Packaging Films

Packaging films are omnipresent in our daily life: wrapping of food, office supplies, clothing,
bags and sacks. They fulfill many market needs- convenience, portion control and overall
package materials reduction. Packaging is done to retain integrity and actively prevent food
spoilage. It enhances product attributes like look, taste, flavor, and aroma. It is helpful in
communicating product information, product history or condition to user. It also confirms
product authenticity and act to counter theft.

Busy lifestyles drive trends in food packaging. Consumer demands foods that are fresh, healthy and convenient. Packaging
film fight bacteria and help the environment. Bacterial growth during food transport and storage is a problem that may be
addressed with packaging materials that release anti microbial during food contact.
Packaging films are made of a wide range of materials including polyester, polypropylene, polyolefin, PVC, and vinyl.
Packaging also involves the use of plastic film, foils or papers. By combining the best qualities of these materials, packaging
offers a broad range of properties with their application in almost all the industries.

Packaging Films

• Anti Fog Films • Fluoroplastic Films • Plastic Films

• Anti-Static Films • Heat Shrink Films • Polycarbonate Films
• Barrier films • Label Films • Polyester Films
• BOPP Films • Laminated Films • Polyethylene Films
• CD and DVD Overwrap films • Cold Lamination Films • Printed Films
• Cellulose Acetate Films • Thermal Lamination Films • Protection Films
• Breathable Films • Laser Films • PVC Films
• Coated Films • Metallized Films • Shrink Films
• Coextruded Films • Nylon Films • Shrink Labels
• CPP Films • OPP Films • Skin Films
• Fiberglass Films • Pallet Stretch Wrap • Stretch Films
• Filament Films • PET Films
• White Films • PTFE Films • Water-Soluble Films

• Offset Printing Films • Screen Printing Films

Breathable Films

Breathable film has today emerged as a very popular packaging material. Breathable films are
produced by compounding a PP or PE resin with mineral filler. The film is then stretched mono or
bi axially to create micro pores in the cast film. In a subsequent process this breathable film can
be laminated with a nonwoven web using adhesive or a point-bonding calendar to produce a soft,
textile like composite. Breathable films, the ability of extruded films to allow the gases to escape,
but retain the larger water molecules, inhibiting the dehydration process.

Characteristics

• The film offers high strength and high resistance to puncture.

• They are flame retardant and provide UV stability.
• They provide additional comfort without reducing the barrier properties of
the film.
• They extend shelf life by limiting oxygen supply, slowing the live product’s
respiration rate, and thus retarding spoilage.
• They have excellent resistance to hydrolysis and remarkable mechanical strength.

Applications
They are widely used for roofing applications in the construction industry. They are also used for
sanitary articles. They are also required in the medical industry for bandages, wound dressings,
surgical drapes, and gown fabrication. They are also used in textile industry. They are utilized for
cost-effective tack bonding, combination tack bonding and lamination, for lamination, or for
surface modification.

Breathable films and packaging

One common use for such films is to make packaging materials. Salad mixes and other
vegetables can be packaged in breathable films tailored to their respiration rates for a couple of
years. Packaging materials are available in varied forms like packaging pouches, packaging rolls,
packaging bags which can be used for packing vegetables and fruits so as to keep them fresh
and hygienic. Retailers have nowadays gone for increased use of breathable films for packaging.

Anti Fog Films

Anti-fog films are films with proprietary agent that keeps any product free from
condensation or grease. These are modified films that have high affinity for water. The
condensed water forms a continuous thin layer of water over the entire surface. The film
should be installed so that water can flow without interruption down to the edge of the
film.

Working of anti fog films

Due to anti-fog films, water is able to drain more evenly and flow to the lowest point.
Water may even be able to flow over wrinkles that would normally be a prime location for
dripping. It reduces number of spots where dripping occurs. Thin layer of water also acts
as an infrared absorber.

These films reduce the fogging due to the improved drainage resulting in lower humidity
but they are not intended to prevent it water will always condense on the film surface if
there is moisture in the green house atmosphere and outside temperature is cold
enough. Condensation will be increased if the relative humidity is high. Ventilation or
heating is necessary to remove moisture from the green house. An anti fog film will only
change the way condensation moves or accumulates on the greenhouse cover.

Anti fog films and packaging

The anti-fog film for packaging are made from grades of polyethylene, which retain heat
quite well in a greenhouse. There is a temperature lift because of the increased light
transmitted and because the water layer on the film surface also adds to the heat
retaining properties. In the process of manufacturing a surfactant is added to the plastic.
The surfactant migrates to the surface with time and acts to increase the film affinity for
water.

These films are widely used in packaging of automotive parts, electronics and food. Anti-
fog films provide a approach to extend shelf life and control aging of the products.
Applications for anti-fog films include modified atmosphere packaging for cheese,
processed meats, lunch kits, fresh pasta, and other case-ready prepared foods. These
films are used to produce different packaging products like

• Packaging pouch
• Packaging bags
• Food Packaging Laminates
• Dairy Packaging Products etc.

Anti-Static Films
Anti static film is a single layer of non-amide polyethylene. These films
are build-ups of static. They are used to protect sensitive components inside packaging. They
protect package contents from the internal generation of static electricity. They are non-corrosive
films. They are available in the form of bags, tubing, and sheeting.

Anti static films and packaging

An anti-static film used for packaging can be laminated on various base layers using a
thermoplastic resin as a bonding agent to create an anti-static sheet. The anti-static
sheets are then slit into anti-static tapes and woven.

Antistatic films have some disadvantages also. They can be a major barrier to good
packaging machine performance, such as miswraps. High static levels on films can
attract dust and fines, resulting in poor appearance and seal contamination.

They are widely used in packaging of precise electronic parts. Anti static films are used
to make various packaging products like
 • Packaging bags
• Packaging rolls
• Electronic Packaging
• Industrial Packaging etc.

Barrier films
Barrier films are multi-layer films that have been designed to be impervious to gas
migration and are often called gas barrier films. They are used for lamination and
protective system applications. The small size of the pores in these films prevents
penetration of liquid water, but the interconnected pore structure allows for transmission
of water vapor.

Barrier films are durable and flexible, having excellent compatibility with variety of
products. They extend the shelf life and improve the hygienic conditions for handling the
packaged products. They eliminate expensive and often inadequate cleanup. They are
easy to use and quick to install and remove.

Barrier Film Materials

In most cases, in the cross sections of barrier films, the inner is made up of polyethylene
sealing layer, the outer layer is thin and the middle layer of the barrier is of microscopic
thickness. It is to be noted that the composition of the barrier material is most important
in determining its permeability and not its thickness. Metal foil or aluminum foil is the
most effective gas barrier material, which is followed by transparent ceramic barriers.
EVOH, sputtered aluminum, barrier nylon are transparent plastic barrier layers used in
the food industry. Each specific barrier material has its own unique barrier properties.

Barrier Film Construction

All gas barrier films are made of multiple layers. The outer layer is a strong plastic with a
high melting point, often made of polyester or polypropylene. The inner-middle layer is
the gas barrier material. The bottom layer is a low-density polyethylene, which softens at
relatively low temperatures. Additional inner layers are used to increase the barrier
properties of the film, and adhesives may be used to cement the layers.

Commercially significant materials used for making barrier films are aluminum foils,
glass-coated films, nylon resin, metallized film, cyclic olefin copolymer resin and films,
polychlorotrifluoroethylene resins and films, polytetrafluoroethylene, diverse polyolefins,
and precipitation-cast polyurethanes.
The number of layers, the selection of polymers, the layer configuration and the
thickness of individual layers depend on the intended film use.

Applications
Barrier films are used for applications in protective clothing and packaging. These are
also used as barrier against spills, as needed in carpet underlayments or baby seats.
They offer excellent resistance to a wide variety of chemicals for chemical resistant
clothing.

They are well suited in food packaging where moisture, oxygen and odor barrier is
essential. It is ideal for applications such as cheese packaging, sausage chubs, and
capliners. Some common examples for barrier films are found in grocery store. Bags
used for packaging potato chips and meat products are gas barrier bags. They can also
be laminated to other films and substrates for additional barrier functionality.

These films provide moisture protection in health care and pharmaceutical blister
packaging and other industrial applications. They are also valued in exotic military,
aerospace, aircraft, and electronic applications. Barrier films are used to make different
packaging products like

• Packaging bags
• Aluminum foil
• Aluminum sheet
• Packaging pouch
• Packaging rolls

Bopp Films
Bopp is a bi-axially oriented polypropylene film designed for flexible packaging and label
applications. OPP, oriented polypropylene, is a flexible material derived from melting and
orienting a polymer called polypropylene. This raw material, an oil by-product, is inert
and unaffected by most chemical agents occurring in daily life. Biaxially oriented means
that the polypropylene film is stretched in both the machine direction and across
machine direction.

Features
The main feature of BOPP films are improved stiffness, high tensile strength, excellent
optics and good water barrier properties. They range from 15 to 50 microns and are
most commonly 15 to 30 microns. These films can be monolayer or coextuded
structures, and transparent, opaque, or metallized. They also have the advantage of
being non-toxic and fully recyclable.
BOPP films are printed out of new printing technology, Indigo Omnius. They provide
excellent UV light protection, humidity, aroma and light barriers. They have superior
strength at low gauges, flatness, clarity and excellent printability. They can be treated
with acrylic and PVDC PVDC coatings for better sealability and barrier properties. The
films use mainly homopolymer PP and random copolymer PP.

Applications: BOPP films and packaging

BOPP films are ideal for twist-wrap applications and in laminations for use on vertical
and horizontal machines. They can also be used for decorative purposes. They are used
in an a almost limitless array of flexible packaging applications, pressure sensitive tapes,
labels, stationery, metallizing, consumer products and a wide variety of packaging uses.

