Heat and Mass Transfer

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-019-02568-3

ORIGINAL

Thermal performances and their impact on design of bayonet-tube heat

exchangers – single phase plug flow
Miloš Ivošević 1 & Andrija Petrović 1 & Branislav Jaćimović 1 & Srbislav Genić 1

Received: 8 September 2018 / Accepted: 14 January 2019

# Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019

Abstract
In this paper functional relationships between bayonet-tube heat exchanger effectiveness (P), heat capacity ratio (R) and number
of transfer units (NTU) for all possible flow arrangements are derived. Temperature profiles of hot and cold fluid are also given.
Analysis showed that regarding heat exchanger surface eight possible flow arrangements can be reduced to four. Furthermore it
has been shown which flow arrangements have superior thermal performances. Developed methodology was illustrated through
the numerical example.

Nomenclature i Inner
m⋅ , kg/s Mass flow rate a Annular space
cp, J/kgK Specific heat capacity at constant pressure
k, W/m2K Overall heat transfer coefficient
NTU Number of transfer units
P Temperature efficiency 1 Introduction
Q, W Heat duty
R Heat capacity ratio Bayonet-tube heat exchanger (BTHE) consists of a pair of
2 concentric tubes with a cap attached to the end of the outer
SHE, m Heat exchanger surface
S, m2 Heat exchange surface area tube [1]. Tube bundle formed from bayonet tubes can be
t, °C Temperature placed in shell to form shell-and-tube heat exchanger
Δtln, °C Logarithmic mean temperature difference (Fig. 1), or it can be placed in tanks as a common heater or
Δtmean, °C Mean temperature difference cooler. In either case, during the operation, constructional el-
D, m Diameter of outer tube ements can move independently from one another, enabling
d, m Diameter of inner tube the elimination of thermal stresses. This is the reason why
Greek symbols BTHE are well suited to extremely large temperature differ-
Ψs Ratio of outer and inner tube surface area ences between the two fluids like in the case of high temper-
Ψk Ratio of overall heat transfer coefficient of outer and ature recuperators [2] or cryogenic operations [3]. BTHE are
inner tube also used for heat transfer in case of very aggressive fluids that
ε LMTD correction factor require expensive corrosion-resistant materials [2], and in oth-
er industrial cases described thoroughly in [4]. Other advan-
Subscripts
tage related to the application of BTHE is the removable tube
1 Hot fluid
bundle which permits easy internal cleaning. On the other
2 Cold fluid
hand double tubesheet increases capital cost, so they are less
in Inlet
economical than U-tube heat exchangers and this is the reason
out Outlet
why BTHE are not so often used in heat transfer apparatuses.
o Outer
In order to be able to choose the best flow arrangement,
functional relations between heat exchanger thermal parame-
* Miloš Ivošević ters have to be known. Hurd [5] appears to be the first to
mivosevic@mas.bg.ac.rs analyze thermal performances of bayonet-tube heat ex-
changers, with the heating medium on the shell side. As stated
1
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Kraljice in [1], Hurd’s analysis agree with an unpublished work of K.
Marije 16, Belgrade 11000, Serbia A. Gardner. Since the analysis of Hurd [5] lacks with the cases

Fig. 1 Bayonet-tube heat exchanger along with nozzle designation
of hot fluid on the tube side of BTHE, in this paper we deal
with unsolved and previously unpublished thermal parameters
in order to encompass this problem. It has to be noted that in
the open literature BTHE are also known as: Field heat ex-
changers after their inventor Edward Field [6] or plug-in dou-
ble-pipe heat exchangers [7].
2 Bayonet-tube heat exchangers
nomenclature
In BTHE it is possible to organize tube side flow of fluids in
various directions. For the analysis that will be presented fur-
ther on it is necessary to make a nomenclature of fluid flow
directions. BTHE sketched in Fig. 1 has 4 nozzles designated
with letters T, A, F and R. Regarding the Fig. 1 letter T states
for bayonet tube side, A for bayonet annulus, F for front part
of heat exchanger (near the tubesheet) and R states for rear
part of heat exchanger. Tube side fluid can either flow by
entering the inner tube and exiting annulus (direction T →
A) or in opposite direction entering through annulus and
exiting through inner tube (A → T). Analogously in shell
there are two possible flow directions: from the front to rear
end of bundle (F → R) or in opposite direction (R → F).
In order to establish the nomenclature of bayonet-tube heat
exchangers it was necessary to introduce the type designation.
The tag consists of two letters. First letter indicates hot fluid
inlet, and second letter indicates cold fluid inlet, so there are 8
flow arrangements presented in Table 1. For example, as can
be seen from Table 1, tag TF means that hot fluid enters ex-
changer through the tube side and then flows in annulus, while
cold fluid enters the shell side at front end (near the tubesheet)
and flows to the rear end of BTHE. This nomenclature differs
from the one that was introduced by Hurd [5]. Hurd’s nomen-
clature covered just 4 cases which he marked with Roman
Heat Mass Transfer
numerals: Hurds case I is hereby marked with RT, case II is
FT, case III is RA and case IV is FA.
3 Thermal performances of BTHE
BTHE can be used for a variety of working conditions with
and without phase change [8]. In this paper, only working
conditions for a single phase flow were considered for eight
different flow arrangements. Presented analysis is based on
the equations of mass and energy conservation with the fol-
lowing assumptions:
& Steady state (flow rates and temperatures);
& Pressure of each fluid is constant (isobaric conditions);
& Negligible heat loss to surroundings;
& Physical properties of both fluids are assumed to be aver-
aged along the heat transfer surface providing the aver-
aged value of the overall heat transfer coefficient;
& Plug flow model is adopted for both bayonet-tube and
shell side of exchanger.
Bayonet tube cross section and overall heat transfer coeffi-
cients are shown in Fig. 2. Outer surface of the inner tube
defined as Si = do ⋅ π ⋅ LT ⋅ NT and the outer surface of the outer
tube So = Do ⋅ π ⋅ LT ⋅ NT are also presented in the same figure.
Furthermore overall heat transfer coefficients for inner (ki) and
outer tube (ko) are expressed through the outer surfaces of
tubes.
Several important characteristic ratios that are used in eval-
uation of the heat exchanger thermal performances are pre-
sented in Table 2.
Heat exchanger duty is
⋅
Q ¼ k o ⋅S o ⋅Δt mean ð1Þ
Heat Mass Transfer

