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Albaytar, Mark Joseph A.

Seismology is the study of earthquakes and seismic waves that move through and
around the earth. It originated from the Greek words, ‘seismos’ meaning earthquake, and ‘logos’
meaning science.

The internal structure of the earth

Earth is divided into three main layers: the core, the mantle, and the crust. Each of
these layers can be further divided into two parts: the inner and outer core, the upper and
lower mantle and the continental and oceanic crust.

Continental drifts and plate tectonics

In 1915, German scientist Alfred Wegener proposed the idea that the continents had once
formed a single mass of land before breaking apart and spreading to their present locations. His
findings were based on the similarities of coastlines and geology between the peninsulas of
South America, Africa, and India, Australia, and Antarctica. He proposed that there suppose to
be a large continent called Pangaea.
Plate tectonics is the theory that the outer shell of Earth is divided into several plates that
glide over the mantle, the inner rocky layer above the center. Compared with Earth's mantle, the
plates behave like a stiff and rigid shell.

Movement of Plate Boundaries

Owing to the difference in movement between the plates that are in motion, three
types of plate boundaries are found to exist along their edges:

1. Spreading Ridges - Spreading ridges or divergent boundaries are areas along the
edges of plates move apart from each other,

2. Convergent boundaries - The convergent boundaries are formed where the two plates
move toward each other. In this process, one plate could slip below the other one or
both could collide with each other.
3. Transform Boundaries - occur along the plate margins where two plate moves past
each other without destroying or creating a new crust,

Faults
The term fault is used to describe a discontinuity within rock mass that had occurred
alongside movement in the past. Plate boundaries are also some sort of fault. Lineaments are
linear surface characteristics that can be mapped and can represent phenomena on the
subsurface. A lineament may be a flaw, a joint, or some other linear geological phenomenon.
Most faults produce regular geological displacements over time.

Earthquakes - is the vibration of the earth’s surface caused by waves coming from a
source of a disturbance inside the earth
The typical characteristics of an earthquake depend on
1. Stress drop during the slip
2. Total fault displacement
3. Size of the slipped area
4. The roughness of the slipping process
5. Fault shape( Normal fault, Reverse fault, Strike-slip fault)
6. The proximity of the slipped area to the ground surface
7. Soil condition

Earthquake wave/Seismic wave- are waves of energy that travel through the Earth's layers and are
a result of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, magma movement, large landslides and large man-
made explosions that give out low-frequency acoustic energy

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