They are widely used for gift and flower wrapping, paper lamination, textile packaging,
release film for melamine plates and plate film packaging. Also used as the anti-
counterfeit covering film on the packaging cases. Various packaging products like
packaging pouches, packaging bags, electronic packaging, industrial packaging are
produced by BOPP films. In fact aluminum foils and aluminum sheets have good
combinations of BOPP films to produce efficient packaging materials.

CD and DVD Overwrap films

These are specially formulated shrinkable polypropylene film for wrapping CDs and
DVDs.

Properties
All films have excellent optical properties like gloss, sparkle and clarity. Shrink tightening
characteristics are incorporated into a number of films to ensure a tight wrap on the pack
in the market place. The film continues to tighten as it ages so that packs stay in
excellent condition. Shrink properties overcome the problem of thermal aging which can
make overwrap film begin to wrinkle after a time.

Applications
Overwrap films are used to enhance the shelf-appeal of audio and video
cassettes. The film gives an all round good performance, it enhances the
attractiveness of the product at the time of sale and works well on high
speed wrapping lines. They are printable for all over graphics. They are
designed to run at very high speeds while at the same time routinely
giving very strong seals for improved tamper evidence. They also have
differential slip characteristics that minimize film movement during packing
on high-speed packing lines. They are usually available in the form of packaging
pouches and packaging bags for easy storing of CDs and DVDs.

Cellulose Acetate Films

Cellulose acetate is the generic term used to describe a variety of acetylated cellulose
polymers, including cellulose diacetate, cellulose triacetate and the mixed esters of
cellulose acetate propionate and cellulose acetate butyrate. Cellulose acetate film
softens in acetone and can be used for duplicating purposes. Acetate films which is wet
with acetone can then be applied to a surface. It is easily removed away from the object
when dry.

Uses: Cellulose Acetate Films and Packaging

Cellulose acetate film is a very versatile general purpose plastic which is always
considered an industry standard in graphic arts, packaging, printing, overlays, and many
other applications. Various packaging materials used for different purposes are made
using these films. For packaging materials, these films are available in various finishes
like

• Matte
• Clear
• Gel coated (Prepared)

Features
Such films are used for making packaging materials
because of their features like as follows:

• Optical clarity
• Lay Flat
• Printable
• Availability in variety of gauges

Maintenance and Care

Cellulose acetate films may block due to the formation of an adhesive layer caused as a
result of the decomposition reaction. In this reaction the additive triphenyl phosphate is
driven from the base by the increased acidity and then forms an adhesive bond between
the gelatin layers of the emulsion and backcoat. Care must be taken for this. The
adhesive layer can be dissolved using an ethanol and carrier solution to remove blocking
of the film.
 Deterioration of the Film
The deterioration behavior of cellulose films was examined in HCL and sodium
hydroxide solutions of various concentrations to determine acid and base
catalytic effects in heterogeneous systems at room temperature. With higher
concentration, the physical properties of the films changed. The films recovered after 10
days were slightly opaque and rubbery from swelling in the solutions before drying. They
became brittle and shrank when dried. The deterioration depended completely on the
deacetylation of cellulose acetate.

Coated Films
A coated film is a thermoplastic film which has a substantially continuous, adherent
coating on at least one surface, wherein the coating includes a polymeric binder and
nano-scale particles. In preferred embodiments, the coating includes a polymeric binder
and silicate particles formed on a base substrate layer that includes a polyolefin selected
from the group consisting of homopolymers, copolymers, and teropolymers.

Coated films and packaging

Coated films provide better protection from oxygen, light, water and aroma barriers,
performance on packaging machines in terms of seal integrity, speed, efficiency, slip,
friction, and hot tack, and give a glossy appearance. These films are extensively used in
fields such as digital electronic materials, semiconductors, and medical materials. These
films are widely used in

• Electronic packaging
• Industrial packaging
• Food packaging laminates
• Pharma packaging products

Types of coating
Types of coating used in films are as follows:

• Acrylic coating offer an excellent surface for printing and exceptional gloss and
haze characteristics, combined with very good aroma protection.
• Low temperature sealing coating is a coating especially designed for
horizontal form, fill and seal lines, which allows machines to run at very high or
low speeds, while keeping constant seal temperatures.
• Polyvinyl chloride coating provides superior barrier properties and offers
excellent optics and good machine efficiency.
• Polyvinyl alcohol, with its excellent oxygen barrier is typically used to protect
food products that are sensitive to oxidation.
 • Bacteriocin coated film slowed down significantly the microbial quality changes
of the packaged oyster and ground beef at both temperatures. These films have
shown a potential to be used as packaging films for extending shelf life of the
fresh chilled foods.
• Low temperature sealing coating is a coating especially designed for
horizontal form, fill and seal lines, which allows machines to run at very high or
low speeds, while keeping constant seal temperatures.

Types of Coated Films

Coated films are mainly classified as:

• Double Coated Film- These films have pressure sensitive adhesives coated on
both sides for instant bonding of two surfaces. They bond well to engineering
plastics and metals.
• Single Coated Film- These films have clear adhesives coated on one side of the
film. They provide a high bond level to many different surfaces.

Coextruded Films
Coextruded film is a multilayer film having peelable interfaces. The interfaces after
separation expose a clean non-stacky surface. These peelable layers are created by
multilayer polymer co extrusion. The structures can be made on conventional film
processing equipment. The peelable interfaces can serve as renewable surfaces,
removable coupons, tags, and cards, carrier webs, opening mechanisms and labels. The
multi layer co extrusion can be designed for one or two side printing, post converting
operation compatibility or for functionality. The layers can be pigmented or modified with
other additives. The bond between the layers can be adjusted from low to high.

History
In 1985, Golden Eagle introduced coextruded films to bulk bun bakers. Replacing
expensive cast films with co extrusions radically changed the industry, offering increased
shelf life, productivity, and profitability. Co extrusions, designed to provide lower
moisture vapor transmission rates allow the bakery products to retain freshness longer.

Features

• Cost effective transparent or opaque films

• Have greater puncture resistance
• Reduced tear propagation
• Extra ordinary anti blocking and slip properties
• Excellent moisture resistance
 • High seal integrity for longer shelf life

Science of Coextruded Films

Coextruded films use resin formulations for each layer to provide specific characteristics.
When combined with a laminated support, the properties are magnified. A wide range of
polymers like LDPE, LLDPE is used for making these films and a wide array of specialty
resins. The most commonly used resins are:

• EVOH- High oxygen barrier

• Nylon- Strength plus oxygen barrier
• EVA- Flexibility and sealability
• Matallocene- Wide seal range

Resins with custom additives enhance film performance to fit the end use as well as the
needs of converting and packaging systems.

Applications: Coextruded Films for Packaging

Natural film for cigarette packaging. Performs well in general overwrap applications. It is
also used for bundling applications, surface print and non-print applications requiring
improved puncture resistance. It is used as outer web in laminations for semi-free
flowing products like pasta, candy, nuts in the shell. Used as laminations for bakery,
snack and confectionery products. Some of the packaging products made using
coextruded films are as follows:

• Packaging pouch
• Packaging bags
• Food packaging laminates
• Pharma packaging products

CPP Films
CPP or cast polypropylene film is a multilayer polypropylene film with co-polymer and
homo-polymer. It is used as a heat seal layer along with BOPP or polyester film in a
laminate for packing of food articles. CPP films have been known in the packaging field
to be the more elegant brother of polyethylene film, with higher gloss, greater
transparency and better heat resistance.

CPP films have higher gloss and transparency, higher strength, superior barrier
properties and excellent sealing strength. They are available with a polished or
embossed surface, gloss or matte finish, stiff or flexible, clear or colored, or in a
combination thereof. They are versatile and the most cost effective films.
Film Storage and Handling
Although CPP films are suitable for use within 4 months from the date of delivery, it is
advisable to rotate film stock. It is recommended that dry conditions at temperatures
below 35 degree C are used for storage of these films, otherwise a reduction in surface
treatment level may be experienced. On account of the elastic memory of thermoplastic
film, a prolonged period of storage may cause problems of profile and blocking. The film
should be kept in its original wrapping until it is used and should be kept at room
temperature 24 hours prior to processing. Films are very sensitive and any damage or
load on the CPP roll may cause blocking.

Applications: CPP films and packaging

CPP films are used in household paper packing, stationery packaging, portfolios and
food packaging. In stationer industry, they are used for photo albums and page
protectors. They are used as a lamination layer, both as sealant and as heat resistant
layer and in the pressure sensitive industry for adhesive coating and diaper closures.
Also used as anti-leak layer for diapers, material for automatic packing of electrical and
hardware products and covering films for audio and video cassettes, CDs and DVD
cases. Ideal for textile industry for packaging of hosiery, socks, shirts; for floral wraps as
sleeves and sheets for cut flowers, pots, dried flowers; food industry for packaging of
bread, vegetables, and candies. Various packaging products made from these films are

• Packaging rolls
• Packaging pouch
• Packaging bags
• Food packaging laminates
• Dairy packaging
• Cosmetic packaging
• Pharma packaging materials

Fiberglass Films
Fiberglass is finespun filaments of glass, which are available in a rope or
mat form. When used in a process with polyester resins, catalysts and
hardeners, can be formed or molded into pools, spas and related shapes. It
is a very tough and durable plastic material consisting of extremely fine
glass fibers, used in making various products, such as yarns, fabrics,
insulators, and structural objects or parts.

Properties
Fiberglass films have many unique and outstanding properties, which provide design
opportunities for the improvement of existing products and the developments of new
products. It resists most acids with the exception of hydrofluoric acid and hot phosphoric
acid. It has dimensional stability, will not shrink or stretch with change in atmospheric
conditions. Fiberglass film has low coefficient of thermal expansion and relatively high
thermal conductivity. It had high dielectric strength and relatively low dielectric constants.
It also has low water absorption and high temperature resistance. It is used for harsh,
wet insulation jacketing application.

