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9.1 INTRODUCTION
You began your study of numbers by counting objects around you.
You
The numbers used for this purpose were called counting numbers or
natural numbers. They are 1, 2, 3, 4, ... By including 0 to natural
numbers, we got the whole numbers, i.e., 0, 1, 2, 3, ... The negatives
of natural numbers were then put together with whole numbers to make
up integers. Integers are ..., –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, .... W
We, thus, extended
the number system, from natural numbers to whole numbers and from
whole numbers to integers.
numerator
Y
You were also introduced to fractions. These are numbers of the form ,
denominator
where the numerator is either 0 or a positive integer and the denominator, a positive integer.
integer
You compared two fractions, found their equivalent forms and studied all the four basic
operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division on them.
In this Chapter
Chapter,, we shall extend the number system further
further.. W
We shall introduce the concept
of rational numbers alongwith their addition, subtraction, multiplication and division operations.
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–2 ( –2) × ( –5) 10 –2 10
Also, = = . So, is also the same as .
3 3 × ( –5) –15 3 −15
– 2 −4 10
Thus, = = . Such rational numbers that are equal to each other are said to
3 6 −15
be equivalent to each other
other.
10 −10
Again, = (How?)
−15 15
By multiplying the numerator and denominator of a rational
number by the same non zero integer integer, we obtain another rational
number equivalent to the given rational numbernumber. This is exactly like TRY THESE
obtaining equivalent fractions. Fill in the boxes:
Just as multiplication, the division of the numerator and denominator
by the same non zero integer, also gives equivalent rational numbers. For 5 25 −15
(i) = = =
example, 4 16
10 10 ÷ ( –5) –2 –12 −12 ÷ 12 −1 −3 9 −6
= = , = = = = =
–15 –15 ÷ ( –5) 3 24 24 ÷ 12 2 (ii)
7 14
–2 2 –10 10
We write
W as – , as – , etc.
3 3 15 15
–3
TRY THESE
The numerator of is a negative integer
integer, whereas the denominator 1. Is 5 a positive rational
5
number?
is a positive integer. Such a rational number is called a negative rational
2. List five more positive
−5 −3 −9 rational numbers.
number. So, , , etc. are negative rational numbers.
7 8 5
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8 8 8× − 1 −8
Is a negative rational number? W We know that = = ,
TRY THESE −3 −3 − 3× − 1 3
1. Is – 8 a negative −8 8
and is a negative rational number
number. So, is a negative rational number
number.
rational number? 3 −3
2. List five more 5 6 2
negative rational Similarly, , , etc. are all negative rational numbers. Note that
−7 −5 −9
numbers.
their numerators are positive and their denominators negative.
The number 0 is neither a positive nor a negative rational number
number.
−3
What about ?
−5
−3 −3 × ( −1) 3 −3
You will see that
Y = = . So, is a positive rational number
number.
−5 −5 × ( −1) 5 −5
−2 −5
Thus, , etc. are positive rational numbers.
−5 −3
TRY THESE
Which of these are negative rational numbers?
−2 5 3 6 −2
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) 0 (v) (vi)
3 7 −5 11 −9
The points to the right of 0 are denoted by + sign and are positive integers. The points
to the left of 0 are denoted by – sign and are negative integers.
Representation of fractions on a number line is also known to you.
Let us see how the rational numbers can be represented on a number line.
1
Let us represent the number − on the number line.
2
As done in the case of positive integers, the positive rational numbers would be marked
on the right of 0 and the negative rational numbers would be marked on the left of 0.
1
To which side of 0 will you mark − ? Being a negative rational number
T number, it would be
2
marked to the left of 0.
You
Y know that while marking integers on the number line, successive integers are
marked at equal intervels. Also, from 0, the pair 1 and –1 is equidistant. So are the pairs 2
and – 2, 3 and –3.
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1 1
In the same way
way, the rational numbersand − would be at equal distance from 0.
2 2
1
We know how to mark the rational number . It is marked at a point which is half the
W
2
1
distance between 0 and 1. So, − would be marked at a point half the distance between
2
0 and –1.
3
W
We know how to mark on the number line. It is marked on the right of 0 and lies
2
−3
halfway between 1 and 2. Let us now mark on the number line. It lies on the left of 0
2
3
and is at the same distance as from 0.
