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Reference
• Fewer External Parts Required
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ransmitter
ypical
FigureApplication
1. T as 320 MHz AM T
100p
180p
VCC Crystal
Fundamental
10 MHz VCC
TION
ORDERING
INFORMA
NOTES: 1. 50 Ω coaxial balun, 1/10 wavelength at 320 MHz equals 1.5 inches.
2. Pins 5, 10 & 15 are ground and connected to VEE which is the component/DC ground plane Operating
2. side of PCB. These pins must be decoupled to VCC; decoupling capacitors should be placed Device eTmperature Range Package
2. as close as possible to the pins.
MC13176D TA = – 40 to 85°C SO–16
ELECTRICAL
CHARACTERISTICS (Figure 2; VEE = – 3.0 Vdc, TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted.)*
Characteristic Pin Symbol Min p
Ty Max Unit
Supply Current (Power down: I11 & I16 = 0) – IEE1 –0.5 – – µA
Supply Current (Enable [Pin 11] to VCC thru 30 k, I16 = 0) – IEE2 –18 –14 – mA
Total Supply Current (Transmit Mode) – IEE3 – 39 –34 – mA
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(Imod = 2.0 mA; fo = 320 MHz)
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Differential Output Power (fo = 320 MHz; Vref [Pin 9] 13 & 14 Pout dBm
= 500 mVp–p; fo = N x fref)
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est
Figure
Circuit
2. 320 MHz T
Imod
Osc 10k
Tank 1 16
0.1µ
2 15 RFout 1
VEE Coilcraft 0.1µ 0.01µ
150–03J0 51
(1) 3 14
8
0.098µ
4 f/N 13
51 0.01µ
VCC
5 12 RFout 2
0.1µ (1)
6 11 Ireg. enable
10k 30k
27p
7 10
0.1µ
8 9
15p
2.2k 33p
Crystal
Fundamental
10 MHz VCC
2
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PIN FUNCTION DESCRIPTIONS
Internal Equivalent Description/External
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Symbol
Circuit INC. 2005 Circuit Requirements
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5 In the PCB layout, the ground pins (also applies to Pins 10 and
Subcon
15) should be connected directly to chassis ground. Decoupling
capacitors to VCC should be placed directly at
the ground returns.
VEE VEE
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10 Reg. Gnd VCC Regulator Ground
An additional ground pin is provided to enhance the stability of
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Reg
5.0p
11 Enable 11 Device Enable
Enable The potential at Pin 11 is approximately 1.25 Vdc. When Pin 11
is open, the transmitter is disabled in a power down mode and
draws less than 1.0 µA ICC if the MOD at Pin 16 is also open
Subcon (i.e., it has no current driving it). To enable the transmitter a
current source of 10 µA to 90 µA is provided. Figures 3 and 4
8.0k 2.4k show the relationship between ICC, VCC and Ireg. enable. Note
that ICC is flat at approximately 10 mA for Ireg. enable = 5.0 to
10 100 µA (Imod = 0).
Reg. Gnd
4
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Figure 3. Supply Current Figure 4. Supply Current versus
versus Supply Voltage Regulator Enable Current
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100
10
I CC , SUPPLY CURRENT (mA)
4.0
2.0
0 1.0
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 0.1 1.0 10 100 1000
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VCC, SUPPLY VOLTAGE (Vdc) Ireg. enable, REGULATOR ENABLE CURRENT (µA)
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0 1.0 4.5
0
– 40 °C 4.0
– 5.0 –1.0
10.1
Imod = 1.0 mA
10 ICC = 22 mA
PO = –1.1 dBm
– 20 – 20
– 30 – 30
– 40 – 40
–100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 –100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
ICont, OSCILLATOR CONTROL CURRENT (µA) ICont, OSCILLATOR CONTROL CURRENT (µA)
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APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
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Evaluation PC Board
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The evaluation PCB, shown in Figures 32 and 33, is very frequency control input for the CCO. However, this allows for
versatile and is intended to be used across the entire useful characterization of the gain constants of these loop
frequency range of this device. The center section of the components. The gain constants Kp, Ko and Kn are well
board provides an area for attaching all SMT components to defined in the MC13176.
the circuit side and radial leaded components to the
Phase Detector (Pin 7)
component ground side of the PCB (see Figures 34 and 35).