Filament Films
Filament is a fine or thinly spun thread, fiber, or wire, used for packaging. It is
economical with high-impact durable plastic construction. It is a transparent film
reinforced with continuous glass yarn filaments.

Properties

• Filament films offer excellent resistance to UV radiation, temperature extremes

and moisture.
• They help to extend the product life in severe environments.
• They are excellent insulators and are non-magnetic.
• They are resistant to chemical corrosion or weakening.
• Surface finish inside is governed by the finish quality of the
mandrel and care during extraction.
• Special surfaces are available to meet needs for low friction or
special protection.

Applications: Filament films and packaging

Filament film is used for a variety of light to medium packaging applications. Used for
palletizing and bundling of loads on pallets to keep merchandise contained during plant
transfers or shipments to customers. It is used for sealing of lightweight cartons. Also
used for the closure and reinforcement of corrugated fiberboard boxes and for holding
and bundling. Ideal for applications requiring abrasion, electrical conductivity, chemical
shielding, environments with elevated temperatures or applications where synthetic or
natural fiber brushes are not appropriate.
Various packaging products are made through filament films like packaging pouches,
packaging bags, pharma packaging, food packaging materials, pharma packaging etc.

White Films
White films for packaging are white bop used for opaque packaging and multi color
printing. They are available in glossy and matte versions, and silver face stock creates a
shiny appearance.

Features

• High mechanical durability

• Low water vapor permeability
• High resistance to low temperatures
• Resistance to fat, oils and acids
• High yield due to low density
• Excellent clarity
• Good dimensional stability
• Low electrostatic charge
• Waterproof
• Respond to various colors of light

Applications: White Films and Packaging

They magnify bottle and product clarity. They are also used in laminated structures and
offer a unique solution for the aerosol market, which requires top quality design, flexibility
and optical stock management. other application include agricultural or chemical
packages, lawn and garden bags and pouches and any other packaged product that
might be subject to extended exposure to UV light. Most often they are used for
packaging of ice cream, cosmetics and confectionery, wherein mainly for chocolates and
cakes.

These films are ideal for cigarette packing, printing, lamination, and metallizing for food
and non-food packing applications, paper lamination, adhesive tapes, album and bag
making and general overwrap.

Offset Printing Films

Offset printing films are popular type of films used for transfer printing. Transfer printing
is the process of transferring a design onto a fabric with the help of a specially coated
paper printed by a color copier or an inkjet printer. The design is then applied to the
fabric by using a heat press or a hot iron.

For light sensitive coatings of offset printing film, high contrast emulsions are used which
restrict the reproduction to only two values, white and black . The metal plate is used for
offset printing. This plate is covered with a light-sensitive coating, which in turn helps the
image to be transferred from the film. Offset white ink is very transparent, requiring two
hits of white. All offset printing films products have a clear UV flood coat to improve ink
resistance.

Applications
Offset Printing Films are used for

• Journaling
• Laser Printer
• Rubber embossing and stamping
• Architectural and engineering application
• Transfer Printing for textile industry.

Fluoroplastic Films
Fluoroplastic film is a group of plastic films where the molecules contain carbon and
fluorine. Carbon and fluorine dramatically change the properties to include very high
working temperatures, no stick characteristics, very high resistance to chemicals and
solvents, and very high electrical resistance.

It is a composite material consisting of industrial cloth, including

glass cloth, aramid cloth, coated with Fluoro plastic. Fluorine
typically imparts chemical resistance, thermal stability, and low
surface energy. Fluorointermediates are used as the key building
blocks required to produce fluoroplastics.

Functional Properties

• Anti-adhesive coating- Fluoroplastic film enables to greatly reduce adhesion,

consumption of food oil on lubrication and consumption of a large amount of
flour.
• Anti-friction coating- Fluoroplastic film have a low friction coefficient, they are
abrasion and impact resistance. They facilitate heat transfer through metal
surface, ensure more reliable operation under low temperatures.
• Anti-corrosion coating- Fluoroplastic films are used for protection of chemical
equipment operating in aggressive environments: centrifuge rotors, filter parts,
mixers, tank equipment, etc.
• Electric insulation coating- These films have stable electric properties at high
temperatures.
 Applications: Fluoroplastic film and packaging
They are widely used for the insulation of heat resistant, winding, assembly,
and special wires, as well as in electric engines, generators, transformers, etc.
They are used as packing for reservoirs and medical tools, as an important film for food
and cigarette packaging. Also used as lining for packing containers, cable winding of
electric motors, and printing circuits. These films are ideal for packaging parts and units
of machines used in corrosive fluids, containers, membranes, flexible tubes for medicine
and instruments. Also used as insulation of radio technical products. Available in the
form of pouches, bags, rolls, sheets, cartons etc. for packaging.

Heat Shrink Films

Heat shrink films for packaging are films belonging to a class of plastics known as
thermoplastic. They soften and melt when heated. The long polymer molecules in heat
shrink films are in a tangled up configuration. When the film is made, it is stretched while
hot, which lengthens the molecules. They stay frozen when the film is cooled. Again,
when enough heat is applied, they freely move and go back to the tangled state, and
thus get shorter, shrinking the film.

Shrink-wrapping is a simple, attractive and inexpensive packaging solution. It displays

and protects the product, is clean and tamper evident. Shrink-wrapping is an investment
in the appearance and appeal of any product.

They are tough, durable and highly versatile. Impact is perfect for a wide range of
applications. They offer superior clarity, gloss, and sheen and are puncture resistant.
They are capable of using a wide range of materials.

Materials Used For Making Films

Polyvinyl Chloride
PVC is a rigid and a versatile polymer and for several of its applications must be
compounded with plasticizing agents. The most commonly used plasticizer is di (2-
ethylhexyl) adipate. PVC films have excellent thermo-formability, good chemical
resistance and optimized protection and because of this they are a world standard in
pharmaceutical packaging. They have been a major contributor to food safety, both
protecting and preserving food.

Polyolefin
Polyolefin films are the workhorses of the packaging and agricultural industries. Their
good mechanical and durability properties as well as their excellent cost and
performance ratio drive their omnipresence.
Polypropylene
Polypropylene is one of the most versatile polymers that serve both as a plastic and as a
fiber the most important property of polypropylene is its versatility. Polypropylene films
for packing are produced using the latest technology and are particularly clear and
glossy. They have high mechanical properties, attractive appearance, and can store
products for a prolonged period of time. These are heat sealable films for flexible
packing and have high tensile strength.

Polyester
Polyesters are made from chemical substances found mainly in petroleum and are
manufactured in fibers, films, and plastics. The excellent combination of optical, physical,
mechanical, thermal and chemical properties of the polyester films is driving the growth
of the specialty films market. Superior dielectric properties make it the preferred film for
use in larger capacitors and also support its use in wire and cable insulation and electric
assembly.

Applications: Heat shrink films and packaging

Typical applications include terminating, environmental protection, corrosion protection,
moisture sealing, mechanical protection, splicing, color-coding, and strain relief. Leading
beverage, dairy, pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic and chemical manufacturers uses these
films.

It is used for outer packaging of a number of products including cooked foods, books,
magazines, stationery, office supplies, soaps, aerosol cans, detergent bars, video tapes,
CD, DVD, phones, calculators, etc. Also used for covering electrical connectors. Ideal for
multiple packaging of vitamins, medicines, puddings, jellies, juice, fats food, pastries and
sweets. These films are ideal to make packaging pouches, bags, food packaging
laminates, dairy packaging, cosmetic packaging materials etc.

Label Films
Label films for packaging are based on plastic polymers and their blends. They are used
to label a number of products offering high clarity images, scuff
resilience and water resistance.

Label films for packaging are resistant to mould and withstand retail
display. High definition graphics stand out on the shelf and increase the
perception of value. They have superior tensile strength and thermal
stability. Available in white, opaque and transparent. Design possibilities include “no
look” labels and reverse printed graphics that may be viewed through the container.

Labels are everywhere for displaying the contents of everything and helping to find a
particular product in the supermarket. In fact, it is hard to imagine a world without them.
The label is what makes a product stand out in a crowd, giving its unmistakable
appearance and visual appeal.

Materials Used
Polystyrene – Polystyrene label films provide an excellent print surface with consistent
lay flat characteristics making it ideal for label printers. They add UV protection
increasing the product shelf life.

Polypropylene – Polypropylene label films offer improved slip and anti-static properties.
They are non heat-sealable, with high gloss.

Polyester – Polyester label films are clear and white transparent tamper evident films.
They are thermally stable and flexible enough to suit various applications.

Applications: Label films and packaging

Labels may be inserted into injection mould prior to injection and fuse with the
finished product. Wrap around bottled water and carbonated drinks may have a
clear printed label wrapped around it. Spot patch labels may be wet glued to
plastic or glass bottles.

Label films add sparkle to packaging of beverages, CD, DVD, and other food
items. They are widely used in electronic industry, agriculture industry, and
pharmaceutical industry. They are used for low-shrink and non-shrink roll-fed label
applications.

Laminated Films
Laminating is a process of applying a film to either one side or both sides of a printed
document. Lamination adds luster to a printed product. It provides stability to the sheet,
allowing it to be more durable. Laminated documents are waterproof, tear proof, and
tamper proof.

Laminated films provide both decorative appeal and protective qualities. They are also
designed to increase the life of printed products. They give the printed products much
longer shelf life and help retain the pristine look of freshly printed work for longer.
Many of the films used for laminating are available in various thickness and finishes
ranging from clear gloss to delustered. The three main film materials are:

• Polyester- The excellent combination of optical, physical, mechanical, thermal

and chemical properties of the polyester films is driving the growth of the
specialty films market.
• Polypropylene- These are heat sealable films for flexible packing and have high
tensile strength. The film can contain colorants, stabilizers, or other additives,
and can be coated for the improvement of performance properties.
• Nylon- Has excellent scratch resistance and non-curling properties. They are
widely used as book jackets.