Table 1 Bayonet-tube heat exchangers nomenclature

Hot fluid inside bayonet-tube Cold fluid inside bayonet-tube

TF FT

TR FA

AF RT

AR RA

Hot fluid Cold Fluid

where Q⋅ (W) is a heat duty, ko (W/(m2·K)) overall heat trans- while the relation between heat transfer units for hot and cold
fer coefficient based on outer surface of outer tube and Δtmean fluid is
(°C) mean temperature difference.
NTU 1
Mean temperature difference is calculated on the basis of NTU 2 ¼ ð5Þ
R
Δt mean ¼ ε Δt ln ð2Þ
The heat performance of each heat exchanger in the steady
where ε is correction factor and Δtln (°C) is logarithmic mean state is known when the functional relation between R, P and
temperature difference defined as NTU2 is known. In this paper mathematical steps are given for
flow arrangement RT. Regarding the Fig. 3 through the fol-
ðt 1in −t 2out Þ−ðt 1out −t 2in Þ lowing equations, energy balances for infinitesimally small
Δt ln ¼
 ð3Þ
t 1in −t 2out heat exchange surface area are.
ln
t 1out −t 2in
⋅ ⋅
In case of heat exchanger with arbitrary flow arrangement m2 ⋅cp2 ⋅ðt 2i þ dt 2i Þ ¼ m2 ⋅cp2 ⋅t 2i þ k i ⋅ðt 2a −t 2i Þ⋅dS i ð6Þ
correction factor is [12].
⋅
8 1−P m2 ⋅cp2 ⋅ðt 2a þ dt 2a Þ þ k o ⋅ðt 1 −t 2a Þ⋅dS o
>
> ln
>
< 1−R⋅P ⋅
for R≠1 ¼ m2 ⋅cp2 ⋅t 2a þ k i ⋅ðt 2a −t 2i Þ⋅dS i ð7Þ
ε ¼ NTU 2 ⋅ðR−1Þ ð4Þ
>
>
>
:
P
for R ¼ 1
NTU 2 ⋅ð1−PÞ ⋅ ⋅
m1 ⋅cp1 ⋅t 1 þ k o ⋅ðt 1 −t 2a Þ⋅dS o ¼ m1 ⋅cp1 ⋅ðt 1 þ dt 1 Þ ð8Þ
 Heat Mass Transfer

S o ¼ 0→t 1 ¼ t 1out ð12Þ

S o ¼ S HE →t 1 ¼ t 1in ð13Þ

After solving the system of eqs. (9-11) together with energy

balance along contour K functional relation between R, P, NTU2
and Z are obtained and given in Tables 3, 4, 5 and 6 for RT and all
other flow arrangements. It was noticed that the thermal perfor-
mances are identical for 4 pairs of flow arrangements: RT = FA,
RA = FT, TR = AF and TF = AR. Temperature profiles for all
flow arrangements are presented in Appendix 1.
We have also analyzed theoretical case of infinitely large
heat exchanger surface area (SHE → ∞). Thermal effectiveness
in this limiting case (Pmax) corresponds to the maximal theo-
retical heat duty of heat exchanger.
In Appendix 2 there are 4 diagrams of temperature difference
correction factor ε as a function of R and P. Ordinate on diagram
covers correction factor in range ε = 0.5 – 1 which is a common
presentation since exchangers with ε < 0.5 are very rare. There is
only one curiosity on diagrams – line for R = 0. This line corre-
sponds to the case of constant hot side temperature (ideal mixing
case or condensation of one component vapor at constant pres-
Fig. 2 Bayonet tube cross section and overal heat transfer coefficients sure) – BTHE correction factor is not equal to unity in these cases.
Diagrams are plotted with additional dimensionless param-
After rearranging of eqs. (6-8) the following system of eter Z equal to 0.5, regarding the following analysis. ψs is
differential equations is formed usually selected somewhere between the values obtained by
two criteria:
dt 2i k o ⋅Z
¼ ⋅ðt 2a −t 2i Þ ð9Þ
dS o m2 ⋅ ⋅cp2 & equal cross section area between inner tube and annular
dt 2a ko k o ⋅Z space when Ψs = 0.5;
¼− ⋅ ⋅ðt 1 −t 2a Þ þ ⋅ ⋅ðt 2a −t 2i Þ ð10Þ &
dS o m2 ⋅cp2 m2 ⋅cp2 equal hydraulic diameters of anular space and inner tube
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
dt 1 k o ⋅R when Ψ s ¼ 2=2 ≈ 0.7.
¼ ⋅ðt 1 −t 2a Þ ð11Þ
dS o m2 ⋅ ⋅cp2
In good engineering practice it is preferred that all heat
with boundary conditions transfer coefficients (bayonet-tube, annulus and shell side

