ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

ECW 568
OPEN - ENDED LAB REPORT

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT : JAR TEST

DATE OF EXPERIMENT : 30rd APRIL 2020

GROUP : EC220 6C7B

GROUP MEMBERS 1. ADAM BIN SELAMAT (2018437922)

2. MOHAMMAD ZULHAFFIZ BIN OSMAN (2018438134)

3. MOHD ZAHIN ZIHNI BIN AZAMAN (2018402592)

4. NUR LIYANA BINTI NOR AJMAN (2018250076)

5. NURFAZLIN MOHAMAD ZAMRI (2018402808)

LECTURER : NURHIDAYAH BINTI HAMZAH

LEVEL OF OPENESS : 2

MARKS COMMENTS
INTRODUCTION
BASIC CONCEPTS
METHODOLOGY 1 2 3 4 5
RESULTS&ANALYSIS 1 2 3 4 5
DISCUSSION 1 2 3 4 5
CONCLUSION 1 2 3 4 5
ORGANIZATION 1 2 3 4 5
1.0 INTRODUCTION

Water treatment is any process that makes water more acceptable for a specific end-use, which
may be drinking, industry, irrigation, river flow maintenance, water recreation or many other
uses. Water treatment should remove existing water contaminants or so reduce their
concentration that their water becomes fit for its desired end use, which may be safely returning
used water to the environment. Treatment for drinking water production involves the removal of
contaminants from raw water to produce water that is pure enough for human consumption
without any short term or long term risk of any adverse health effect. Substances that are
removed during the process of drinking water treatment include suspended solids, bacteria,
algae, viruses, fungi, and minerals such as iron and manganese. The processes involved in
removing the contaminants include physical processes such as settling and filtration, chemical
processes such as disinfection and coagulation and biological processes such as slow sand
filtration. Measures taken to ensure water quality not only relate to the treatment of the water, but
to its conveyance and distribution after treatment. It is therefore common practice to have
residual disinfectants in the treated water in order to kill any bacteriological contamination
during distribution. World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines are a general set of standards
intended to be applied where better local standards are not implemented. More rigorous
standards apply across Europe, the USA and in most other developed countries followed
throughout the world for drinking water quality requirements.

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2.0 OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this experiment are:

1. To determine optimum dosage of coagulant
2. To measure the water quality parameter such as turbidity, pH and color before and after
the Jar Test.

3.0 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Surface waters, containing colloidal particles, are normally treated by coagulation-flocculation
followed by clarification process. As a group, we will be given TWO (2) types of coagulants. We
are required to carry out jar test on the water samples collected by your group using the
appropriate apparatus available in the laboratory.

4.0 APPARATUS

1. Jar Test Apparatus

2. Turbidimeter
3. Syringes
4. 6 Beakers of 1000ml
5. 1 Scaled Cylinder of 1000ml
6. 1 Beaker of 250ml
7. Solution of Aluminium Sulphate
8. Solution of Ferric Chloride
9. Water Discharge

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5.0 PROCEDURE

1. 1000ml of water discharge is poured into each beakers.

2. The beakers are positioned at the jar test apparatus.
3. The syringes are preliminary filled with different quantities coagulant of Aluminium
Sulphate 0ml, 2ml, 4ml, 6ml, 8ml and 10ml respectively.
4. The beakers are labelled according to the Aluminium Sulphate dosage added.
5. For a rapid mixing agitate at velocity 100r/min, the proper quantities of Aluminium
Sulphate solution is added into each beakers.
6. The agitation speed is reduced at 40r/min and is let mixing for 15min. For the lower
dosages, it can be seen that the flocculation is not effective, while for the higher
concentration it could be seen how the flocculation are being formed.
7. The flock settling velocity is observed for 10 minutes.
8. 25ml of clear liquid is taken, carefully not to agitate the sedimented flocks and turbidity
is evaluated.
9. Turbidity container is washed before usage with distilled water and is drained well
without leaving residual impurities.
10. The container is filled with the sample which turbidity is to be measured and is put back
into the Turbidimeter.
11. The Turbidimeter is switched on and turbidity is evaluated by pressing the button
“READ”.
12. Steps 1-11 are repeated by using Ferric Chloride as coagulant.

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6.0 DATA

Table 1.1: Result using Aluminium Sulphate as a coagulant in JAR test experiment
Dosage of
0 2 4 6 8 10
coagulant (mL)
JAR 1
2 3 4 5 6
Parameter (blank)
Turbidity (NTU) 14.0 6.5 5.5 6.0 7.0 9.0
pH 5.0 6.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0
Color (Pt/Co) 230.0 130.0 50.0 60.0 100.0 150.0

Table 1.2: Result using Ferric Chloride as a coagulant in JAR test experiment
Dosage of 0 2 4 6 8 10
coagulant (mL)
JAR 1
2 3 4 5 6
Parameter (blank)
Turbidity (NTU) 14.0 9.5 6.0 5.7 8.0 13.0
pH 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
Color (Pt/Co) 230.0 190.0 100.0 90.0 95.0 110.0

Conversion of ml to ml/g:

(𝑋 𝑚𝑙 × 1000 = 𝑌 𝑚𝑔) ÷ 𝑍 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑚𝑔/𝑙

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7.0 DISCUSSION

Based on the data collected from the experiment, we can see that different type of
coagulant gave different concentration and parameters. Jar test is the common test used to
evaluate the effectiveness of coagulant and flocculants for a water treatment. In this experiment,
two coagulant were tested in order to compare the effectiveness individually. Basically, the most
effective coagulant will provide fast flocculation formulation, rapid settling rate and clear
supernatant.

Turbidity is used to measure the cloudiness of the water which present the presence of
colloidal particles in the water. The darker the water, the higher will be the turbidity. The
particles form inside the water need to be removed before use by public. Those colloids are
suspended in the water and can only be removed by sedimentation or filtration process.

The first jar in both experiments are used to determine the initial value for each
parameter. 6 jars were used to determine the optimum dosage needed for the water sample to
react perfectly. Each dosage was increase by 2mL starting from 0mL to 10mL. Note to be taken
that the optimum dosage of coagulants is the one that meet the specified turbidity required on the
regulatory permit. As we can see, when the dosage used beyond the limit, the turbidity will
increase as well as the color and the pH and leads to high production of sludge. This indicates
that only optimum dosages were needed in order to settle with the colloids.

The most optimum dosage of coagulant for Aluminium Sulphate was 4mL and for Ferric
Chloride, 6mL. Based on both data evaluated in the experiment, it shows that Aluminium
Sulphate is the most effective coagulant as when the right dosage is used, it gave lower value of
turbidity and color. Compared the pH change using both coagulant, the difference was only 1.
However, both coagulant able to achieve almost 60% of parameter change with optimum dosage
and this shows that different concentration gives different number of dosages needed.

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8.0 CONCLUSION

As conclusion, this experiment was successfully conducted as the objectives were achieved.
Based on the data, we could conclude that although the turbidity is generally decline as the
number of coagulant increases, there is no point to increase the number of dosages. Higher
number of coagulant dosages did not determine it will help to make the water clean, perhaps it
will lead to another problem. Therefore, we can conclude that the optimum value of coagulant
for 200mL of water sample for Aluminum Sulphate and Ferric chloride were 4mL and 6mL
respectively. The achievable value of turbidity were 5.5-5.7 NTU and if referring to the
Malaysian Water Standard Quality, it will fall under class 1.

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9.0 APPENDICES

Figure 1.0: Malaysia Water Quality Index

Figure 2.0: National Water Quality Standard for Malaysia