Types
Laminated films are of the following types:

• Pouch Laminating Films- Are like envelops and are sealed on one edge. They
come in many sizes to accommodate standard items such as letterheads or
business cards.
• Roll Laminating Films- Can consist of a layer of film that is applied to the front
side of the document or it can be two layers of film in which the document is
sandwiched between the layers and sealed.
Roll Laminating Films are further classified into the following:
o Clear Laminating Films- Clear is an everyday film that will adhere to
most ink lay downs.
o Matte Laminating Films- Matte is a high quality film that has a glare
finish. It has a slightly granular texture that is frosted to reduce glare.
o UV Laminating Films- It has an added advantage of UV protection.
o Pressure Sensitive Laminating Films- The film is applied by an
adhesive rather than a glue. It does not require heat.

Methods of Lamination
Thermal Lamination- Laminate usually consist of 2 plies with each ply made up of
overlaminate film and an adhesive. The document is placed between the two plies and
passed through the equipment where the dry adhesive is made tacky by heat. The
adhesive is then pressed onto the document under high pressure. After cooling, the
adhesive solidifies.

Cold Lamination- It is a process in which only one side of the document is laminated.
This lamination is done when the ink or paper used for a document is too sensitive to
heat. The surface of the document is flooded with a water-soluble adhesive. It is then
sent through a set of rollers with the laminating film rolled onto the top of the adhesive
and the document. Pressure is applied to bond the film to the document.

Applications
Laminated Films are used for wrapping posters, maps, calendars, food labels, price
tags, membership cards, business cards, placemats, badges, covers, certificates and
many other. They perform a wide range of applications in industrial, food and agriculture
industry. They are used to make various packaging products like:

• Soft furniture overwrap

• High performance film for automatic horizontal packing of horticulture goods
• Protective covers for furniture
• Over wrap for mobile
• Winter boat wrap
• Automatic packaging of foam cups
• Packaging of chicken, poultry and pork
• Packaging of soil, fertilizers, soil mix
• Food packaging laminates
• Pharma packaging materials
• Dairy packaging
• Laminated aluminum foils
• Aluminum sheets

Lamination films are used to manufacture various packaging products like Blister packs,
Packaging pouch, Aluminum laminated foil, Aluminum laminated sheets, Packaging
rolls, Packaging bags, Medical Packaging, Industrial Packaging etc.

Cold Lamination Films

Cold laminating film, sometimes called tape laminating uses pressure sensitive
adhesives to bind the film to the material being laminated. This film is most important for
the documents that are heat sensitive. This film can be manufactured with anything from
polyester to polycarbonate to vinyl. The film was originated in China. Cold laminated
films are widely used for packaging. Candy wrappers, packaging pouches, bags, gift
wrappers, cosmetic packaging materials are various packaging products made out of
cold laminated films.

Cold Laminating Film provides a brilliant finish that boost color and offers crisp definition
to any image print. It provide an aggressive and permanent bond to image print.

Cold Lamination is a process in which only one side of the document is laminated. This
lamination is done when the ink or paper used for a document is too sensitive to heat.
The surface of the document is flooded with a water-soluble adhesive. It is then sent
through a set of rollers with the laminating film rolled onto the top of the adhesive and
the document. Pressure is applied to bond the film to the document.

Types of Cold Lamination Film

• Single-sided film is used to laminate just one side of a document.

• Double-sided or dual laminating films completely encase your document,
laminating both sides for complete protection.
• Magnetic laminating films apply laminate to one side of your materials and a
magnetic backing to the other.
• Transfer adhesive laminating films laminate document on both sides, and at
the same time apply an adhesive backing. A peel-away liner reveals the
adhesive. The laminated material then can be stick to wood or glass.
• Over-laminate is a laminating film that is applied to materials such as
floor graphics, wall art, store front signage, and children's games. Over-
laminate is cut out and layed over the material.

Cold Laminating films are available in a variety of finishes:

• Matte - This is a non-reflective finish that has a slightly granular look.

Matte finishes tend to make image colors more vivid.
• Satin - Provides a reduced level of glare, and has a soft sheen.
• Lustre - This finish reduces glare, and has a sparkling sheen.
• Gloss - This is a clear finish that brings out and emphasizes colors. It makes
images look brighter, adds definition and radiance.

Applications of Cold Lamination Film

• Floor Graphics
• Posters and banners
• Ideal for trade show graphics
• Packaging purposes

Thermal Lamination Films

Thermal lamination films are films laminated onto the steel plates after their coating.
These are widely used for packaging purposes. The outer layer of the film has a heat
activated resin coating - hence the term Thermal Lamination. The thickness of the
polyester determines the stiffness of the film, and the quality of the polyester usually
determines the clarity.

Laminate usually consist of 2 plies with each ply made up of overlaminate film and an
adhesive. The document is placed between the two plies and passed through the
equipment where the dry adhesive is made tacky by heat. The adhesive is then pressed
onto the document under high pressure. After cooling, the adhesive solidifies.

Thermal lamination films are available in a range of thickness and finishing

characteristics. They are also available in colored metallic finish. Thermal laminating film
is the ultimate way to finish printed materials for beautiful and long-lasting results. The
films can be used to make various packaging products like attractive packaging
pouches, packaging bags, sheets, gift wrappers etc.

Types of Thermal Laminating Films

Standard Thermal Laminating Films - These are polyester films with a polyethylene
adhesive that requires temperatures between 210º-240ºF to bond. These are the most
popular films today, largely due to their low price. They can also be the most problematic
to work with.

Low-Temperature Thermal Laminating Films - These are polyester films with a

polyethylene adhesive that requires lower temperature of about 185º-210ºFto bond.
These are essentially second-generation thermal laminating films. These laminates will
in all likelihood replace standard thermal films in the near future.

Heatset (or Heat-Assisted) Laminating Films - These are usually PVC- or polyester-
based films with few exceptions. The adhesive, however, is thermoplastic and only
requires 170º-195ºF to bond to the substrate being laminated.

Thermal Lamination Film Finishes

Glossy Clear Film - A film with a glossy, shiny surface and excellent optics. It is bi
axially oriented polypropylen film with uniformly extrusion coated with adhesives all
along the film surface. It shows excellent bonding with all kinds of printed paper
products.

Matt Film - A film with a matte surface, a surface that enhances the appearance of
laminated products. It is bi axially oriented polypropylen film with uniformly extrusion
coated with adhesives all along the film surface. It shows excellent bonding with all kinds
of paper products.

Advantages of Thermal Lamination Films

• The film leaves no residue on removal

• Film has low cost of installation and application
• Keeps scratches, dust and moisture away from painted steel plates
• Protects surface from damage during storage and transport
• Easy to set up
• Needs less space
• Low luster film
• Enhances contrast
• Enhances image and presentation

Applications of Thermal Lamination Films

• Steel and aluminum industry

• Tire manufacturers and automotive suppliers
• Automotive industry
• Construction industry
• Plastic industry
• Ideal for protecting trade show images
• Great for packaging
• For menus, placemats and posters

Laser Films
Laser films are designed to produce optimum image quality for use in computed
tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, digital subtraction angigraphy, and digital
radiography, ultrasound and nuclear medicine modalities.

Lase films and packaging

Laser films for packaging are heat resistant, dimensionally stable and an excellent toner
for adhesion. They are highly universal and are printable on both sides. They have a
clear and a glossy appearance. Available in a large variety of colors. They are tamper-
proof and have high resistance to weathering, temperature, organic solvents, oils, water,
detergent and mechanical impact. Laser film some security features protecting products
and brands.

They are used to package presentations, graphics, layouts, cards, menus, certificates
 etc. Used for packaging products, holiday items, gift items, printing software.
Some packaging products made through laser films are:

• Electronic packaging
• Industrial packaging
• Pharma packaging materials
• Food packaging laminates
• Packaging pouches etc.

Metallized Films
Metallized films are based on aluminum attached to a flexible plastic film. These films
have one side metallized and one side sealable. They are designed to reflect the light
where one needs to control thrip and other pests that carry disease. They will support
combustion if ignited.

Metallized films use vacuum sputtering techniques to coat a dielectric film with a metal
composition. They also tend to be self-healing, in that a high voltage arc will vaporize the
metal deposit but will be contained by the dielectric, such that the damage remains
localized. They are made of neutral tones, therefore when anyone looking through these
films, gets true color perception. They offer higher heat rejection figures. They do not
fade or discolor with time.

Manufacturing
The film is drawn through a vacuum chamber with a hot metal ingot. An electromagnetic
field directs streams of ions toward the metal as the heat causes the metal to give up
particles, which then migrate onto the film’s surface. The result is a reflective layer with
very little mirror effect. Finally an ultra clear polymer layer is laminated on that and the
hard coating of materials like acrylic is applied. This finally gives out the quality
metallized films.

Metallized films can be of various metals including aluminum, chromium, or a

combination of nickel and chromium. Metallized films are available in two version,
Metallized polypropylene film and Metallized polyester film.

Aluminum Film
It has highly consistent optical density. It acts as a barrier to moisture and light, with
superior heat sealing properties. It is highly craze and crack resistant.

Nickel-Chromium Films
Nickel-Chromium Films films does not contain any dyes that can fade or turn purple.
These are clean looking neutral color films that are virtually invisible, blending well with
all exterior and interior color schemes. They are extremely durable and are resistant to
fading, cracking, peeling, delaminating and discoloration.

Applications: Metallized films and packaging

Metallized films are used for extrusion and adhesive laminations. Recommended for
most moisture and light sensitive products, such as salty snacks, fruits, candy, and
baked goods. They can also be used as aluminum foil replacement in three-ply
laminations cold seal coated. They are widely used for food packaging. Some of the
packaging products made out of metalized films are as follows:

• Food packaging laminates

• Pharma packaging materials
• Aluminum foils
• Aluminum scrap
• Aluminum sheet
• Cosmetic packaging etc.

