C.

REFERENCES
1. Indian Standard 1893-1966, Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Sfructures, Indian Standards Institution, New
Delhi, 1967.
2. Crauify Dam Design, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Design Manual, EM 1110-2-2200, 1960.
3. Design Standards No. 2, ‘Gravity dam’, in Concrete Dams, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, 1966, Chapter 2.
4. J. Krishna, A. R. Chandrasekaran and S. S. Saini, ‘Analysis of Koyna accelerogram of December 11, 1967’, Bull.
Seismological SOC.Am., 59, No. 4, 1719-1731 (1969).
5. G. W. Housner, ‘Behavior of structures during earthquakes’, J. Engng Mech. Diu., Am. SOC.ciu. Engrs, 85, No. EM4,
109-129 (1959).
6. A. K. Chopra and P. Chakrabarti, ‘The Koyna earthquake of December 11, 1967 and the performance of Koyna Dam’,
Report No. EERC 71-1, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, California, 1971.
7. ‘Koyna earthquake of December 1 1 , 1967’, Report of the UNESCO Committee of Experts, New Delhi, 1968.
8. G. V. Berg, Y . C. Das, K. V. G. K. Gokhale and A. V. Setlur, ‘The Koyna, India, Earthquakes’, Proc. 4th
Wld Conf. Earthquake Eng., Santiago, Chile, 1969.
9. A. K. Chopra, M. Dibaj, R. W. Clough, J. Penzien and H. B. Seed, ‘Earthquake analysis of earth dams’, Proc. 4th
Wid Conf. Earthquake Eng., Santiago, Chile, 1969.
10. A. K. Chopra and P. Chakrabarti, ‘A computer program for earthquake analysis of dams’, Report No. EERC 70-5,
Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, California, 1970.
11. A. K. Chopra, ‘Earthquake response of concrete gravity dams’, J. Engng Mech. Diu., Am. SOC.ciu. Engrs, 96, No. EM4,
443-454 (1970).
12. A. K. Chopra, ‘Earthquake analysis of concrete gravity dams’, Proc. 3rd Japan Earthquake Eng. Symposium,
Tokyo, November 1970.
13. N. G . K. Murti, P. M. Mane and M. R. Vinayaka, ‘Evaluation of rubble concrete for the Koyna Dam and its performance
in the structure’, Transactions, Eighth International Congress on Large Dams, Edinburgh, 1964.
14. ACI Committee 207, ‘Mass concrete for dams and other massive structures’, ACI J., pp273-309, 1970.