Table 2 Thermal performance

parameters Parameter Formula

Heat capacity ratio m ⋅ ⋅c −t1out

R ¼ m21 ⋅ ⋅cp2p1 ¼ tt1in
2out −t 2in

Temperature effectiveness 2out −t 2in

P ¼ tt1in −t2i2n

Number of transfer units for hot fluid

NTU 1 ¼ mk1o⋅ ⋅S⋅cop1

Number of transfer units for cold fluid

NTU 2 ¼ mk2o⋅ ⋅S⋅cop2

Ratio of outer surfaces for inner and outer tube

Ψ s ¼ SSoi
Ratio of overall heat transfer coefficients for outer and inner tube
Ψ k ¼ kkoi
Dimensionless parameter
Ζ ¼ ΨΨ ks ¼ SSoi ⋅k⋅k io
Auxiliary function D = D(Z, R)
Heat Mass Transfer

Fig. 3 Bayonet heat exchanger

surface

heat transfer coefficients) are of the same order of magnitude,
so ψk is usualy in range 0.8 to 1.2. Sumarizing the given
reasons we have adopted Z = 0.5 as a referent value for dia-
grams in Appendix 2.
& flowrates and temperatures of hot and cold fluid at the inlet
are the same;
& heat exchangers have the same overall heat transfer
coefficients;
& heat exchangers are of the equal surfaces.

In this case, the ratio of the temperature effectiveness of

4 Comparison of thermal performances exchangers X and Y is equal to the ratio of the heat duty of
for various flow arrangements exchangers in consideration

Thermal performances of BTHE can be compared under the Q⋅ X PX

ΩX =Y ¼ ⋅ ¼
following conditions: QY PY

Table 3 Thermal parameters for flow arrangements RT and FA


Table 4 Thermal parameters for flow arrangements RA and FT
This analysis shows the following:
& for the case of hot fluid inside bayonet, thermal perfor-
mances for flow arrangements TR and AF are equal to
those of TF and AR;
& for the case of cold fluid inside bayonet, thermal perfor-
mances for FT and RA flow arrangements are equal to
those of RT and FA.
According to equations given in Tables 3, 4, 5 and 6 we
came to the conclusion presented in Fig. 4 for the an arbitrary
case of R = 0.35 and Z = 0.5:
& flow arrangements FT and RA have superior thermal per-
formances to those of RT and FA (Hurd made the same
conclusion [5]);
Heat Mass Transfer
& flow arrangements TF and AR are better choice than TR
and AF.
5 Numerical examples
In this part, the application of developed equations is demon-
strated through two numerical examples. As already men-
tioned, since BTHE represent modification of ordinary shell
and tube heat exchangers, in our examples heat transfer coef-
ficients in annulus is to be calculated as in the case of double
pipe unit and shell side heat transfer coefficient is as by con-
ventional shell and tube heat exchangers.
Heat Mass Transfer

Table 5 Thermal parameters for flow arrangements TR and AF.

Example 1 26,173 kg/h of chlorine enters the shell side of through the tubes at 110 °C and leaving annular space at 60 °C.
bayonet-tube heat exchanger at −20 °C and will be heated to Available for this service is DN300 bayonet-tube heat exchanger
20 °C by water - ethylene glycol (50%wt.) mixture flowing having 73 Monel 400 tubes DN20/DN15 in 32 mm triangle pitch.

Table 6 Thermal parameters for flow arrangements TF and AR

 Heat Mass Transfer

Fig. 4 Comparison of flow

arrangements for R = 0.35 and
Z = 0.5

Physical properties for average temperatures of the two 1

ki ¼


streams are given in the Table 7. 1 do do do 1
þ Rt ⋅ þ ⋅ln þ þ Ra
Energy balances enables the calculation of heat duty αa d i 2⋅λw di αa
⋅ ⋅
Q ¼ m2 ⋅cp2 ⋅ðt 2out −t 2in Þ ¼ 280:5kW ¼ 229W=m2 ⋅K

and flow rate of hot fluid Heat exchanger effectiveness is

⋅ Q⋅ t 2out −t 2in
m1 ¼ ¼ 1:63kg=s ¼ 5:87t=h P¼ ¼ 0:3076
cp1 ⋅ðt 1in −t 1out Þ t 1in −t 2in

Table 8 contains calculated values of heat transfer coeffi- and heat capacity ratio
cients and other parameters. m2 ⋅ ⋅cp2 t 1in −t 1out
R¼ ¼ ¼ 1:25
Overall heat transfer coefficients are m1 ⋅ ⋅cp1 t 2out −t 2in
1
ko ¼

 Logarithmic mean temperature difference for R ≠ 1 is equal
1 Do Do Do 1
þ Ra ⋅ þ ⋅ln þ þ Rs to
αa Di 2⋅λw Di αs
¼ 158W=m2 ⋅K ðt 1in −t 2out Þ−t 1out −t 2in
Δt ln ¼ t 1in −t 2out ¼ 84:90∘ C
ln
and t 1out −t 2in

Table 7 Fluid properties

Fluid property Water-Ethylene Glycol (50%wt.) (1) Chlorine (2)