2
−1 − 2 −3 −4
In decreasing order, we have, , (= −1) , , (= − 2) . This shows that
2 2 2 2
−3 −3
lies between – 1 and – 2. Thus, lies halfway between – 1 and – 2.
2 2
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
= ( −2) = ( −1) = (0) = (1) = ( 2)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
−5 −7
Mark and in a similar way
way.
2 2
1 1
Similarly, − is to the left of zero and at the same distance from zero as is to the
3 3
1
right. So as done above, − can be represented on the number line. Once we know how
3
1 2 4 5
to represent − on the number line, we can go on representing − , − , − and so on.
3 3 3 3
All other rational numbers with different denominators can be represented in a similar way.
way
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SOLUTION
(i) The HCF of 36 and 24 is 12.
Thus, its standard form would be obtained by dividing by –12.
36 36 ÷ ( −12) −3
= =
−24 −24 ÷ ( −12) 2
(ii) The HCF of 3 and 15 is 3.
−3 −3 ÷ ( −2) 1
Thus, = =
−15 −15 ÷ ( −3) 5
TRY THESE
−18 −12
Find the standard form of (i) (ii)
45 18
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–1 0 1
−1 −5 −1 −2
= =
2 10 5 10
1 5
Has she correctly marked the two points? How and why did she convert −
to −
2 10
1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
and − to − ? She found that − is to the right of − . Thus, − > − or − < − .
5 10 5 2 5 2 2 5
3 2 1 1
Can you compare − and − ? − and − ?
4 3 3 5
1 1 1
W know from our study of fractions that
We < . And what did Mary get for −
5 2 2
1
and − ? W
Was it not exactly the opposite?
5
1 1 1 1
You
You will find that, > but − < − .
2 5 2 5
3 2 1 1
Do you observe the same for − , − and − , − ?
4 3 3 5
Mary remembered that in integers she had studied 4 > 3
but – 4 < –3, 5 > 2 but –5 < –2 etc.
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3 2 4 3
Which is greater − or − ?; − or − ?
8 7 3 2
Comparison of a negative and a positive rational number is obvious. A negative rational
number is to the left of zero whereas a positive rational number is to the right of zero on
a number line. So, a negative rational number will always be less than a positive rational
number
number.
2 1
Thus, − < .
7 2
−3 −2
T
To compare rational numbers and reduce them to their standard forms and
−5 −7
then compare them.
4 −16
EXAMPLE 3 Do and represent the same rational number?
−9 36
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Thus, we find that number of integers between two integers are limited (finite).
Will the same happen in the case of rational numbers also?
W
−3 −1
Reshma took two rational numbers and .
5 3
She converted them to rational numbers with same denominators.
−3 −9 −1 −5
So = and =
5 15 3 15
−9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −3 −8 −7 −6 −1
Wee have
W < < < < or < < < <
15 15 15 15 15 5 15 15 15 3
−8 −7 −6 −3 −1
She could find rational numbers < < between and .
15 15 15 5 3
−8 −7 −6 3 1
Are the numbers , , the only rational numbers between − and − ?
15 15 15 5 3
−3 −18 −8 −16
Wee have
W < and <
5 30 15 30
−18 −17 −16 −3 −17 −8
And < < . i.e., < <
30 30 30 5 30 15
−3 −17 −8 −7 −6 −1
Hence < < < < <
5 30 15 15 15 3
−3 −1
So, we could find one more rational number between and .
5 3
By using this method, you can insert as many rational numbers as you want between
two different rational numbers.
−3 −3 × 30 −90 −1 −1 × 50 −50
For example, = = and = =
5 5 × 30 150 3 3 × 50 150
−89 −51 −90 −50
We get 39 rational numbers
W , ..., between and i.e., between
150 150 150 150
−3 −1
and .Y
You will find that the list is unending.
5 3
TRY THESE
−5 −8
Can you list five rational numbers between and ? Find five rational numbers
3 7
We can find unlimited number of rational numbers between any two
W −5 −3
between and .
rational numbers. 7 8
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−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −9 −8 −7 −6
So, < < < < < or −2 < < < < < −1
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
−9 −8 −7
The three rational numbers between –2 and –1 would be, , ,
5 5 5
−9 −8 −7 −6
(You can take any three of
(Y , , , )
5 5 5 5
EXAMPLE 5 W
Write four more numbers in the following pattern:
−1 −2 −3 −4
, , , ,...