Additionally, the peripheral area surrounding the RF core With the loop in lock, the difference frequency output of the
provides pads to add supporting and interface circuitry as a phase detector is DC voltage that is a function of the phase
particular application dictates. This evaluation board will be difference. The sinusoidal type detector used in this IC has
discussed and referenced in this section. the following transfer characteristic:
Ie = A Sin θe
Current Controlled Oscillator (Pins 1 to 4)
It is critical to keep the interconnect leads from the CCO The gain factor of the phase detector, Kp (with the loop in lock)
(Pins 1 and 4) to the external inductor symmetrical and equal is specified as the ratio of DC output current, le to phase
in length. With a minimum inductor, the maximum free error, θe:
running frequency is greater than 1.0 GHz. Since this Kp = Ie/θe (Amps/radians)
inductor will be small, it may be either a microstrip inductor, Kp = A Sin θe/θe
an air wound inductor or a tuneable RF coil. An air wound Sin θe ~ θe for θe ≤ 0.2 radians;
inductor may be tuned by spreading the windings, whereas thus, Kp = A (Amps/radians)
tuneable RF coils are tuned by adjusting the position of an Figure 7 shows that the detector DC current is
aluminum core in a threaded coilform. As the aluminum core approximately 30 µA where the loop loses lock
coupling to the windings is increased, the inductance is at θ e = + π/2 radians; therefore, K p is 30 µA/radians.
decreased. The temperature coefficient using an aluminum
core is better than a ferrite core. The UniCoil inductors Current Controlled Oscillator, CCO (Pin 6)
made by Coilcraft may be obtained with aluminum cores Figures 8 and 9 show the non–linear change in frequency
(Part No. 51–129–169). of the oscillator over an extended range of control current for
320 and 450 MHz applications. K o ranges from
Ground (Pins 5, 10 and 15) approximately 6.3x105 rad/sec/µA or 100 kHz/µA (Figure 8)
Ground Returns: It is best to take the grounds to a to 8.8x105 rad/sec/µA or 140 kHz/µA (Figure 9) over a
backside ground plane via plated through holes or eyelets at relatively linear response of control current (0 to 100 µA). The
the pins. The application PCB layout implements this oscillator gain factor depends on the operating range of the
technique. Note that the grounds are located at or less than control current (i.e., the slope is not constant). Included in the
100 mils from the devices pins. CCO gain factor is the internal amplifier which can sink and
Decoupling: Decoupling each ground pin to VCC isolates source at least 30 µA of input current from the phase
each section of the device by reducing interaction between detector. The internal circuitry at Pin 6 limits the CCO control
sections and by localizing circulating currents. current to 50 µA of source capability while its sink capability
Loop Characteristics (Pins 6 and 7) exceeds 200 µA as shown in Figures 8 and 9. Further
Figure 10 is the component block diagram of the information to follow shows how to use the full capabilities of
MC13176D PLL system where the loop characteristics are the CCO by addition of an external loop amplifier and filter
described by the gain constants. Access to individual (see Figure 14). This additional circuitry yields at Ko =
components of this PLL system is limited, inasmuch as the 0.145 MHz/µA or 9.1x105 rad/sec/µA.
loop is only pinned out at the phase detector output and the
6
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Figure 10. Block Diagram of MC1317XD PLL
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θi(s) Phase θe(s) Low Pass
Detector Filter
fi = f ref
Kf
Pins 9,8 Pin 7 Where: Kp = Phase detector gain constant in
Kp = 30 µA/rad
= µA/rad; Kp = 30 µA/rad
Kf = Filter transfer function
fn = fo/N θn(s) = θo(s)/N Kn = 1/N; N = 32
Pin 6
Ko = CCO gain constant in rad/sec/µA
Divider Amplifier and
Ko = 9.1 x 105 rad/sec/µA
Kn = 1/N θo(s) Current Controlled
Oscillator
N = 32 : MC13176
Ko = 0.91Mrad/sec/µA
Pins 13,14
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fo = nfi
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Loop Filtering
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The fundamental loop characteristics, such as capture For ∂ = 0.707 and lock time = 1.0 ms;
range, loop bandwidth, lock–up time and transient response then ωn = 5.0/t = 5.0 krad/sec.
are controlled externally by loop filtering.