Density, ρ, kg/m3 1015.29 1464.78

Specific heat, cp, kJ/(kg·K) 3.423 0.964
Viscosity, μ, Pa·s 0.000547 0.0003946
Thermal conductivity, λ, W/(m·K) 0.452 0.147
Prandtl number, Pr 4.13 2.58
Heat Mass Transfer

Table 8 Heat transfer parameters for example 1

Shell side heat transfer coefficient [9] αs = 315 W/(m2·K)

Annular space heat transfer coefficient [10] – Rea = 1370 αa = 523 W/(m2·K)
Heat transfer coefficient for inner tube [10] – Ret = 4188 αt = 933 W/(m2·K)
Fouling factors according to [11] Ra = Rt = 0.35 m2·K/kW
Rs = 0.35 m2·K/kW

Dimensionless parameter Table 9 summarizes calculation results of example 1.

Temperature profiles for both hot and cold fluids are given
ΨS S i ⋅k i d o ⋅π⋅LT ⋅N T ⋅k i
Z¼ ¼ ¼ ¼ 0:99 in Fig. 5.
Ψk S o ⋅k o Do ⋅π⋅LT ⋅N T ⋅k o

Detailed analysis will be conducted for the case TF, for all Example 2 Case including cold fluid inside bayonet-tube RA
other cases final results will be given in the table below. has also been conducted. 7452 kg/h of ammonia enters the
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi tube side of bayonet-tube heat exchanger at −30 °C and will
ðR−1Þ2 be heated to 0 °C by water- ethylene glycol (50%wt. freezing
D¼ þ 4⋅Z ¼ 1:99 point −36.8 °C) mixture entering the shell at 50 °C and leaving
R2
it at 30 °C. Heat exchanger geometry is the same as in exam-
1 2 þ P⋅ðD⋅R−R−1Þ ple 1 except material, here SS304 is used.
NTU 1 ¼ ⋅ln ¼ 0:6745
D 2−P⋅ðD⋅R þ R þ 1Þ Energy balances enables the calculation of heat duty
1−P ⋅ ⋅
R⋅ln Q ¼ m2 ⋅cp2 ⋅ðt 2out −t 2in Þ ¼ 281:9kW
ε¼ 1−P⋅R ¼ 0:8730
ðR−1Þ⋅NTU 1
and flow rate of hot fluid
Finally heat transfer surface area based on outer surface of ⋅ Q̇
outer tube is, m1 ¼ ¼ 4:25kg=s ¼ 15:3t=h
cp1 ⋅ðt 1in −t 1out Þ
Q⋅
S HE ¼ ¼ 23:9m2 Table 10 contains calculated values of heat transfer coeffi-
k o ⋅ε⋅Δt ln
cients and other parameters.
and heat exchanger length is Overall heat transfer coefficients are
S HE 1
LT ¼ ¼ 4:17m ko ¼


N T ⋅Do ⋅π 1 Do Do Do 1
þ Ra ⋅ þ ⋅ln þ þ Rs
αa Di 2⋅λw Di αs
For this flow arrangement heat exchanger effectiveness for
limiting case of SHE → ∞ would be ¼ 301W=m2 ⋅K

2 and
Pmax ¼ ¼ 0:422
D⋅R þ R þ 1
1
with a maximal outlet temperature of cold fluid t2outmax de- ki ¼


1 do do do 1
fined as þ Rt ⋅ þ ⋅ln þ þ Ra
αt d i 2⋅λw di αa
t 2outmax ¼ Pmax ⋅ðt 1in −t 2in Þ þ t 2in ¼ 34:86° C ¼ 581W=m2 ⋅K

Finaly heat duty of this BTHE for the case of SHE → ∞ is

⋅ ⋅
Qmax ¼ m2 ⋅cp2 ⋅ðt 2outmax −t 2in Þ ¼ 377:5kW
Table 9 Calculation
Relative efficiency of heat exchanger is eqaul to [12]. results of example 1 Flow pattern ε LT [m]

P TR and AF 0.7398 4.93

E rel ¼ ¼ 0:72
Pmax AR and TF 0.8730 4.17
 Heat Mass Transfer

Fig. 5 Temperature profiles for

hot and cold fluid in example 2 –
solid lines are for AR and dashed
for TF flow arrangement

Heat exchanger effectiveness is R 2−2⋅P þ P⋅ðD−1Þ⋅ðR−1Þ

NTU 1 ¼ ⋅ln ¼ 0:4288
ðR−1Þ⋅D 2−2⋅P−P⋅ðD þ 1Þ⋅ðR−1Þ
t 2out −t 2in
P¼ ¼ 0:3750 1−P
t 1in −t 2in R⋅ln
ε¼ 1−P⋅R ¼ 0:8503
and heat capacity ratio ðR−1Þ⋅NTU 1
m2 ⋅ ⋅cp2 t 1in −t 1out Finally heat transfer surface area based on outer surface of
R¼ ¼ ¼ 0:6667
m2 ⋅ ⋅cp1 t 2out −t 2in outer tube is,
Logarithmic mean temperature difference for R ≠ 1 is equal Q⋅
S HE ¼ ¼ 20m2
to k o ⋅ε⋅Δt ln
ðt 1in −t 2out Þ−ðt 1out −t 2in Þ and heat exchanger length is
Δt ln ¼ t 1in −t 2out ¼ 54:84° C
ln S HE
t 1out −t 2in LT ¼ ¼ 3:49m
N T ⋅Do ⋅π
Dimensionless parameter
For this flow arrangement heat exchanger effectiveness for
ΨS S i ⋅k i d o ⋅π⋅LT ⋅N T ⋅k i limiting case of SHE → ∞ would be
Z¼ ¼ ¼ ¼ 1:31
Ψk S o ⋅k o Do ⋅π⋅LT ⋅N T ⋅k o
2
Pmax ¼ ¼ 0:50
Detailed analysis will be conducted for the case TF, for all 2−ðD−1Þ⋅ðR−1Þ
other cases final results will be given in the table below.
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi with a maximal outlet temperature of cold fluid t2outmax de-
4⋅Z fined as
D¼ 1þ ¼ 6:96
ðR−1Þ2 t 2outmax ¼ Pmax ⋅ðt 1in −t 2in Þ þ t 2in ¼ 10° C