3 6 9 12
SOLUTION We have,
W
−2 −1 × 2 − 3 −1 × 3 − 4 −1 × 4
= , = , =
6 3× 2 9 3 × 3 12 3× 4
−1 × 1 −1 −1 × 2 −2 −1 × 3 −3 −1 × 4 −4
or = , = , = , =
3 ×1 3 3×2 6 3×3 9 3 × 4 12
Thus, we observe a pattern in these numbers.
−1 × 5 − 5 − 1 × 6 − 6 − 1 × 7 − 7
The other numbers would be = , = , = .
3 × 5 15 3 × 6 18 3 × 7 21
EXERCISE 9.1
1. List five rational numbers between:
−4 −2 1 2
(i) –1 and 0 (ii) –2 and –1 (iii) and (iv) – and
5 3 2 3
2. W
Write four more rational numbers in each of the following patterns:
−3 −6 −9 −12 −1 −2 −3
(i) , , , ,..... (ii) , , ,.....
5 10 15 20 4 8 12
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−1 2 3 4 −2 2 4 6
(iii) , , , ,..... (iv) , , , ,.....
6 −12 −18 −24 3 −3 −6 −9
3. Give four rational numbers equivalent to:
−2 5 4
(i) (ii) (iii)
7 −3 9
4. Draw the number line and represent the following rational numbers on it:
3 −5 −7 7
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
4 8 4 8
5. The points P, Q, R, S, T
T, U, A and B on the number line are such that, TR = RS = SU
and AP = PQ = QB. Name the rational numbers represented by P, Q, R and S.
−7 3 −16 20 −2 2
(i) and (ii) and (iii) and
21 9 20 −25 −3 3
−3 −12 8 −24 1 −1
(iv) and (v) and (vi) and
5 20 −5 15 3 9
−5 5
(vii) and
−9 −9
7. Rewrite the following rational numbers in the simplest form:
−8 25 − 44 −8
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
6 45 72 10
8. Fill in the boxes with the correct symbol out of >, <, and =.
−5 2 −4 −5 −7
− 7 14
(i) (ii) (iii)
7 3 5 7 8 −16
−8 −7 1 −1 5 −5
(iv) (v) (vi)
5 4 −3 4 −11 11
−7
(vii) 0
6
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−1 1 2 4
(iv) , (v) −3 , −3
4 4 7 5
10. W
Write the following rational numbers in ascending order:
−3 −2 −1 −1 −2 −4 −3 −3 −3
(i) , , (ii) , , (iii) , ,
5 5 5 3 9 3 7 2 4
9.9.1 Addition
7 −5
Let us add two rational numbers with same denominators, say and .
3 3
7 −5
We
W find +
3 3
On the number line, we have:
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 54 6 7 8
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 33 3 3 3
1 −5 7
The distance between two consecutive points is . So adding to will
3 3 3
7 2
mean, moving to the left of , making 5 jumps. Where do we reach? W
Wee reach at .
3 3
7 −5 2
So, + = .
3 3 3
Let us now try this way:
7 (−5) 7 + (−5) 2
+ = =
3 3 3 3
W get the same answer.
We answer.
6 (−2) 3 (−5)
Find + , + in both ways and check if you get the same answers.
5 5 7 7
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−7 5
Similarly
Similarly, + would be
8 8
−7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
What do you get?
−7 5 −7 + 5
Also, + = = ? Are the two values same?
8 8 8
TRY THESE
−13 6 19 + −7
Find: + , 5 5
7 7
So, we find that while adding rational numbers with same denominators, we add
the numerators keeping the denominators same.
−11 7 −11 + 7 − 4
Thus, + = =
5 5 5 5
How do we add rational numbers with different denominators? As in the case of
fractions, we first find the LCM of the two denominators. Then, we find the equivalent
rational numbers of the given rational numbers with this LCM as the denominator.
Then, add the two rational numbers.
−7 −2
For example, let us add and .
5 3
LCM of 5 and 3 is 15.