Nylon Films

Nylon film is a transparent, non-heat stabilized plastic film. it absorbs water. The higher
the moisture content , more flexible it becomes. At low moisture levels flexibility is
reduced. Their outstanding sealing characteristic helps maintain the quality of the
contents.

Features
Nylon films offer excellent thermal and chemical resistance, with high tensile strength,
flexibility and tear resistance. They are also abrasion and puncture resistant and are fully
recyclable. These films enable easy monitoring and act as effective microbial barrier.
Available printed with heat-sensitive inks that allow for immediate indication of
temperature reached during the autoclaving process. They also offer low oxygen and
odor permeability and strong cold temperature properties.
These films exhibit a lower elastic module while retaining its tensile strength and heat
stability. The clarity of the film optimizes visibility of contained products through the film.
They have good release qualities for ease of removal in curing applications.

Spontaneous Electric Current from Film

Nylon films during the process of preparation form a mechano-electret. The polarizing
species responsible for the formation of such mechano-electrets are believed to be
dipoles and space charges embedded in the film. Dissimilar electrodes used give rise to
an electro-galvanic effect in the films.

Applications: Nylon Films and Packaging

Natural Nylon films are ideal for use in a variety of food packaging applications. They
perform well as a vacuum bagging film for the molding of critical composite parts in the
production of aircraft parts. They allow a wide range of applications including drum
liners, solvent recovery bags, and environmental disposal bags. They are also available
in custom-sized sheets for use in a variety of shielding and overwrap applications.

These films are used as cast acrylic molds and bulk molding compound bags. They are
also used in the sterilization of medical and dental instruments. They can be used to
wrap electronic conductors on flat cables and printers. They are also found laminated to
LDPE films. Nylon films are used to produce various products like

• Packaging pouches
• Pharma packaging
• Aluminum foils
• Packaging bags
• Dairy packaging etc.

OPP Films
Holographic OPP films can be used exactly the same way as plain varnishing film. But in
addition to the protection benefit, holography brings its own refractive and kinetic effects
to enhance the visual appeal. As a cost-effective material, holographic OPP can also be
used to laminate to cardboard. It can also replace plain OPP film to make flexible
packages to boost the shelf appearance of products.

Features
OPP films are very versatile, can be adapted for diverse uses and are suitable for many
types of packaging machines. These films are lightweight, bringing
extra advantage in terms of packaging and are environmentally
stable. They offer superior printability, machinability, and graphic
appeal and provide cost savings over other flexible packaging
materials. They are moisture resistant and durable.

Oriented polypropylene film can be laminated to other materials such as paper,

aluminum or other polymeric films. Laminations can be made using solvent-based or
water-based materials. Printing technologies like gravure, flexo, offset UV, letterset UV
and digital processes can be utilized to print OPP films.

Applications : OPP Films and Packaging

Because of their physical properties especially when coated, these films are used in
labeling and packaging for a large range of consumer products such as biscuits, snack
foods, confectionery, bakery goods, soft drinks, aerosol cans and overwrap applications.
OPP films are just ideal for flexible packaging, product labeling, graphic media, and also
holographic and industrial applications. Various packaging products are made out of
OPP films like packaging pouch, packaging bags, food packaging laminates, pharma
packaging, foils and sheets etc. These films are essential for a variety of different non-
packaging and non-food applications. The versatility of use of OPP films from electronics
to graphic arts makes the product an excellent choice for numerous market segments.

Thickness Length Width Temp

Product Color Major Application
(micron) m/roll (mm) Resistance

640,
Economy level OPP.
700,
20 2000 Silver Good for gift-wrap, 90 - 100oC
780,
OPP101 and X'mas ornaments.
810, 880

700,
30 2000 Silver 90 - 100oC
1020

Professional level
640,
OPP. Good for hand
OPP200 20 2000 700, Silver 70 - 90
bags, folding boxes,
780, 810
stationery.

640,
OPP210 20 2000 700, 8 Colors - 70 - 90 ?
780, 810

Luxury level OPP.

Good for hand bags,
20 2000 880 Silver 70 - 90 ?
folding boxes, and
stationery.
OPP300
Luxury level OPP.
1040,
Good for ribbons &
50 2000 1260, - 80 - 90 ?
spring festival
1000
couplets.
 Luxury level OPP.
Good for hand bags,
20 2000 880 8 colors 70 - 90 ?
folding boxes, and
stationery.
OPP310
Luxury level OPP.
1040,
Good for ribbons &
50 2000 1260, - 80 - 90 ?
spring festival
1000
couplets.

Transparent laminates
2000, Transparent
OPP400 20 630, 785 to protect the printed 80 - 100 ?
4000 Coating
materials.

2000, Transparent
OPP600 20 780 - 80 - 100 ?
4000 Metallized

Pallet Stretch Wrap

Stretch wrap is most commonly made of LLDPE or linear low density polyethylene. It is
the material that secures the pallets of individual containers. All pallets together forms
high quality pallet stretch wrap film. Pallet stretch wrap is used by almost all
manufacturers and distributors to bind shipping cartons to pallets going to a distribution
center or a warehouse. It is also used at the distribution center to wrap pallets sent to
customers or outlets.

Features and benefits

Pallet stretch wrap can be applied automatically with semi or fully automatic wrapping
machines or by hand, with hand grade or bundling tape. Bundling tape binds together
products leaving together any residues one normally experiences with adhesive tape. It
is easy to remove and don’t damage the product.

It offers maximum cling, and strength. This film has

extremely high puncture resistance and a very high holding
force and is ideal for the most demanding applications.
Product manufacturers and distributors use pallet stretch
wrappers to bind shipping cartons to pallets. It is also used to
wrap pallets sent to outlets or customers.
Pallet Stretch Wrap and Packaging
It offers semi-automatic operation. It wraps loads while the driver remains on the forklift
for all operations, providing faster and more ergonomically sound packaging or shipping
operations. This adds to the overall confidence of more secured loads along the way. It
works with all types of equipment. It may be used with both rider forklift and stand up,
narrow aisle lifts.

PET Films
Polyethylene terephthalate is a semi crystalline polymer used to produce films. Two
different film materials PET and PET2 are used to make this film.

PET films are biaxially oriented to stretch the polymer chains creating strength, then heat
quenched to lock in the structure with a small percentage of polymer crystallization. The
heat quenching conditions may leave a residue on the film that may be relieved with
later heat treatment. These films have good thermal stability. They can be post-
processed in the form of sheet or roll, to have better thermal dimensional stability. They
are subject to shrinkage over long periods of time due to stress relaxation.

They act as barrier to high oxygen, moisture, and aroma. They have one disadvantage
of getting degrade in sunlight unless they contain ultraviolet inhibitors. They exhibit good
water vapor and oxygen gas barrier properties.

Applications: PET Films and Packaging

PET films find a wide range of applications in magnetic tapes, photographic films,
photoresist and hot stamping foils in addition to packaging outlets. This film finds it use
in print lamination with CPP or PE, frozen foods like vegetables and meats and sterilized
bags. It also finds its use in PU skin, PVC tiles, PC boards and other plate films, laser
decorations and insulation covering.

The excellent thermal properties of PET allow processing and use over a wider
temperature range than most common packaging films. It is ideal for retort packaging,
dual ovenable lidding and ‘boil in the bag’ applications. PET film has the chemical
inertness and good gas barrier properties that are important for many medical,
pharmaceutical and food products. They can be used in the demanding steam, ethylene
oxide and radiation sterilization processes.

PET films are used to make various packaging products like packaging pouches,
packaging bags, aluminum foils, dairy packaging, pharma packaging etc.
PTFE Films
PTFE films are films of the polymer polytetrafluoroethane.
Polytetrafluoroethylene is one of the most important high insulating
organic polymer electret materials, which have been applied in many
fields such as sensors, generators and motors, dose-meters, and
air-filters at high temperature.

PTFE films are ultimate in durability, low stretch, high strength, high
temperature, non-stick protection for lamination lay ups and roll end
wraps. PTFE have several advantages related to both orienting properties and
processibility. They are easy to prepare, chemically inert, thermally stable, optically
transparent and of low cost.

Preparation Of The Film

Thin films of PTFE are prepared by pulsed laser deposition from bulk PTFE targets
using 157 nm F2-laser radiation. The Teflon films are analyzed by means of optical
polymerization microscopy, stylus profilometry, XPS, XRD, FTIR spectroscopy and by
capacitance measurements. The effect of substrate temperature on the morphology and
crystallinity is studied. Films treated at sufficiently high temperature consist mainly of
spherulite like crystallites. Films with a thickness of more than about 155 nm are
continuous, pinhole free, well adherent to the substrate and have a composition which is
similar to that of the target material. The minimum film thickness and deposition rates
are much lower than achieved with pressed PTFE powder targets using 248 nm KrF-
laser ablation. This is related to different deposition mechanisms. Correspondingly, the
morphology, crystallinity, and the optical and dielectric properties of films significantly
differ from each other.

Screen Printing Films

Screen-printing is an industrial and commercial printing technique, which involves the
passage of a printing medium, such as ink, through a taut fabric to which a refined form
of stencil has been applied. The stencil openings determine the form and dimensions of
the imprint thus produced.

Screen printing also called silk screen print also called serigraph was invented in the Far
East around 2000 years ago. No one knows exactly when or where. Originally silk was
used to make the screen printer's screen. A paper stencil was stitched onto the screen to
control the print area. Around a hundred years ago screen-printing was reinvented in the
west and it has become a common method of printing on textiles.

The screens used for screen-printing are made with a monofilament mesh.
Photopolymer emulsion is used to make the stencil. The silk screen is coated with the
liquid emulsion, and allowed to dry and harden. The emulsion is light sensitive. The
stencil is made in the "silk screen" by placing a positive of the print over the coated silk
screen then exposing the screen to light. The areas of the screen shielded from the light
remain water-soluble and can be washed out of the screen.