Table 10 Heat transfer parameters for example 2

Shell side heat transfer coefficient [9] αs = 452 W/(m2·K)

Annular space heat transfer coefficient [10] – Rea = 4914 αa = 2948 W/(m2·K)
Heat transfer coefficient for inner tube [10] – Ret = 15,004 αt = 2707 W/(m2·K)
Fouling factors according to [11] Ra = Rt = 0.175 m2·K/kW
Rs = 0.35 m2·K/kW
Heat Mass Transfer

Table 11 Calculation
Flow pattern ε LT [m]
6 Conclusion
results of example 2

RT and FA 0.7533 3.95 Inspired by the lack of analytically solved cases of various
RA and FT 0.8503 3.49 plug flow arrangements in this paper we have provided heat
transfer performance parameters for BTHE. For all of the 8
possible flow arrangements we have provided functional rela-
tionships between BTHE effectiveness (P), heat capacity ratio
(R) and number of transfer units (NTU), using the additional
parameter Z. Moreover we have considered theoretical case of
Finaly heat duty of this BTHE for the case of SHE → ∞ is
maximal heat power of exchangers using thermal effective-
⋅ ⋅
Qmax ¼ m2 ⋅cp2 ⋅ðt 2outmax −t 2in Þ ¼ 375:9kW ness Pmax. Diagrams for correction factors ε for all flow ar-
rangements are given.
Relative efficiency of heat exchanger is eqaul to [12]. It was shown that these eight flow arrangements can be
reduced to four and that, in order to reduce surface area of
P heat exchanger, preference should be given to flow arrange-
E rel ¼ ¼ 0:75
Pmax ments RA and FT i.e. AR and TF in comparison to RT and FA
Table 11 summarizes calculation results of example 2. i.e. TR, AF respectively.

Acknowledgements The research presented in this paper is partially

funded by Ministry of Education, Science and Technological
Development of Republic of Serbia.

Appendix 1

In the following tables temperature profiles are given in ac-

cordance with Fig. 1.

RT FA

r1
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi r1
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
k o ⋅ðRþ1Þ −k o ⋅ðRþ1Þ
2⋅m˙ ⋅c ⋅ 1 þ 1 þ ðRþ1 4⋅Z
Þ2 ˙ ⋅c ⋅ 1− 1 þ ðRþ1 4⋅Z
2 p2 2⋅m 2 p2 Þ2

qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

r2
k o ⋅ðRþ1Þ
r2 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
−k o ⋅ðRþ1Þ
2⋅m˙ ⋅c ⋅ 1− 1 þ ðRþ1 4⋅Z
Þ2 ˙ ⋅c ⋅ 1 þ 1 þ ðRþ1 4⋅Z
2 p2 2⋅m 2 p2 Þ2

A1 expððr2 −r1 Þ⋅S HE Þ A1 −expððr2 −r1 Þ⋅S HE Þ

1−expððr2 −r1 Þ⋅S HE Þ ⋅ðt 1in −t 1out Þ 1−expððr2 −r1 Þ⋅S HE Þ ⋅ðt 1in −t 1out Þ

A2 −1 A2
1−expððr2 −r1 Þ⋅S HE Þ ⋅ðt 1in −t 1out Þ 1−expððr2 −r1 Þ⋅S HE Þ ⋅ðt 1in −t 1out Þ
1

t1 t1in + A1 ⋅ exp(r1 ⋅ So) + A2 ⋅ exp(r2 ⋅ So) t1 t1out + A1 ⋅ exp(r1 ⋅ So) + A2 ⋅ exp(r2 ⋅ So)
t2i h i t2i h i
t 2in − m˙ 2k⋅co ⋅Z
p2 ⋅R
⋅ Ar11 ⋅ðexpðr1 ⋅S o Þ−1Þ þ Ar22 ⋅ðexpðr2 ⋅S o Þ−1Þ t 2out þ m k s ⋅Z
˙ ⋅c ⋅R ⋅ r ⋅ðexpðr 1 ⋅S out Þ−1Þ þ r ⋅ðexpðr 2 ⋅S out Þ−1Þ
A1 A2
2 p2 1 2

t2a t2a
k o ⋅S o k o 2 ⋅Z k o ⋅S o k o 2 ⋅Z
t 2out þ ⋅ðt 2in −t 1in Þ−  2 ⋅ t 2in þ ⋅ðt 1out −t 2out Þ−  2 ⋅
ṁ2 ⋅cp2 ṁ2 ⋅cp2 ⋅R ṁ2 ⋅cp2 ṁ2 ⋅cp2 ⋅R
   