−7 −21 −2 −10
So, = and =
5 15 3 15
−4 4 −4+ 4 4 − 4 2 −5 −3
+ = = 0 . Also, + = 0 . (ii) ,+
7 7 7 7 7 3 6 11
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−2 2 2 −2
Similarly
Similarly, + = 0 = + .
3 3 3 3
In the case of integers, we call – 2 as the additive inverse
of 2 and 2 as the additive inverse of – 2.
−4
For rational numbers also, we call as the additive
7
4 4 −4
inverse of and as the additive inverse of . Similarly
Similarly,
7 7 7
−2 2 2 −2
is the additive inverse of and is the additive inverse of .
3 3 3 3
TRY THESE
−3 −9 5
What will be the additive inverse of ?, ?, ?
9 11 7
2
EXAMPLE 6 Satpal walks km from a place P
P,, towards east and then from there
3
5
1 km towards west. Where will he be now from P?
7
SOLUTION Let us denote the distance travelled towards east by positive sign. So,
the distances towards west would be denoted by negative sign.
Thus, distance of Satpal from the point P would be
2 5 2 ( −12) 2 × 7 ( − 12) × 3
−12
+ −1 = + = +
3 7 3 7 3× 7 7×3
14 − 36 −22 1
= = = −1
21 21 21
<
P
1
Since it is negative, it means Satpal is at a distance 1 km towards west of P
P.
21
9.9.2 Subtraction
5 3
Savita found the difference of two rational numbers and in this way:
7 8
5 3 40 − 21 19
− = =
7 8 56 56
Farida knew that for two integers a and b she could write a – b = a + (– b)
b)
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5 3 5 ( −3) 19
She tried this for rational numbers also and found, − = + = .
7 8 7 8 56
Both obtained the same difference.
7 5 3 8
T
Try to find − , − in both ways. Did you get the same answer?
8 9 11 7
So, we say while subtracting two rational numbers, we add the additive inverse of
the rational number that is being subtracted, to the other rational number
number.
2 4 5 14 5 14 5 ( −14)
Thus, 1 −2 = − = + additive inverse of = +
3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5
2 −5 2 −5 2 5 47 5
− = + additive inverse of = + = =1
7 6 7 6 7 6 42 42
9.9.3 Multiplication
−3 −3
Let us multiply the rational number by 2, i.e., we find ×2.
5 5
3
On the number line, it will mean two jumps of to the left.
5
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
( = 0)
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
−6
Where do we reach? W
We reach at . Let us find it as we did in fractions.
5
−3 −3 × 2 −6
×2= =
5 5 5
We arrive at the same rational number
W number..
−4 −6
Find × 3, × 4 using both ways. What do you observe?
7 5
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−5
Remember, –5 can be written as=
Remember .
TRY THESE 1
What will be
−2 −5 10 −2 × ( −5)
−3 −6 So, × = =
(i) × 7? (ii) × ( −2) ? 9 1 9 9 ×1
5 5
3 3 × ( −2) − 6
Similarly
Similarly, × ( −2) = =
11 11×1 11
−3 5 −3 × 5 −15
Based on these observations, we find that, × = =
8 7 8×7 56
So, as we did in the case of fractions, we multiply two rational numbers in the
following way:
Step 1 Multiply the numerators of the two rational numbers.
TRY THESE Step 2 Multiply the denominators of the two rational numbers.
Find:
Result of Step 1
−3 1 Step 3 W
Write the product as
(i) × Result of Step 2
4 7
2 −5 −3 2 −3 × 2 −6
(ii) × Thus, × = = .
3 9 5 7 5×7 35
−5 −9 −5 × ( −9) 45
Also, × = =
8 7 8× 7 56
9.9.4 Division
2
We have studied reciprocals of a fraction earlier.
W earlier. What is the reciprocal of ? It will be
7
7
.W
We extend this idea of reciprocals to non-zero rational numbers also.
2
−2 7 −7 −3 −5
The reciprocal of will be i.e., ; that of would be .
7 −2 2 5 3
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TRY THESE
−6 −8
What will be the reciprocal of ? and ?
11 5
Product of reciprocals
The product of a rational number with its reciprocal is always 1.
