Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
PINAKI ROY
PREAMBLE
• In underground mines, the entry into the mine is mostly
through a mine shaft by means of the mine winder and its
conveyances. With the entire workforce to be daily transported
through this form of transport deep into the mine, the winding
system must maintained optimally and safely.
• In order sustain very high safety standards, all the components
of the winding system i.e. the entire winding mechanism,
controls, shaft accessories, conveyances and specifically the
various steel wire ropes, require utmost care - as any laxity can
prove to be disastrous with critical rescue operations.
• The challenges of evacuation in a mine accident are different
from other accidents as in these accidents the approach route
(whether a mine shaft or decline) gets blocked.
• One such example may make it clear.
The Chilean Mining Accident
This mine accident took place on 5th
August because of a cave-in a 120 year
old copper–gold mine.
The mine is located deep in the Atacama
Desert in northern Chile, South America.
33 miners were trapped 2,300 ft below
ground and about 5 Km from the mine's
entrance connected via spiraling
underground ramps.
The mixed crew of old and young
Miners and technical support personnel
survived for a record 69 days deep in
the mine before their rescue.
Strand
Wire
Rope
Wire Rope
8
Properties & Types of Wire Ropes
Tensile Strength Wire ropes may be of open spiral or locked
Tensile strength is the strength necessary to types.
withstand a certain maximum load applied to
the rope. Open spiral ropes have round wires with
Crushing Strength
round strands laid helically over
Crushing strength is the strength necessary to a centre.
resist the compressive forces that distort the
cross section of a wire rope, as it runs over Half-locked and full-locked coil ropes
drums under a heavy load.
have a centre made of round wires
• Fatigue Resistance but these ropes have one or more
• Fatigue resistance is the ability to withstand the outer layers made of Z shaped profile
constant bending and flexing of wire rope that wires. This construction prevents the
runs continuously on sheaves and hoist drums.
penetration of dirt and water and it also
• Abrasion Resistance protects the loss of lubricant.
• Abrasion resistance is the ability to withstand
the gradual wearing away of the outer metal, as Another very important advantage is
the rope runs across sheaves and hoist drums.
that the ends of a broken outer wire
stays in place and cannot leave the
rope.
The Importance of Lubrication in Wire
Ropes
• All wire ropes require consistent maintenance and proper care in
order to remain in good condition and functionally efficient.
• During operation the strands that make up a wire
rope are under constant stress and strain.
• The strands constantly rub against one another
causing friction.
• The friction cause strands to wear.
•The friction heat causes oxidation resulting in high
internal core temperatures which in turn accelerates
rusting and causes premature rope failure.
Proper lubrication reduces the friction, thus
resulting in the full and functional lifespan
of the rope. Besides, the lubricant also
provides total protection against corrosion.
Wire Rope Lubricants
Wire rope lubricants should perform two principal functions:
INDIA
KOLKATA
MUMBAI Bihar
U.P
. DHANBAD
RANCHI
JADUGUDA
JAMSHEDPU GHATSILA
R
ORISSA
CHENNAI
41 mm Guide ropes
hanging in
One end is fixed on top of Head Frame Jaduguda shaft
CHALLENGES IN GUIDE ROPE LUBRICATION
The first major challenge - selecting the proper lubricant
The first step was to assess the properties required from the
lubricant for our stationary guide ropes suspended in the shaft, in
varying environmental conditions. After detailed study we came to
the following conclusions regarding the properties to look for:
Corrosion- causes shortened rope life due to metal loss, pitting and
stress risers from pitting. Proper and adequate lubricant application
in field conditions is the only way to reduce corrosive attack on the
guide rope.
Abrasion- Studies revealed that in guide ropes abrasive wear occurs on
the inside and outside of the ropes. The outside of the rope
accumulates dirt and contaminants from the mine environment
causing 3 body abrasive wear(i.e. foreign hard particles trapped
between two sliding surfaces and abrading one or both surfaces or
embedded in a softer surface and abrading the opposing one and
thereby eroding the outer wires and strands. Abrasive wear can
reduce rope diameter resulting in core failure and internal wire
breakage.
The solution is to apply wire rope lubricants having penetrating
properties to reduce abrasive wear inside the rope and also wash
off the external surfaces to remove contaminants and dirt.
Zeroing on to the proper lubricant
With the above information detailed discussions were held with
technical representatives of two leading Indian oil companies who
visited our site & saw the application. After study one company
suggested the use of a heavy duty grease while the other proposed
usage of a heavy bodied, adhesive type black lubricant (used for open
gears).
Samples were supplied by both the companies and the respective
lubricant was applied on different guide ropes.
While the application of the heavy duty grease was comparatively easy
but after a few days it was found that some areas of the rope were
exposed with the grease having been washed off. In the second case
(while the high viscous and tackability properties made application
rather difficult) but even after six weeks the lubricant had largely
retained its location with only a minimal amount of downward travel.
The final selected lubricant
• A small sample of this lubricant was scraped off the rope and given
for testing. Test results revealed only marginal differences in
kinematic viscosity and specific gravity with external dust particles
clinging on to the rope surface but without any internal ingress.
• This lubricant was procured, applied on all the 8 guide ropes and kept
under close visual inspection. With no negative fallouts over a period
of time, this lubricant became our standard lube for all guide ropes.
• The lubricant is a heavy bodied, adhesive type black bitumen based
lubricant which (as per data sheets) has been formulated using
extremely refined steam cylinder oils having good thermal and
chemical stability. It has a kinematic viscosity of 200-250 cSt at 40 °C.
• The bituminous component has been providing a long lasting lube
film and excellent adhesiveness with minimal throw off. This lube has
protected the guide ropes against rusting and has provided effective
resistance against water, which drips in the shaft.
• The lubricant’s adhesive property has resulted in applications in small
quantities thus actually reducing lubrication cost.
CHALLENGES IN GUIDE ROPE LUBRICATION
The second major challenge - selecting the proper
method of application
The proper and even application of very high viscosity
lubricants on guide ropes is a problem being faced in all
deep mines.
The major problem is that unlike other ropes which travel,
guide ropes are stationary and run all through the shaft
depth. Thus either there should be a device which
can travel along the rope and lubricate automatically
or else a person/s should travel on cage or skip tops to
access the guide rope and lubricate the ropes manually.
Mechanical Method of Application.
Over the years we at UCIL have tried out
some mechanical methods of application.
A short write-up on a mechanical method
tried out a few years ago is explained and
the reason why it had to be abandoned.
• The system comprised of a high pressure
air pump with flow controlling valve, ball
valve, drum cover, flow control value,
follower plate, flexible hoses, lubricating
chamber and anchoring chains.
• The air supply to the pump had to be
atleast 8 bar. Split seals were fitted around
the rope and clamped in placed by the two
halves of the lubricating chamber. The unit
was anchored by two chains to some
stationary object. The pump was started
and the wire rope was to be pulled
through the Lubricator.
The failure of this method
The lubricant under high pressure penetrated, cleaned and lubricated the
wire rope but it was noticed that in order to obtain total penetration
through the rope the pressure required in the chamber was actually much
higher - around 20 bar.