A1 A2 A1 A2
⋅ ð exp ð r 1 ⋅S o Þ−1−r 1 ⋅S o Þ þ ⋅ ðexp ðr 2 ⋅S o Þ−1−r 2 ⋅S o Þ − ⋅ ð exp ð r 1 ⋅S o Þ−1−r 1 ⋅S o Þ þ ⋅ ðexp ðr 2 ⋅S o Þ−1−r 2 ⋅S o Þ þ
r1 2  r2 2  r1 2  r2 2 
k o ⋅ðZ þ R þ 1Þ A1 A2 k o ⋅ðZ þ R þ 1Þ A1 A2
⋅ ⋅ðexpðr1 ⋅S o Þ−1Þ þ ⋅ðexpðr2 ⋅S o Þ−1Þ ⋅ ⋅ðexpðr1 ⋅S o Þ−1Þ þ ⋅ðexpðr2 ⋅S o Þ−1Þ
ṁ2 ⋅cp2 ⋅R r1 r2 ṁ2 ⋅cp2 ⋅R r1 r2
 Heat Mass Transfer

RA FT

r1 8 sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi! r1 8 sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi!
>
> k o ⋅ðR−1Þ 4⋅Z >
> k o ⋅ðR−1Þ 4⋅Z
>
< ⋅ 1þ 1þ R≠1 >
< ⋅ 1þ 1þ R≠1
2⋅ṁ2 ⋅cp2 ðR−1Þ2 2⋅ṁ2 ⋅cp2 ðR−1Þ2
>
> k p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffi >
> ko pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
>
:
o
⋅ 4⋅Z R¼1 >
: ⋅ 4⋅Z R¼1
2⋅ṁ2 ⋅cp2 2⋅ṁ2 ⋅cp2
r2 8 sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi! r2 8 sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi!
>
> k o ⋅ðR−1Þ 4⋅Z >
> k o ⋅ðR−1Þ 4⋅Z
>
< ⋅ 1− 1 þ R≠1 >
< ⋅ 1− 1 þ R≠1
2⋅ṁ2 ⋅cp2 ðR−1Þ2 2⋅ṁ2 ⋅cp2 ðR−1Þ2
> pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
> pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

>
> ko >
> ko
: − ⋅ 4⋅Z R¼1 : − ⋅ 4⋅Z R¼1
2⋅ṁ2 ⋅cp2 2⋅ṁ2 ⋅cp2
A1 expððr2 −r1 Þ⋅S HE Þ
A1 −expððr2 −r1 Þ⋅S HE Þ
1−expððr2 −r1 Þ⋅S HE Þ ⋅ðt 1in −t 1out Þ 1−expððr2 −r1 Þ⋅S HE Þ ⋅ðt 1in −t 1out Þ

A2 −1
A2
1−expððr2 −r1 Þ⋅S HE Þ ⋅ðt 1in −t 1out Þ 1−expððr2 −r1 Þ⋅S HE Þ ⋅ðt 1in −t 1out Þ
1

t1 t1in + A1 ⋅ exp(r1 ⋅ So) + A2 ⋅ exp(r2 ⋅ So) t1 t1out + A1 ⋅ exp(r1 ⋅ So) + A2 ⋅ exp(r2 ⋅ So)
t2i h i t2i h i
k s ⋅Z k s ⋅Z
t 2out − m
˙ ⋅c ⋅R ⋅ r ⋅ðexpðr 1 ⋅S out Þ−1Þ þ r ⋅ðexpðr 2 ⋅S out Þ−1Þ
2 p2
A1
1
A2
2
t 2in þ m
˙ ⋅c ⋅R ⋅ r ⋅ðexpðr 1 ⋅S o Þ−1Þ þ r ⋅ðexpðr 2 ⋅S o Þ−1Þ
2 p2
A1
1
A2
2

t2a t2a
k o ⋅S o k o 2 ⋅Z k o ⋅S o k o 2 ⋅Z
t 2in þ ⋅ðt 1in −t 2out Þ þ  2 ⋅ t 2out þ ⋅ðt 2in −t 1out Þ þ  2 ⋅
ṁ2 ⋅cp2 ṁ2 ⋅cp2 ⋅R ṁ2 ⋅cp2 ṁ2 ⋅cp2 ⋅R
   
A1 A2 A1 A2
⋅ð exp ð r ⋅S
1 o Þ−1−r ⋅S
1 o Þ þ ⋅ð exp ð r ⋅S
2 o Þ−1−r 2 o þ
⋅S Þ ⋅ð exp ð r ⋅S
1 o Þ−1−r ⋅S
1 o Þ þ ⋅ð exp ð r ⋅S
2 o Þ−1−r 2 o þ
⋅S Þ
r1 2  r2 2  r1 2  r2 2 
k o ⋅ðR−1−Z Þ A1 A2 k o ⋅ðZ−R þ 1Þ A1 A2
⋅ ⋅ðexpðr1 ⋅S o Þ−1Þ þ ⋅ðexpðr2 ⋅S o Þ−1Þ ⋅ ⋅ðexpðr1 ⋅S o Þ−1Þ þ ⋅ðexpðr2 ⋅S o Þ−1Þ
ṁ2 ⋅cp2 ⋅R r1 r2 ṁ2 ⋅cp2 ⋅R r1 r2
Heat Mass Transfer

