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Introduction to

Nonlinear Cracked Section Analysis

Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software
Tel: (662) 524‐6416, Email: ait.acecoms@gmail.com Web site: www.acecoms.ait.asia

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Analysis Type available in SAFE

1. Linear Analysis  Default for Load Pattern
2. Nonlinear (Allow Uplift)  Soil bearing pressure (compression only)
3. Nonlinear (Cracked)  Cracked section
4. Nonlinear (Long Term Cracked)  Cracked section with time dependent

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Modulus of Rupture (fr) & Cracking Moment (Mcr)

P

Compression

M NA
M
yt

Tension
The flexural tensile strength for Concrete = Modulus of Rupture (fr)
Modulus of Rupture (fr) = 0.62 x λ x (fc’)1/2 Mpa (ACI)
Cracking Moment (Mcr) = fr x Ig / yt
Ig = Gross Moment of Inertia
yt = Distance from Centroid to Extreme Tension Fiber
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Uncracked Section vs Cracked Section

Compression

M M < Mcr
Iun = Ig

Tension < fr
Uncracked Section  M < Mcr

Compression

M M > Mcr Icr < Ig

Tension > fr
Crack
Cracked Section  M > Mcr
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Curvature (Ψ)
P

Curvature (Ψ) = ε / c
ε

c Compression
M M d
As
Tension
b
Strain Diagram
n = Es / Ec
ρ = As / (b x d)
k = ((2ρn + (ρn)2)1/2 – ρn  c = k x d
Curvature (Ψ) = ε / c = M / (Ec x I)

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Moment-Curvature (Ψ) for Cracked Section and Uncracked Section

Moment
Ψun= M / (E x Iun)
Ψcr= M / (E x Icr)

ζ = 1 – β1 β2 (Mcr/M)2  (β1 = β2 = 1)
Ψm = (1- ζ) Ψun + ζ Ψcr
Mcr
Curvature  Ψ = Ψcr + (Ψun - Ψcr) (Mcr/M)2
m

Moment of Inertia  Im = Ie = Icr + (Iun - Icr) (Mcr/M)3

Curvature (Ψ)
Ψm
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Steps for Cracking Section Analysis in SAFE

Step 1: Calculates Moment (1st time without Flexural Stiffness Modifier)
Step 2: Determines Reinforcing (by Program or user Input)
Step 3: Calculates Cracked Bending Moment
Step 4: Computes Interpolation Coefficient
Step 5: Determines Curvatures for Uncracked and Fully Cracked State
Step 6: Computes the Curvature at Applied Moment
Step 7: Calculates a Flexural Stiffness Modifier
Step 8: Computes Displacement using the Modifier

Start Step 1 for finding Moment using flexural stiffness Modifier

Iterates until the change in Maximum Displacement is Small

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Steps for Cracking Section Analysis in SAFE

Step 1: Calculates Moment (1st time without Flexural Stiffness Modifier)
P

Iun
Model

Moment Diagram

M M

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Steps for Cracking Section Analysis in SAFE

Step 2: Determines Reinforcing (by Program or user Input)
Run >> Cracking Analysis Options
M M

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Steps for Cracking Section Analysis in SAFE

Step 2: Determines Reinforcing (by Program or user Input)
Draw >> Draw Slab Rebar

Datum

-0.16 m

Section
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Steps for Cracking Section Analysis in SAFE

Step 3: Calculates Cracked Bending Moment
Step 4: Computes Interpolation Coefficient

Compression

M NA
M
yt

Tension

The flexural tensile strength = Modulus of Rupture (fr) = 0.62 x λ x (fc’)1/2 MPa (ACI)
Cracking Moment (Mcr) = fr x Ig / yt
Ig = Gross Moment of Inertia
yt = Distance from Centroid to Extreme Tension Fiber

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Steps for Cracking Section Analysis in SAFE

Step 3: Calculates Cracked Bending Moment
Step 4: Computes Interpolation Coefficient

The flexural tensile strength = Modulus of Rupture (fr) = 0.62 x λ x (fc’)1/2 MPa (ACI)
Cracking Moment (Mcr) = fr x Ig / yt
Ig = Gross Moment of Inertia
yt = Distance from Centroid to Extreme Tension Fiber

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Steps for Cracking Section Analysis in SAFE

Step 5: Determines Curvatures for Uncracked (Ψun) and Fully Cracked State (Ψcr)
Step 6: Computes the Curvature (Ψm) at Applied Moment
Moment
Ψun= M / (E x Iun)
Ψcr= M / (E x Icr)

Mcr Ψm = Ψcr + (Ψun - Ψcr) (Mcr/M)2

Curvature (Ψ)
Ψm
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Steps for Cracking Section Analysis in SAFE

Step 7: Calculates a Flexural Stiffness Modifier
Curvature (Ψm) = M / (E x I)  Ie = M / (E x Ψm)
Step 8: Computes Displacement using the Modifier
P

Ie Deflection = ?

Start Step 1 for finding Moment using flexural stiffness Modifier

Iterates until the change in Maximum Displacement (Step 8) is Small

Ie

Moment Diagram = ?
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Nonlinear (Cracked) Analysis in SAFE (for Dead Load: Self Weight)

Linear Analysis
Max. Deflection = -3.0mm

Nonlinear (Cracked) Analysis

Max. Deflection = -7.7mm

Slab thickness = 20 cm
Rebar = 5 x Ø12mm at bottom
Covering = 4 cm

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Reference for Nonlinear (Cracked Slab) Analysis in SAFE

Help >> Documentation

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THANK YOU

Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software
Tel: (662) 524‐6416, Email: ait.acecoms@gmail.com Web site: www.acecoms.ait.asia

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