17/02/2020

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES

 I can describe the effect of concentration on
the colligative properties of solutions
 I can differentiate the colligative properties of
nonelectrolyte solutions and of electrolyte
solutions
 I can calculate boiling point elevation and
freezing point depression from
concentration of a solute in a solution
 I can calculate molar mass from colligative
property data
 These are properties that depend only
on the concentration of the solute and
not on the nature of the solute.
 Among colligative properties are:
 Vapor pressure lowering
the  Boiling point elevation
 Freezing point depression
 Osmotic pressure

COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES

Electrolytic Solutions
- conduct an electricity
- Electrolytes are particles that ionize in a
solution
- strong electrolytes can completely
ionize in water such as ionic compounds, strong
acids and strong bases
- weak electrolytes only partially ionize in
water such as weak acids and weak bases
Nonelectrolytic Solutions
- do not ionize at all in solution
- do not conduct electricity
- polar covalent bonds like table sugar
dissolve in water as molecules and not as an
ions, thus described as nonelectrolytes.

Vapor pressure lowering Vapor pressure lowering

VAPOR PRESSURE
 measures of escaping tendency of liquid molecules
to vapor state
 increases with temperature
 dependent on the IMF
 in the presence of nonvolatile solute, vapor
pressure decreases due to solute-solvent attraction
 this causes vapor pressure of liquid to decrease
also
Raoult’s Law
 Francois-Marie Raoult (1830-1901), french
chemist
 states that at constant temperature, the
vapor pressure of the solvent over a solution,
(P), is the product of the vapor pressure of
the pure solvent (Po) and the mole fraction of
the solvent in the solution (Xsolvent)

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Vapor pressure lowering Vapor pressure lowering

In expression
Psolvent = Xsolvent Posolvent
For a solution containing only one solute,
Xsolvent = 1 – Xsolute
Psolvent = (1 – Xsolute) Posolvent
Psolvent = Posolvent – (Xsolute Posolvent)
Posolvent – Psolvent = P = Xsolute Posolvent
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Calculate the vapor pressure of a
solution made by dissolving 82.4 g of urea
(molar mass 60.06 g/mol) in 212 mL of
water at 35oC. What is the vapor pressure
lowering? The vapor pressure of water at
35oC is 42.18 mmHg

Vapor pressure lowering Vapor pressure lowering

Given: Solution:
Calculate the number of moles of urea
Mass urea = 82.4 g and water
MM urea = 60.06 g/mol
mol urea = 82.4 g X (1mol/60.06g)
Volume water = 212 mL at 35oC
= 1.37 mol
Powater = 42.18 mmHg
Psolution = ? mol water = 212 g X (1 mol/18g)
= 11.78 mol

Vapor pressure lowering Vapor pressure lowering

Solution: TRY THIS!!!
Calculate the mole fraction of water (solvent). What is the vapor pressure of a solution
(11.78 mol)
made by dissolving 225 grams of glucose in
Xwater = (1.37 mol+11.78 mol) = 0.896 358 mL of water at 30oC? The molar mass of
glucose is 180.2 g/mol. What is the vapor
Psolution = Xsolvent Posolvent pressure lowering? The vapor pressure of
= (0.896)(42.18 mmHg) pure water at 30oC is 31.82 mm Hg. Assume
= 37.79 mm Hg that the density of solution is 1.00 g/mL.

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Vapor pressure lowering
TRY THIS!!!
Calculate the vapor pressure of a
solution containing 600 g of sugar
(C12H22O11) and 1000 g of water at 25oC.
The vapor pressure of pure water at 25oC is
23.6 torr. (molar masses: Sugar = 342
g/mol, water = 18 g/mol)
Freezing point depression
Depending on what the solvent is, one
mole of any nonelectrolyte will lower the
freezing point of a given amount of solvent
by a constant amount referred to as the
freezing point depresseion constant (Kf)
also termed as cryoscopic constant
Boiling point elevation
Similarly, one mole of any nonvolatile
nonelectrolyte solute will elevate the boiling
point of a given amount of solvent by a
constant factor depending on what the
solvent is. This factor is referred to as the
molal boiling point elevation constant
(Kb), also termed as ebullioscopic
constant.
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Vapor pressure lowering
TRY THIS!!!
Calculate the vapor pressure lowering
of water when 5.67 g of glucose, C6H12O6 is
dissolved in 5.2 g of water at 25oC. The
vapor pressure of water at 25oC is 23.8
mmHg. What is the vapor pressure of the
solution.
Freezing point depression
The freezing point depression
( tf) is related to the molal concentration of
a nonelectrolyte solute.
In equation,
tf = tf solution – tf pure solvent
tf = - (molality)(Kf)
Boiling point elevation
The boiling point elevation
( tb) is related to the molal concentration of
a nonelectrolyte solute.
In equation,
tb = tb solution – tb pure solvent
= (molality)(Kb)
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Sample problems Sample problems