TR TF

r1 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2
r1 8 sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi!
k o ⋅ðRþ1Þ
˙ ⋅c ⋅R ⋅ 1 þ 1 þ ð4⋅Z⋅R >
> k ⋅ð R−1 Þ 4⋅Z⋅R2
2⋅m 1 p1 Rþ1Þ2 >
<
o
⋅ 1þ 1þ R≠1
2⋅ṁ1 ⋅cp1 ⋅R ðR−1Þ2
r2 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2
> pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
k o ⋅ðRþ1Þ >
> ko
˙ ⋅c ⋅R ⋅ 1− 1 þ ð4⋅Z⋅R : ⋅ 4⋅Z R¼1
2⋅m Rþ1Þ2
1 p1
2⋅ṁ1 ⋅cp1
A1 −expððr2 −r1 Þ⋅S HE Þ r2 8 sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi!
1−expððr2 −r1 Þ⋅S HE Þ ⋅ðt 2out −t 2in Þ > ⋅ð Þ 4⋅Z⋅R2
>
> k o R−1
< ⋅ 1− 1 þ R≠1
A2 2⋅ṁ1 ⋅cp1 ⋅R ðR−1Þ2
1−expððr2 −r1 Þ⋅S HE Þ ⋅ðt 2out −t 2in Þ
1
>
> ko pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
>
: − ⋅ 4⋅Z R¼1
t2 t2in + A1 ⋅ exp(r1 ⋅ So) + A2 ⋅ exp(r2 ⋅ So) 2⋅ṁ2 ⋅cp2
t1i h i A1
k s ⋅Z⋅R A1
t 1in − m
˙ ⋅c ⋅ r ⋅ðexpðr 1 ⋅S out Þ−1Þ þ r ⋅ðexpðr 2 ⋅S out Þ−1Þ
A2 −expððr2 −r1 Þ⋅S HE Þ
1 p1 1 2 1−expððr2 −r1 Þ⋅S HE Þ ⋅ðt 2in −t 2out Þ

t1a A2
k o ⋅S out k o 2 ⋅Z⋅R 1−expððr2 −r1 Þ⋅S HE Þ ⋅ðt 2in −t 2out Þ
1
t 1out þ ⋅ðt 1in −t 2in Þ−  2 ⋅
ṁ1 ⋅cp1 ṁ1 ⋅cp1
  t2 t2out + A1 ⋅ exp(r1 ⋅ So) + A2 ⋅ exp(r2 ⋅ So)
A1 A2
⋅ð exp ð r 1 ⋅S o Þ−1−r 1 ⋅S o Þ þ ⋅ð exp ð r 2 ⋅S o Þ−1−r 2 ⋅S o Þ − t1i h i
r1 2  r2 2  t 1in þ kmo ⋅Z⋅R
⋅ Ar11 ⋅ðexpðr1 ⋅S o Þ−1Þ þ Ar22 ⋅ðexpðr2 ⋅S o Þ−1Þ
˙ ⋅c
ko A1 A2 1 p1
⋅ðR þ 1 þ R⋅Z Þ⋅ ⋅ðexpðr1 ⋅S o Þ−1Þ þ ⋅ðexpðr2 ⋅S o Þ−1Þ
ṁ1 ⋅cp1 r1 r2 t1a
k o ⋅S o k o 2 ⋅Z⋅R
t 1out þ ⋅ðt 1in −t 2out Þ þ  2 ⋅
ṁ1 ⋅cp1 ṁ1 ⋅cp1
 
A1 A2
⋅ð exp ð r 1 ⋅S o Þ−1−r 1 ⋅S o Þ þ ⋅ð exp ð r 2 ⋅S o Þ−1−r 2 ⋅S o Þ þ
r1 2  r2 2 
ko A1 A2
⋅ðR−1 þ R⋅Z Þ⋅ ⋅ðexpðr1 ⋅S o Þ−1Þ þ ⋅ðexpðr2 ⋅S o Þ−1Þ
ṁ1 ⋅cp1 r1 r2

AF

r1 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2

−k o ⋅ðRþ1Þ
˙ ⋅c ⋅R ⋅ 1− 1 þ ð4⋅Z⋅R
2⋅m 1 p1 Rþ1Þ2

r2 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2

−k o ⋅ðRþ1Þ
˙ ⋅c ⋅R ⋅ 1 þ 1 þ ð4⋅Z⋅R
2⋅m 1 p1 Rþ1Þ2

A1 −expððr2 −r1 Þ⋅S HE Þ

1−expððr2 −r1 Þ⋅S HE Þ ⋅ðt 2in −t 2out Þ

A2
1−expððr2 −r1 Þ⋅S HE Þ ⋅ðt 2in −t 2out Þ
1

t2 t2out + A1 ⋅ exp(r1 ⋅ So) + A2 ⋅ exp(r2 ⋅ So)

t1i h i
t 1out þ k˙mo1⋅Z⋅R
⋅cp1 ⋅ r1 ⋅ðexpðr 1 ⋅S o Þ−1Þ þ r2 ⋅ðexpðr2 ⋅S o Þ−1Þ
A1 A2

t1a
k o ⋅S o k o 2 ⋅Z⋅R
t 1in þ ⋅ðt 2out −t 1out Þ−  2 ⋅
ṁ1 ⋅cp1 ṁ ⋅c
 1 p1 
A1 A2
2
⋅ðexpðr1 ⋅S o Þ−1−r1 ⋅S o Þ þ 2 ⋅ðexpðr2 ⋅S o Þ−1−r2 ⋅S o Þ þ
r1  r2 
ko A1 A2
⋅ðR þ 1 þ R⋅Z Þ⋅ ⋅ðexpðr1 ⋅S o Þ−1Þ þ ⋅ðexpðr2 ⋅S o Þ−1Þ
ṁ1 ⋅cp1 r1 r2
 Heat Mass Transfer

