Universidad Católica del Maule

English portfolio

Name: Silvana C. Lorca Núñez.

El idioma inglés como puente para la comunicación intercultural
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Have to and must:

We use have to when it is necessary to do it. When I am obliged to do it.

Ex:

a) I have to wear glasses for reading

b) Last week Lisa broke her arm and had to go to hospital.

We use do/does/did in questions and negative sentences for the present and past simple:

Ex: What do I have to do to get a new driving licence?

why did you have to leave early?

Must is similar to have to, but you can use must to give your own opinion, to say what you think is
necessary, or to recommend someone to do something.

Joe is a really nice person. You must meet him (I recommend this)
I haven’t spoken to Lia for ages. I must phone her ( I say this is necessary)

Mustn’t and don’t have to are completely different:

You mustn’t do something: it is necessary that You don’t have to do something = you don’t
you do not do It. need to do it ( but you can if you want)

You must keep this a secret. You mustn’t tell You don’t have to tell Tom what happened. I
anyone can tell him myself.

I promised I would be on time. I mustn’t be I don’t have to be at the meeting but I think I’ll
late go anyway.
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Should

You should do something = It is a good thing to do or the right thing to do. You can use should to
give advice or to give an opinion

Ex:

a) You look tired. You should go to bed.

b) The government should do more to improve education.
c) -Should we invite Lexie to the part?
-yes, I think we should

 We often use should with I think/ I don’t think/ do you think?

Ex:

a) I think the government should do more to improve education.

b) I don’t think you should work so hard.
c) -Do you think I should apply for this job?
-Yes, I think you should.

 You shouldn’t do something = It isn’t a good thing to do:

Ex: You shouldn’t believe everything you read in the newspaper.

 Should is not as strong as must or have to:

You should apologise (it would be a good thing to do)

You must apologise / you have to apologise ( You have no alternative)

 You can use should to say that we expect something to happen:

Ex: Helen has been studying hard for the exam, so she should pass (I expect her to
pass)

 Also, you can use should when something is not right or what you expect.
Ex: The price on this packet is wrong. It should be $1000 not $2000.
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Describing objects and clothes

Essential questions:

a) What is it made of?

-It is made of:
plastic, wood, metal, leather, etc.
b) What shape is it?
-It is round, it is a round object, it is square, rectangular, oval, cylindrical.
c) What fabric is it made of?
-Corduroy, cotton, leather, mesh silk, wool, polyester, cashmere, nylon, etc.
d) What pattern does it have?
-Argyle, checkered, flowered. Plaid, polka, dotted, zig-zag, etc.
e) What size is it?
-Petite, small, medium, large, extra large, XXL, etc.

Order to describe objects:

Opinion + size + age + shape + color + origin + material + purpose.

It is a beautiful new white Italian lamp.

It is a dirty small Chinese book.

Order to describe clothes:

color + pattern + fabric + clothing

A red cotton T-shirt. A blue demin skirt.

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Describing how something works:

Word to answer ‘’how do you use it?’’

a) Turn on/off.
b) Cover.
c) Fold/unfold.
d) Plug in/ unplug.
e) Insert.
f) Put.
g) Press.
h) Slide.
i) Open.
j) Switch on/off.
k) Move.
l) Input.

What is it used for?

Form:

People use it / It is used for + Verb (ing)

People use it / It is used to + Verb (infinitive)

Ex:
- What is a TV used for?
- It is used for watching football with friends. People also use it to entertain kids.

What do I have to do?

Use this words to give instructions: First, second, after that, then, finally, etc.

Example:

-Hi! I want to buy a tv, do you sell one?

-Hello, yes! But I only have this old model.

-It’s okay, Can you tell me how to use it?

First, make sure it is plugged in. Second, you have to press

the red button to turn on. After that if you want to change
the channels you have to press the arrows buttons and to
turned on, press the same red button.

- is easy! thank u, I take it.

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Passive voice / active voice:

Example:

This house was built in 1961.

Was built is passive.

Active: Somebody built this house in 1961.

subject + v + object

Passive: This house was built in 1961

(subject)

 We use an active verb when we say what the subject does:

Ex: My grandfather was a builder He built his house in 1961.

It’s a big company It employs two hundred people.

 We use a passive verb when we say what happens to the subject:

Ex: How old is this house? It was built in 1961.

Two hundred people are employed by the company.

Ex:

Active Passive

He loves me. I am loved.

We took our children to the circus. The children were taken to the circus.

A thief stole my money. My Money was stolen.

The woman is pretty. She is a pretty woman.

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First conditional: If- will.

It is used to express a possible condition and its probable result in the future or to give instructions
or commands

Form:

If + simple present + will

a) If it rains, you will get wet.

b) You will miss the bus if you don't hurry.
c) If you are tired, get a good rest

Second conditional:

It is used to express something that is unreal or unlikely to happen, or the condition is less
possible to happen.

Form:

If + simple present +would + verb

Ex:

B) Joe: How are you going to travel?

Jess: We’re going by train. If we went by bus, it would be cheaper, but the train is quicker
Ex:

1. What would you do if you were bitten by a snake?

2. I’m not going to bed yet. I’m not tired. If I went to bed now, I wouldn’t sleep.
3. Would you mind if I used your phone?
4. I’d be very scared if somebody pointed a gun at me.