1. Calculate the freezing point and boiling Solution:
point of a solution containing 4.27g of Calculate the number of moles and molality.
sucrose (C12H22O11) and 50.0g of water. 4.27 g
mol sucrose = 342 g/mol = 0.0125 mol
(molar mass of sucrose = 342 g/mol,
mol of solute
Kf of H2O = 1.86oC/m, molality of solution =
kg of solvent
Kb of H2O = 0.52oC/m) 0.0125 mol
= 0.25 m
0.050 kg

Sample problems Sample problems

Solution: Solution:
For freezing point For boiling point

tf = - (molality)(Kf) tb = (molality)(Kb)
= - (0.25 m) (1.86oC/m) = (0.25 m) (0.52oC/m)
= -0.465oC = 0.13oC

tfsolution = tf pure solvent + tf tb solution = tb pure solvent + tb

= 0.00oC + (-0.465oC) = 100.00oC+ 0.13oC
= -0.465oC = 100.13oC

Try this!!! Try this!!!

2. Calculate the freezing and boiling point 3. What are the freezing point and boiling point
of a solution containing 4.35 g of ethylene of a solution that contains 5 g glycerol (C3H8O3)
glycol (C2H6O2) dissolved in 100 g water. and 20 mL of water.

(molar mass of glycol = 62 g/mol, Answer:

Kf of H2O = 1.86oC/m, Molar mass = 92 g/mol
Kb of H2O = 0.52oC/m) Tf = -5.05 degree celsius
Tb = 101.4 degree celsius

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Try this!!!
4. Calculate the molar mass of the
solute in a solution of 2.47 g of a
nonelectrolyte in 100 g of acetic acid
(CH3COOH). The solution freezes at
1.3oC below the normal freezing point
of pure acetic acid. The normal
freezing point of acetic acid is 16.6oC.
(Kf for CH3COOH = 3.9oC/m)
Van’t hoff factor
Examples:
NaCl will have i equal to 2
(i.e., 1 mol Na+ and 1 mol Cl-),
MgCl2 will have i equal to 3
(i.e. 1 mol Mg+ and 2 mol Cl-)
Try this!!!
1. What is the freezing point of an aqueous
solution containing 80.0 g of NaCl?
2. How many grams of BaCl2, should be
added to 300 g H2O so that the freezing
point solution is lowered to -8.3oC?
Assume that the BaCl2 completely
dissociates in the solution.
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Electrolytic solutions
Freezing Point Depression
tf = - i (molality)(Kf)
Boiling Point Elevation
tb = i (molality)(Kb)
The factor i is called the van’t Hoff factor and is
equal to the number of ions in one formula unit of an
electrolytic solute.
Sample problem
1. What is the boiling point of a solution
prepared by adding 85.0 g of sodium
acetate (NaCH3COO) to 375 mL of
water? The Kb for water is 0.52oC/m.
The molar mass of NaCH3COO=
82.034 g/mol.
2. What is the freezing point of the
solution? Kf = 1.86oC/m
Osmosis and osmotic pressure
Some substances form
semipermeable membranes, allowing
some smaller particles to pass through,
but blocking other larger particles. In
biological systems, most
semipermeable membranes allow water
to pass through, but solutes are not free
to do so.
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Osmosis and osmotic pressure Osmosis and osmotic pressure

In osmosis, there is net Osmotic Pressure is the amount of pressure

required to stop osmosis.
movement of solvent from the
area of Isotonic solutions – having the same
( osmotic pressure (normal)
Hypertonic solution – one solution is higher
) to the area of than the other (concentrated)
Hypotonic solution – one solution is lower
( than the other (diluted)

Osmotic pressure Osmotic pressure

For electrolytic solution

n n
π=( )RT = MRT π=i( )RT = i MRT
v v

where π stands for osmotic pressure,
expressed in atm; M is the molar
concentration of the solution; R is the
universal gas constant and T is the absolute
temperature
where π stands for osmotic pressure,
expressed in atm; M is the molar
concentration of the solution; R is the
universal gas constant, T is the absolute
temperature and i is the van’t Hoff factor.