AR

r1 8 sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi!
>
> k ⋅ð R−1 Þ 4⋅Z⋅R2
>
<−
o
⋅ 1− 1 þ R≠1
2⋅ṁ1 ⋅cp1 ⋅R ðR−1Þ2
>
> ko pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
>
: ⋅ 4⋅Z R¼1
2⋅ṁ1 ⋅cp1
r2 8 sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi!
>
> k ⋅ð R−1 Þ 4⋅Z⋅R2
>
<−
o
⋅ 1þ 1þ R≠1
2⋅ṁ1 ⋅cp1 ⋅R ðR−1Þ2
>
> ko pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
>
: − ⋅ 4⋅Z R≠1
2⋅ṁ2 ⋅cp2
A1 −expððr2 −r1 Þ⋅S HE Þ
1−expððr2 −r1 Þ⋅S HE Þ ⋅ðt 2out −t 2in Þ

A2
1−expððr2 −r1 Þ⋅S HE Þ ⋅ðt 2out −t 2in Þ
1

t2 t2in + A1 ⋅ exp(r1 ⋅ So) + A2 ⋅ exp(r2 ⋅ So)

t1i h i
t 1out − k˙mo1⋅Z⋅R
⋅cp1 ⋅ r1 ⋅ðexpðr1 ⋅S o Þ−1Þ þ r2 ⋅ðexpðr2 ⋅S o Þ−1Þ
A1 A2

t1a
k o ⋅S o k o 2 ⋅Z⋅R
t 1in þ ⋅ðt 2in −t 1out Þ þ  2 ⋅
ṁ1 ⋅cp1 ṁ1 ⋅cp1
 
A1 A2
⋅ð exp ð r 1 ⋅S o Þ−1−r 1 ⋅S o Þ þ ⋅ð exp ð r 2 ⋅S o Þ−1−r 2 ⋅S o Þ −
r1 2  r2 2 
ko A1 A2
⋅ðR−1 þ R⋅Z Þ⋅ ⋅ðexpðr1 ⋅S o Þ−1Þ þ ⋅ðexpðr2 ⋅S o Þ−1Þ
ṁ1 ⋅cp1 r1 r2
Heat Mass Transfer

Appendix 2

Further on diagrams of thermal performance parameters are

given for Z = 0.5.
NTU2=0.2
1 0.4
0.6

0.8 Z=0.5
0.9 RT
1 FA

0.8
1.4

0.7

2
0.6

R=10 5 3 2 1.5 1 0.5 0.1 0

0.5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
P

Diagram of thermal performance parameters for Z = 0.5 – flow

patterns RT and FA.
NTU2=0.2
1
0.4
0.6
Z=0.5
0.8
0.9 RA
1 FT

0.8

1.4

0.7

2
0.6

R=10 5 3 2 1.5 1 0.5 0.1 0

0.5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
P

Diagram of thermal performance parameters for Z = 0.5 – flow

patterns RA and FT.
 Heat Mass Transfer

Diagram of thermal performance parameters for Z = 0.5 – flow

patterns TR and AF.

NTU2=0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.4 2

1

0.9
Z=0.5
TR
AF
0.8

0.7

0.6

R=10 5 3 2 1.5 1 0.5 0.1 0

0.5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
P

Diagram of thermal performance parameters for Z = 0.5 – flow

patterns TF and AR.
NTU2=0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.4 1 2
1

Z=0.5
0.9 TF
AR

0.8

0.7

0.6

R=10 5 3 2 1.5 1 0.5 0.1

0.5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
P
Heat Mass Transfer
Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdic-
tional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
References
1. Kern D (1950) Process heat transfer. McGraw-Hill, New york City
2. Ludwig EE (2001) Applied Process Design, Volume 3. Gulf
Professional Publishing, Houston
3. Smith E (2005) Advances in Thermal Design of Heat Exchangers.
In: John Wiliey&Sons
4. Alzoubi MA, Sasmito AP (2017) Thermal performance optimiza-
tion of a bayonet tube heat exchanger. Appl Therm Eng 111:232–
247
5. Hurd N (1996) Mean temperature difference in the Field or
Bayonet-tube. The Texas Company, New York 17
6. A short history of the steam engine, Cambridge University Press
Archive
7. VDI Wärmeatlas (2010) Springer Berlin Heidelberg
8. Green DW, Perry RH (2008) Perry's Chemical Engineers'
Handbook, Eighth edn. McGraw-Hill, New York
9. (1983) Heat exchanger design handbook, Volume 2, VDI Verlag
GmbH
10. Jacimovic B, Genic S, Lelea D (2017) Calculation of the Heat
Transfer Coefficient for Laminar Flow in Pipes in Practical
Engineering Applications. Heat Transfer Engineering. https://doi.
org/10.1080/01457632.2017.1388949
11. (2007) Standards of the Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers
Association, TEMA, New York
12. Jacimovic B, Genic S (2016) Heat operations and equipment.
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade,
Belgrade