−4 −4
For example, × reciprocal of
9 9
−4 −9
= × =1
9 4
−6 −13
Similarly
Similarly, × =1
13 6
Try some more examples and confirm this observation.
T
4 −5
Savita divided a rational number by another rational number as,
9 7
4 −5 4 7 −28
÷ = × = .
9 7 9 −5 45
She used the idea of reciprocal as done in fractions.
4 5 28
Arpit first divided by and got .
9 7 45
4 −5 −28
He finally said ÷ = . How did he get that?
9 7 45
He divided them as fractions, ignoring the negative sign and then put the negative sign
in the value so obtained.
−28 2 −5
Both of them got the same value .T
Try dividing by both ways and see if
45 3 7
you get the same answer.
This shows, to divide one rational number by the other non-zero rational number
reciprocal
we multiply the rational number by the rrecipr
eciprocal
ocal of the other
other.
Thus,
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TRY THESE
2 −7 –6 5
Find: (i) × (ii) ×
3 8 7 7
EXERCISE 9.2
1. Find the sum:
5 −11 5 3 −9 22
(i) + (ii) + (iii) +
4 4 3 5 10 15
−3 5 −8 (−2) −2
(iv) + (v) + (vi) +0
−11 9 19 57 3
1 3
(vii) −2 + 4
3 5
2. Find
7 17 5 −6 −6 −7
(i) − (ii) − (iii) −
24 36 63 21 13 15
−3 7 1
(iv) − (v) −2 − 6
8 11 9
3. Find the product:
9 −7 3 −6 9
(i) × (ii) × ( −9 ) (iii) ×
2 4 10 5 11
3 −2 3 2 3 −5
(iv) × (v) × (vi) ×
7 5 11 5 −5 3
4. Find the value of:
2 −3 −4
(i) ( − 4) ÷ (ii) ÷2 (iii) ÷ ( −3)
3 5 5
−1 3 −2 1 − 7 −2
(iv) ÷ (v) ÷ (vi) ÷
8 4 13 7 12 13
3 −4
(vii) ÷
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−2 3
q ≠ 0, is called a rational number. The numbers , ,3 etc. are rational numbers.
7 8
2. All integers and fractions are rational numbers.
3. If the numerator and denominator of a rational number are multiplied or divided by a
non-zero integer, we get a rational number which is said to be equivalent to the given
−3 −3 × 2 − 6 −6
rational number
number. For example = = . So, we say is the equivalent
7 7 × 2 14 14
−3 −6 − 6 ÷ 2 − 3
form of . Also note that = = .
7 14 14 ÷ 2 7
4. Rational numbers are classified as Positive and Negative rational numbers. When the
numerator and denominator, both, are positive integers, it is a positive rational number
number.
When either the numerator or the denominator is a negative integer, it is a negative
3 −8
rational number. For example, is a positive rational number whereas is a
8 9
negative rational number.
number
5. The number 0 is neither a positive nor a negative rational number
number.
6. A rational number is said to be in the standard form if its denominator is a positive
integer and the numerator and denominator have no common factor other than 1.
−1 2
The numbers , etc. are in standard form.
3 7
7. There are unlimited number of rational numbers between two rational numbers.
8. Two
T rational numbers with the same denominator can be added by adding their
numerators, keeping the denominator same. T Two
wo rational numbers with dif
different
ferent
denominators are added by first taking the LCM of the two denominators and
then converting both the rational numbers to their equivalent forms having the
−2 3 −16 9 −16 + 9 −7
LCM as the denominator. For example, + = + = = . Here,
3 8 24 24 24 24
LCM of 3 and 8 is 24.
9. While subtracting two rational numbers, we add the additive inverse of the rational
number to be subtracted to the other rational number
number.
7 2 7 2 7 ( −2) 21+ ( −16) 5
Thus, − = + additive inverse of = + = = .
8 3 8 3 8 3 24 24
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10. T
To multiply two rational numbers, we multiply their numerators and denominators
product of numerators .
separately, and write the product as
separately
product of denominators
11. To
T divide one rational number by the other non-zero rational number, we multiply the
rational number by the reciprocal of the other
other. Thus,
−7 4 −7 4 −7 3 − 21
÷ = × (reciprocal of ) = × = .
2 3 2 3 2 4 8
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