Osmotic pressure Osmotic pressure

Useful formula Useful formula

(mass solute)(𝑅)(𝑇) π π
Molar Mass = π (𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) Molarity = RT Molarity = i RT

𝒊 (mass solute)(𝑅)(𝑇) π v𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Molar Mass = π (𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) Number of moles = RT

n π v𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Molarity = v Number of moles =
𝑖 RT
n
π=( )RT = MRT
v

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Osmotic pressure Osmotic pressure

Useful formula Practical Application:

π v𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑀 Some food preparation like pickles or

Mass solute = atsara, papaya or other fruits are
RT
immersed in a solution of vinegar, sugar,
π v𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑀
Mass solute =
𝑖 RT
salt and water. The high concentration of
solutes in the pickling solution inhibits the
growth of bacteria.

Osmosis in cells Osmosis in cells

If the solute concentration outside the

cell is greater than that inside the cell, the
solution is hypertonic.
Water will flow out of the cell, and
crenation results.
If the solute concentration outside the
cell is less than that inside the cell, the
solution is hypotonic.
Water will flow into the cell, and
hemolysis results.

Osmotic pressure Osmotic pressure

Sample Problem Sample Problem

1. A 202-mL benzene solution 2. The average osmotic pressure of

containing 2.47 g of an organic blood is 7.7 atm at 25°C. What
polymer has an osmotic pressure concentration of glucose (C6H12O6)
of 8.63 mm Hg at 21oC. Calculate will be isotonic with blood?
the molar mass of the polymer.

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Osmotic pressure Practice exercises

Sample Problem
3. A solution of an unknown nonvolatile
electrolyte was prepared by dissolving
0.250 g of the substance in 40.0 g of CCl4.
The boiling point of the resultant solution
was 0.357°C higher than that of the pure
solvent. Calculate the molar mass of the
solute.
1. Camphor (C10H16O) melts at 179.8°C,
and it has a particularly large freezing-point
depression constant, Kf = 40.0ºC/m.
When 0.186 g of an organic substance of
unknown molar mass is dissolved in 22.01
g of liquid camphor, the freezing point of
the mixture is found to be 176.7°C. What is
the molar mass of the solute?

Practice exercises

2. The osmotic pressure of an aqueous

solution of a certain protein was measured
in order to determine the protein’s molar
mass. The solution contained 3.50 mg of
protein dissolved in sufficient water to form
5.00 mL of solution. The osmotic pressure
of the solution at 25°C was found to be 1.54
torr. Calculate the molar mass of the
protein.

Choose at least 3 consumer products. Name of Mass or Molar/Mo Mole Mole

the Volume of lal Fraction of Fraction of
Compute for the mass or volume of the Product Major Concentra Solute Solvent
major solute present, its molar or molal Solute/ tion
Solvent
concentration and the mole fractions of the
Isopropyl 22.5 mL of 16.7 0.644 0.356
solute and solvent. Show your solution. Alcohol water Molar

52.5 mL 30.14
Example: 75 mL of 70% Alcohol alcohol molal

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1. What can you say about the Criteria:

concentrations of different consumer
products? Do you think it is necessary Mathematical Accuracy - 30pts
to consider for its practical use? Organization of Content - 20pts
2. If you were to prepare those solutions, Total 50pts
what were your considerations? How is
it important to express concentrations
in quantitative way?

Performance task

The Philippines is one of the countries

Compute for the quantitative concentration
of your product (PETA) and their
colligative properties. Use internet if
necessary to make your calculations more
valid and reliable.
most prone to natural hazards such as
storms and earthquakes. When a natural
calamity hits, it is often the lack of food and
provisions that poses the greatest problem
to the survivors. Using your knowledge
about colligative properties, propose
creative ways of preserving and storing
food.

task
Criteria:

Content Organization: 25pts

Creativity/Originality: 25pts
Accuracy of Information: 25pts
Scientific Application: 25pts
Total 100pts