Screen print films are cast or calendered PVC film with permanent or removable
adhesives for solvent based inkjet printing. It is a specialty media for signage and
display.

Features

• High resolution
• High reduction capabilities
• Quick and accurate
• Exceptional print quality
• Offers durability
• Available in various thickness
• An actinic light source is needed for exposure of the film
• Easy to operate
• Widely used in printing and publishing industry

Plastic Films
Plastic is any material made of polymeric organic compounds and
additives that can be shaped by flow. This is the most common material
used to make high quality and highly significant films.

Plastic films are high performance materials, which play an essential

part in modern life. They are mostly used in packaging applications
along with some applications in agricultural, medical and engineering
fields. Plastic films are perfectly stable, easy to work with and can be
lighter than tissue.

They do not have voids in the surface that allow an ink or coating to penetrate into it.
Certain plastics can be attacked or swelled by specific UV raw materials. These can be
matched up with the type of substrate and allow the ink to penetrate the film.

History
Plastics got their start with celluloid and the development of a replacement for ivory in
billiard balls. In 1868 John Hyatt mixed celluloid with camphor and alcohol to find a
substitute of billiard balls. Then came celluloid collars, cuffs, etc. After the turn of the
century, cellophane was invented. The major growth for cellophane and all plastic films
started during the late 1930s and after World War II when self-service shopping came
into vogue. Many packages required transparency because people wanted to see what
they were buying. Since then, many plastic films were added to the list of packaging
films.

Types
There are many material types used in films from single layer polymers to multilayer
polymers with tie layers and copolymers. A number of plastics are used in applications
such as nylon, polypropylene, cellophane, etc.

Polypropylene Films- These are heat sealable films for flexible packing and have high
tensile strength. The film can contain colorants, stabilizers, or other additives, and can
be coated for the improvement of performance properties.

Polyester Films- Polyester film features superior performance in printing, metalizing

and cold seal applications. The film shows excellent scuff resistance, machinability and
temperature characteristics. The adhesive can be clear or pigmented for ease of
identification.

Cellophane Films- Cellophane film is made by the viscose process, a physical process
for making regenerated rayon by treating cellulose with caustic soda, and with carbon
disulfide to form cellulose xanthate, which can then be spun into fibers and reconverted
to cellulose by an acid treatment.

Nylon Films- Nylon film is a transparent, non-heat stabilized plastic film. They absorb
water. The higher the moisture content the more flexible they become. They offer
excellent thermal and chemical resistance, with high tensile strength, flexibility and tear
resistance.

Plastic films application

 • Plastics are considered to be one of the most valuable and versatile family of
materials ever developed. New uses are developed for plastic films almost
everyday. Plastic film offers a number of significant benefits:
• Plastic food wrappings prevent spoilage.
• Plastic wrappings reduce food waste.
• Plastic vapour and air barriers prevent moisture damage which in turn helps in
supporting energy-conservation efforts in home construction.
• Plastic stretch wrap and shrink wrap reduce packaging weight and bulk. This
helps in reducing transportation and storage costs.
• Agricultural plastic film helps in reducing weeds, keeping seedlings moist, wrap
silage and increase crop yields. From the time these films are produced, to their
use and reuse, and to their final recycling, or disposal, plastic films provide
environmental benefits.
• Plastic film can be coloured or clear, printed or plain, or laminated to aluminum,
paper and other materials.

Plastic films and packaging

Plastic film offers several packaging options. The films can be used to produce:

• Single-resin, single-layer packages, like the produce bags which are used to
carry fruits or vegetables.
• Multi-resin, multi-layer packages. They are like the boil-in bags.
• Multi-material packages: They represent blister packs.

Market applications for plastic film can be divided into the following categories: Plastic
film offers several packaging options. The films can be used to produce:

• Food packaging: Plastic films for packaging are available in the the form of
packaging pouch, packaging bags, packaging rolls, sheets, foils etc. Food
packaging includes bags for bread and rolls, in-store bags for produce and bulk
foods, candy wrap and bags, bag-in-a-box, carton liners for cereal and cake
mixes, wrappers for fresh food, wrappers for prepared red meat, poultry and fish,
milk bags, grocery bags.
• Non-food packaging: This include industrial liners which can be used for
everything from tote boxes to large drums to bubble packaging, shipping sacs,
mailing envelopes, dry cleaning bags, diaper overwrap, stretch wrap and more.
• Non-packaging application: This includes variety of stuff like trash bags, leaf
and yard waste bags, agricultural films, can liners, construction materials,
medical applications (e.g. sterile wraps, IV bags, biomedical waste bags) and
other consumer products, like household plastic wrap, diaper liners.
Polycarbonate Films
Polycarbonates are transparent thermoformable materials noted for their superior impact
resistance. This quality of the material makes them the ideal materials for protection
against vandalism or outside forces of nature. Remarkably, polycarbonate sheet is also
highly malleable.

Polycarbonate films are films based on polycarbonate and can be processed without
losing their original shape or durability. They are transparent with two glossy surfaces
and offer excellent thermal stability. They offer excellent dielectric properties and good
printing performance. They act as an easy substrate to print, giving excellent ink
adhesion without pre-treatment.

They are available in wide variety of finishes, textures and gauges. They offer high
transmittance, excellent surface uniformity and ease of processing. They offer superior
mechanical, electrical and optical properties for applications requiring high clarity,
improved heat resistance or reduced glare. They are hard and resistant to chemicals
and abrasion.

Surface Finishes
Polycarbonate films fall into three broad categories:

• Polished Grade Polycarbonate Film - They offer light transmission through all
gauges. These films are available in custom colors and the surface can be
embossed or selectively textured by a screen printing for aesthetic purposes.
• Textured Grade Polycarbonate Film - They are anti-reflective and control light
diffusion. They are easy to process and can also be embossed. They help to
conceal scratches.
• High Performance Grade Polycarbonate Film- They offer exceptional
resistance to attack by chemicals and to abrasion, making them suitable for a
wide range of applications. They feature a proprietary UV stable coating, which
brings long lasting outdoor performance to a wide range of graphics applications.

Applications: Polycarbonate films and packaging

Typical applications include instrument panel overlays, thermoformed medical
packaging, mousepads, automotive dials, automotive control panels, keypads, chip
packaging, menu boards, and film insert molding. They are ideal for screen or offset
printing, bringing important benefits to a wide range of graphics applications. They are
ideal for display windows. Polycarbonate films can be thermoformed into packages of
any desired shape and sizes. These films provide excellent physical properties and good
clarity required for medical product packaging. The superior clarity of this type of film is
that it allows surgeons and other medical professional to easily identify and verify
package contents, thereby providing an additional degree of quality control.
Polycarbonate films are good for packaging, especially medical packaging because of
the following reasons:

• Polycarbonate film excels in optical clarity.

• These films have excellent printability.
• They have high strength and dimensional stability.
• They offer high temperature resistance.
• They have superb workability for secondary processes like die-cutting,
embossing and thermoforming. They come in a variety of surface finishes like
gloss, matte, velvet, and even suede.
• Special properties that can be imbibed into polycarbonate films are like colors,
enhanced weather resistance, chemical resistance and flame retardance.

Polyester Films
Polyesters are made from chemical substances found mainly in petroleum and are
manufactured in fibers, films, and plastics.

The excellent combination of optical, physical, mechanical, thermal and chemical

properties of the polyester films is driving the growth of the specialty films market.
Superior dielectric properties make it the preferred film for use in larger capacitors and
also support its use in wire and cable insulation and electric assembly.

Features

• Good oxygen barrier properties ensure that polyester films find demand in the
areas of flexible packaging and lamination.
• Polyester film features superior performance in printing, metalizing and cold seal
applications.
• The film shows excellent scuff resistance, machinability and temperature
characteristics.
• The adhesive can be clear or pigmented for ease of identification.

Types

• Solar Films- Are thin metallized polyester film that use an adhesive backing to
attach the film to the inside surface of existing windows. The performance
 advantages of films include solar heat reduction, glare reduction, UV reduction,
increased shatter resistance and some improvement in insulation value.
• Oriented Polyester Films- Are rigid plastics that are strong, durable,
dimensionally stable, and have anti-curl properties. They are suitable for
graphics, packaging, electrical and industrial applications. Available in sheets
and rolls.

Applications: Polyester Films and Packaging

Polyester film used in many applications like high quality packaging, video tape,
professional photographic printing, floppy disks, X-ray film etc. Polyester films have
broad applications in the electronic, industrial, packaging and magnetic recording
materials fields. They are used for packing milk and dairy products, and many synthetic
washing-up liquids. They have high mechanical properties, attractive appearance, and
can store products for a prolonged period of time.

For frozen breads to be warmed in traditional or microwaves ovens, a range of polyester

films is available. The enhancements in the elongation properties of polyester films are
likely to expand their usage in construction products and consumer electrical devices.
Polyester films are used to make many packaging products like packaging pouch,
packaging bags, packaging rolls, food packaging laminates, pharma packaging etc.

Polyethylene Films
Polyethylene is a thermoplastic material composed of polymers of ethylene. It is
normally a translucent, tough, waxy solid unaffected by water and a large range of
chemicals. It is made from petroleum feedstock also known as hydrocarbons. It is
molded to suit a range of applications in the form of sheets, films, rolls and bags.

Features
Polyethylene films for packaging have a very long life span. They are tough, chemical
and moisture resistant. They are also puncture resistant so that heavy or sharp edged
products do not damage them. They have good clarity and are easy to work with. They
are not affected by temperature extremes and are UV stabilized. These films are
available in clear, black, and a variety of colors, and they may be made from renewable
resources such as starch, cellulose, or degradable polymers.

Ecological Safety
Polyethylene films are environmentally friendly and not harmful to foodstuffs. No harmful
substances are used during the manufacturing and the preparation and there are no
vapors, which are hazard to health or drainage systems. These films are biodegradable
polymer films, which have a proprietary additive that allows oxidative degradation
breaking the long carbon chains down into smaller pieces. The oxidative degradation is
triggered by sunlight, heat, and mechanical stress. The film becomes brittle and the
molecular fragments are then further broken down by microbial action to carbon dioxide,
water, and natural substances.

Installation
Polyethylene films are manufactured in widths of upto 50 feet to suit an individual’s
needs. They have convenient folds that make them easy to transport and install. The
various folds are detailed on the back of each roll. The polyethylene rolls should not be
opened before installation. They should be installed taking care of each layer to be
placed.

Applications: Polyethylene Films and Packaging

They are found to be ideal for food packaging. They offer specially good protection to the
packaged goods. They can be used for a multitude of applications and provide
protection not only to foodstuffs and medications but also for screws, bearings, furniture
and construction fittings, spare parts, etc.

They are also used for agricultural and technical applications. Designed for use in
overwraps, horizontal and vertical packaging applications. Other applications include
medical implants, bearings, box liners, bulk storage, gamma sterilization, pharmaceutical
storage, transport trays, precision parts, gas water filters, machinery covers, optical
parts, and printing plate storage and protection. Various packaging products made out of
polyethylene films are like packaging rolls, aluminum sheets, aluminum foils, packaging
bags, packaging pouches etc.

Printed Film
Hologram is a two or three dimensional photographic image produced by laser light. It
was discovered by Gabor. The term hologram was coined from the Greek words holos,
meaning "whole," and gramma, meaning "message." The process by which the image is
recorded is called holography.

A hologram contains information about the size, shape, brightness and contrast of the
object being recorded. This information is stored in a very microscopic and complex
pattern of interference. The interference pattern is made possible by the properties of
light generated by a laser.

Laser light is used more often because the light from a laser is of one color and leaves
the laser with one wave in perfect step with all others. Such a light that is highly
directional and of one colors is called coherent.

The hologram presents a true three dimensional recreation of the original object when
re-illuminated and viewed under normal light. For the observer, the perception of depth
is virtually indistinguishable from reality.

Holograms are available in assorted styles and types. Each hologram requires it's own
individual technique for production. Some holograms require a laser to view them, others
rely only on regular light. Some holograms show motion, and some change images as
you move by them. Holograms can be in full-color, change color and even project their
image out in space toward you when you view them.

Properties of Holograms

• Sensitivity to vibration - Holograms record specific information about light at

the level of individual light waves. Thus, the holographic plates are sensitive
enough to record a single wavelength of light, 650 nm for red laser light.
• Divisibility - A hologram can be divided into small pieces that still retain the
entire image of the object. The object's wavefront is preserved throughout the
hologram, and can be viewed from a tiny piece of the whole.

Applications of Holograms
PRINTED FILMS
• Art, science and technology
• Used on certain product packaging • Polypropylene Printed Films
• Used for labelling • Polyester Printed Films
• Embellishment on printed media • PVC Printed Films
• On credit cards and driving license to help • Polyolefin Films
stop counterfeiting • Printed Cellophane Films
• Used in airplanes to provide the pilot with • Lamination Films
critical information • Lacquered Polyester Films
• Also used for artistic expression • OHP Films
• Security applications
• Laser Print Films
Know More About Holograms

• Current Industries Using holograms

• Faq
• Guidelines Holograms
 • History Holograms

A film is a synthetic resin adhesive, with or without a film carrier fabric, usually of the
thermosetting type, in the form of a thin film of resin, used under heat and pressure as
an interleaf in the production of bonded structures.

Printed film used for packing, is a film with a display of printing, lithographing,
embossing, stickers, seals, or other written, printed or graphic matter. These are leak
proof films.

Specifications
Packaging products require a specific range of coefficient of friction (COF) to allow
automatic packaging operations to run unhindered and to prevent the package from
sliding during storage.

When an ink or coating is applied to a film, the COF of the printed film usually is higher
than the film itself. The printed film COF will drop over time as the slip agents distribute
themselves within the film and ink layer. If the printed film has retained solvent, this will
cause a higher COF. As the ink dries, the COF will drop. The presence of retained
solvent also can increase the migration of slip agents.

The consumption of printing films is growing for stretch and heat shrink sleeve labels,
which make attractive and low-cost-temper evident seals.

Applications

• Typical applications of these printed films include:

• Preformed bags for bread, rolls, specialty breads, tortillas
• Printed roll stock for fruits, vegetables and potatoes
• Preformed bags for vegetables and meat and poultry products
• Preformed round bottom bags for fresh poultry
• Preformed bags for apples, oranges, potatoes and carrots
• Printed roll stock for retail size package of sugar
• Printed polyethylene laminate roll stock for rice

Protection Films
Protection films are films with self adhesive polymer films on one side. They are the films
used for protection of a specific product from all hazards. They are optically clear and
extremely thin films. They are available in a variety of colors and are conceived for both
outdoor and indoor applications. Available in a wide range of colors, thickness and
adhesive strengths, as well as a choice of backing, in different widths. Moreover, they
can be reverse wound and printed, to the final touch for a quality presentation.

They can be transparent as well as translucent. They guarantee resistance to ultra violet
radiation and weathering conditions. They are resistant to wrinkle and abrasion. They
are simple to apply, offering high adhesion and high performance, even over long
periods, and easy to remove cleanly, without leaving any residues, from plastics, glass,
metals, wood, fiberglass, vinyl, leather and other textiles. They also have tamper evident
property.

Features

• Protection films can be transparent as well as translucent.

• They guarantee resistance to ultra violet radiation and weathering conditions.
• They are resistant to wrinkle and abrasion.
• They are simple to apply, offering high adhesion and high performance, even
over long periods.
• They are easy to remove cleanly, without leaving any residues, from plastics,
glass, metals, wood, fiberglass, vinyl, leather and other textiles.
• They also have tamper evident property.

Materials
Protection Films, are manufactured from a variety of materials including light
polyethylene, vinyl chloride, and air permeating papers. Bonding agents are made of
rubber, acrylic, or polyolefin materials, each with a different bonding strength.

Applications
Polymer Films are suitable for covering a diverse range of applications and substrates.
Ideal for protecting damage prone areas of automobiles boats, without diminishing the
natural aesthetics of the vehicles. They are perfect for high visibility areas such as
vehicle hoods where sheet metal is less curved, thus allowing for easier installation.
They are ideal for painted and coated applications. They provide an effective shield for
high value, quality craft. They are widely used in shipping industry to secure the product
during transportation. They ensure an excellent appearance on completion or redelivery
to the owner. These films are a complement to the marine craftsman’s toolbox.
 PVC Films
With good printability and cost advantage, holographic PVC is a favorite
material for making Christmas decoration items, stickers, stationery, and posters, ...etc.
Holographic PVC is also a great material for glitter and sequin.

History

The worlds most versatile plastic had a rather humble beginning. A rubber scientist
during the early 1920s stumbled onto a new material with fantastic properties during his
search for a synthetic adhesive. Waldo Semon was intrigued with his finding, and
experimented by making golf balls and shoe heels out of versatile material called PVC.
After then with the advent of packaging the vinyl films were formed with better material
properties.

Features
PVC films provide controlled oxygen and water vapor transmission. They operate
satisfactorily on high speed packing machines. They offer exceptionally good stretch and
are easily heat-sealed. They limit excessive moisture build-up while preventing the meat
from dehydrating.

PVC films are temperature sensitive, developing a tendency to shatter and split at cold
temperatures and shrink back or block when exposed to high temperatures. The color
may also change to yellow when exposed to heat.

Types

• Rigid PVC Films- Has excellent printing capabilities and is used for various
applications including door panels, stationary, lampshades, ceiling foil, and
cooling tower. They are also used for blister packaging.
• Semi-Rigid PVC Films- Has excellent printing capabilities and is used for a
variety of applications including bookbinding and packaging.
• Flexible PVC Films- Are unplasticized PVC with plasticizers blended into it.
They offer excellent lay-flat, a large selection of opaque colors and prints. They
are used for bookbinding, pool liner, graphics, and water bed.

Applications: PVC Films and Packaging

PVC films have excellent thermo-formability, good chemical resistance and optimized
protection and because of this they are a world standard in pharmaceutical packaging.
They have been a major contributor to food safety, both protecting and preserving food.
PVC films are used for a wide range of pharma and medical packaging. They are ideal
for making Blister Packing of Tablets, Capsules, Needles, Syringes, Vials, Ampoules,
Ointment tubes, Suppository packs, Medical Kits, Surgical dressings etc.

It is used in supermarket and case-ready processor industries because of uniform gauge

control. Precision gauge control results in exceptional clarity, elasticity and recovery, and
welded package seals, supporting increased outputs on automatic packaging machinery.
Also used in the packaging of sketch pens, pens, etc.

Some technical applications of PVC films include print-carrying substrates, credit cards,
adhesive tapes, office equipment, furniture frontage, pipe insulation and recycling films.

Holographic PVC Film

With good printability and cost advantage, holographic PVC is a favorite material for
making Christmas decoration items, stickers, stationery, and posters, ...etc. Holographic
PVC is also a great material for glitter and sequin.

Thickness Length Width

Product Color Major Application
(micron) m/roll (mm)

35 2000 635 Silver X'mas Decorations

PVCSGF100
50 1000 635 Silver X'mas Decorations

X'mas decorations, ribbons,

flakes, stickers, stationery,
80 1000 635 Silver
PVCSGF200 posters, boxes, name cards,
gift cards, and calendars

200/250 250 610 Silver Glitter, sequin

X'mas decorations, ribbons,

8 built-in flakes, stickers, stationery,
PVCSGF210 50 1000 635
Colors posters, boxes, name cards,
gift cards, and calendars

X'mas decorations, ribbons,

flakes, stickers, stationery,
PVCSGF300 50 1000 1020/1250 Silver
posters, boxes, name cards,
gift cards, and calendars

PVCSGF600 50 1000 635/1020 Transparent Card Laminates & Stickers

Shrink Films
Shrink film is term for pre stretched or oriented film. They are designed to overwrap
packages on a variety of shrink-wrap machines or equipment. Shrink-wrapping involves
enclosing the package contents in shrink films, heat sealing any unsealed portions and
separating the package from the film web or covering the package contents with a shrink
cover. Click here for Shrink Sleeves

Features
The film gives a wonderful presentation to the product. They give a glossy appearance.
Have superior transparency and high burn out resistance. They offer excellent stiffness
and stability. They are environmentally friendly films. They have excellent sealing
shrinkage, elasticity, and memory properties. The film remains tightly sealed around the
product after storage, transport, and conveyance to store. The film has anti-fog
properties, which prevent droplets from condensing inside the package, maintaining a
clear wrap and prolonged shelf life. They can be printed on both sides. They are less
expensive, even when printed with high-quality, multi-color UV flexo and rotary screen
graphics. Great for both plastic and metal containers. Shrink films can be applied at high
speeds. They are available in a variety of materials such as white, opaque, clear, and
metallic films.

Types
Shrink film can be of various types. They are made of various materials that offer good
shrink capabilities.

• PVC shrink Film - PVC shrink film feature excellent sealability without
unpleasant fumes. They offer high shrink capabilities at low temperatures and
high tear resistance. Has excellent shrinkage rates and are available in different
shrinkage ratios. They are used widely for food and non-food applications.
• Pallet Stretch Film - It offers maximum comfortability, cling, and strength. This
film has extremely high puncture resistance and a very high holding force and is
ideal for the most demanding applications.
• Polyolefin Shrink Film - They enhance the display effects of merchandise with
excellent material properties and fine finish given by shrink property. They are
the best selection for foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, convenience goods, etc.

Applications
Shrink films are widely used in a number of industries including food industry,
automotive, agriculture, etc. They are used to wrap CDs, videos, picture frames, paper
plates, wrapping paper rolls, software packages, toys, stationery, promotional
multipacks, biscuits, pizzas, chocolate boxes, bread, egg trays, pastries, really any
products where presentation counts.

These films are used for tray packing which were developed for packing of dairy foods
such as perishable foods, box lunches, prepared foods and etc.

Shrink Labels
Labels are defined as the symbol of manufacturer reputation. Shrink label is described
as a film label printed on an oriented plastic sheet or tube. When heat is applied to the
label, it conforms to the contour of the container that it surrounds. They represent a high
growth segment in the product decoration. They tie a knot between product packaging
and decorative labeling. This increases brand identity, through the use of the containers
resembling the products they represent, packaging with built-in hand grip and measuring
cups, and eye catching exotic shapes.

Types
There are two types of shrink labels:

• Shrink Sleeve Labels- A shrink sleeve label is manufactured from a thin,

preprinted thermo-retractable plastic film, which is formed into a tube and then
wound onto a core. The roll of tubing is then unwound and cut to length. Each cut
piece is then applied to the label to conform to the shape of the item over which it
has been placed.
• Roll-Fed Labels- They are specifically cost-effective. It provides maximum
opacity, whiteness and gloss coupled with the ability to run at high speed on the
hot melt adhesive.

Materials
The most common material used for shrink labels is PVC. Other materials are also used,
such as polyester, glyco-modified polyester, and oriented polystyrene. OPS have been
made with higher shrink ratios and hence are selected for making the labels. PVC
remains to be the material of choice because of its lowest cost and numerous sources,
both domestically and off-shore. They come in a wide range of shrink ratios and it has
the widest window of shrink temperature.

Film Thickness
Once the type of film has been determined, thickness is the next
consideration. Generally, shrink labels are made from 40 micron
and 50 micron film, with 50 micron being the dominant thickness.
There are, however, labels from 30 micron and 70 micron film.
Perhaps the most important selection factor is what thickness is required for the
application process. Machine manufacturers have certain stiffness requirements and
other processing factors that directly impacts the film thickness that is used.

Applications
Shrink labels grace cans, bottles and jars, attracting consumers to products as diverse
as baby foods, air fresheners, coffee and shaving cream. They are used for both
automatic and manual applications. From household supplies, cosmetics, and the food
and beverage markets, these labels have set their place in the spot light. The world of
promotional products has also found a home for shrink labels. The advantage lies in its
ability to be removed from a product once the promotion is complete, revealing the
brands original label underneath.

Skin Films
Skin films are one of the most important components of the skin
packaging process. It is the film that holds the product on the board.
The film also reinforces the board and provides a glossy surface for
enhancing graphics.

Skin packaging films are known for their clarity, high gloss, puncture
resistance, versatility, adhesion and shorter cycle time. They have
excellent opacity and a lustrous satin appearance. They are best suited for high profile
items, have low shrink force to minimize board curl. They absorb and dissipate heat
quickly for highest possible production speeds.

Skin Packaging
Skin packaging is an inexpensive, effective way to display any product. It is extremely
versatile because one piece of plastic can be drawn around almost any shape, size or
weight product. The plastic protects the product and the card backing from wear and
tear. And since the product is immobilized, it cannot shift and multi-component products
will not lose any of its pieces.

Skin packaging can be used to replace blisters, poly bags and folding cartons. In the
industrial products protection segment, skin packaging can replace peanuts, cellulose
wadding, bubble wrap, foam-in place, shredded paper and die cut corrugated. It provides
product protection, product visibility and tamper evidence.

Applying the Film

Product is loaded onto a skin card and placed in the platen or skinning area of the
machine. The skin film is then preheated until it is softened and wrinkles are removed. It
drapes over the product on the supporting card. It is then drawn down tightly around the
product using a vacuum pulled through pores of the card and then the film is bonded to
the surface. The film is applied with the post heat. A cool down cycle occurs and then
the film reverts to a semi crystalline solid plastic state.

Applications
Skin films are used for almost all automatic packaging machines for thermoforming, flow
pack and transwrap systems as well as machines for bags sealing. They are also used
for packaging of a wide range of products including meat, poultry, ready meals, fish,
cheese, bread, medical products. The films are available in different reel widths adapted
to the needs of all packaging machines. They are available in the form of packaging
pouches, packaging bags, packaging rolls etc. They are also used in shipping rooms
and industrial applications.

Stretch Films
Stretch films are films that can be stretched in two directions, ideal for wrapping and
securing palletized and irregular shaped loads. They offer strength, protection, reliability,
economy and versatility. They are tear and puncture resistant. They prevent movement
in transit and are available in clear and black films. They offer excellent clarity and
transparency, and appropriate clingability.

Stretch Wrapping
In stretch wrapping, one or more flat films are placed under mechanical tension and
wound helically around the item to be packaged. Depending upon the shape and weight
of the package contents, the stretch material used should be PE or plasticized PVC film
of a thickness of 0.01 to 0.05 mm, with stretch packaging only being suitable for light
weight and firmly consolidated items. The ends of the film web are sealed or coated. The
cargo unit is held together by the tension of the film. Sharp edged items should only be
stretched wrapped using edge protectors, as the film may tear during the stretch
operation. Stretch wrapping provides protection from dust and moisture in indoor storage
only if an additional cargo cover sheet is used. It provides a physiological barrier to theft.

Applications
They are used in various applications. They are most suitable for use in deep freeze
storage areas. They are used for automatic machines and hand pallet wrap for manual
use. They are used in supermarkets and grocery stores, usually in conjunction with a
plastic or fiber tray, to package individual cuts of fresh meat, poultry, fish and other food
products. They are widely available as packaging pouches and packaging bags.

Meat packaging represents one of the largest applications for stretch films, as they have
enough oxygen permeability to allow the formation of oxyhaemoglobin, which, gives the
desired fresh red look to the meat.

Water-Soluble Films
Water soluble films for packaging are films made by evaporation of a solution of alginate
or by extrusion of an alginate solution into a non-solvent which mixes with water, such as
acetone or ethanol. Water soluble films provide a convenient, safe and economical
means of packaging a wide range of products. They also help to reduce the freight
costs. By shipping highly concentrated liquid and dry formulations in water-soluble films,
it is easier and safe for consumers to purchase and use the products.

Materials
The film is made of polyvinyl alcohol or cellulose nitrate nitrite. Films made of cellulose
nitrate nitrite are cold water soluble films. They are prepared by dissolving bleached
sulfite pulp in a solution of nitrogen dioxide in dimethylformamide at room temperature
and heating the solution at 70 degree C for about 3 hours. They have higher crystallinity,
lower moisture absorption, and lower permeability.

The other film could be cast from cyanoethylated polyvinyl alcohol with a degree of
cyanoethylation between 5 and 10 mole % which were readily soluble in cold water.

Features

• Good tensile strength and elasticity

• Good barrier characteristics
• Free from static electricity
• Non-hazardous
• Readily accepts specified print processing
• Has user controllable solubility
• Options of both hot and cold water solubility is possible
• After it is dissolved, its residues proves to be non-toxic
• Strong resistance to hydrocarbons, organic solvents, oils, gases
 • It is transparent
• It is biodegradable
• Great property of being printed and decorated
• Can be easily sealed

Applications: Water-soluble-films and Packaging

Water-soluble films are used for packaging of washing powder, detergents, dyestuff,
pesticides, fertilizers, toxicant, embroidery, needlework, stitchwork, and backlayer of
brede. Water soluble film is used for hazardous chemical packaging, agriculture
packaging, dye stuff packaging, and dry cell battery separator. They can be used as
food packages, garment packages, inside bag of pesticides and chemical products, and
as artificial mold releasing film. They are also used for water transfer printing.