The loop filter may take the form of a simple low pass
The natural frequency (ωn) and damping factor (∂) are
filter or a lag–lead filter which creates an additional pole at
important in the transient response to a step input of phase or
origin in the loop transfer function. This additional pole
frequency. For a given ∂ and lock time, ωn can be determined
along with that of the CCO provides two pure integrators
from the plot shown in Figure 11.
(1/s2). In the lag–lead low pass network shown in Figure
12, the values of the low pass filtering parameters R1, R2
Figure 11. Type 2 Second Order Response and C determine the loop constants ωn and ∂. The
1.9 equations t1 = R1C and t2 = R2C are related in the loop filter
transfer functions F(s) = 1 + t2s/1 + (t1 + t2)s.
1.8 ζ = 0.1
1.7 Figure 12. Lag–Lead Low Pass Filter
1.6
0.2 Vin R1 VO
R2
1.5
0.3 C
1.4
θ o (t), NORMALIZED OUTPUT RESPONSE
1.3 0.4
The closed loop transfer function takes the form of a 2nd
order low pass filter given by,
1.2 0.5
H(s) = KvF(s)/s + KvF(s)
1.1
0.6 From control theory, if the loop filter characteristic has F(0) =
1.0 1, the DC gain of the closed loop, Kv is defined as,
0.7
0.8
0.9 Kv = KpKoKn
1.0 and the transfer function has a natural frequency,
0.8
0.7
1.5 ωn = (Kv/t1 + t2)1/2
2.0 and a damping factor,
0.6
∂ = (ωn/2) (t2 + 1/Kv)
0.5
Rewriting the above equations and solving for the MC13176
0.4 with ∂ = 0.707 and ωn = 5.0 k rad/sec:
0.3 Kv = KpKoKn = (30) (0.91 106) (1/32) = 0.853
106
t1 + t2 = Kv/ωn2 = 0.853 6
10 /(25
106) = 34.1 ms
0.2
t2 = 2∂/ωn = (2) (0.707)/(5 103) = 0.283 ms
0.1 t1 = (Kv/ωn2) – t2= (34.1 – 0.283) = 33.8 ms
0
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10 11 12 13
ωnt
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between the passive second order network and the input to capacitance at Pins 1 and 4. To improve hold–in range
Pin 6. This helps to minimize the loading effects on the performance, it is apparent that the gain factors involved
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second order low pass while further suppressing the must be carefully considered.
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VCC = 3.0Vdc
12
8
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Figure 15 shows the improved hold–in range of the loop. fc = 0.159/RC;
The ∆fref is moved 950 kHz with over 200 µA swing of control For R = 1.0 k + R7 (R7 = 53 k) and C = 390 pF
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current for anBY FREESCALE
improved of ±15.2 MHz or INC. 2005
SEMICONDUCTOR,
hold–in range fc = 7.55 kHz or ωc = 47 krad/sec
± 95.46 Mrad/sec.
The application example in Figure 17 of a 320 MHz FM
transmitter demonstrates the FM capabilities of the IC. A high
Figure 15. MC13176 Reference Oscillator value series resistor (100 k) to Pin 6 sets up the current
Frequency versus Oscillator Control Current source to drive the modulation section of the chip. Its value is
f ref , REFERENCE OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY (MHz)
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9.8
– 40 dBc. Figure 22 shows the unmodulated carrier power
output at 3.5 dBm for VCC = 3.0 Vdc.
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9.6
For voice applications using a dynamic or an electret
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33k 100k
8 9 VCC
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Crystal (5)
Fundamental
10 MHz
(4) 1.0k
External 10p
Loop Amp
10µ
RFC3 +
100p 180p (6) 0.01µ
Crystal
Fundamental
10MHz
(5) MMBV432L Audio or
Data Input
NOTES: 1. 50 Ω coaxial balun, 2 inches long.
2. Pins 5, 10 and 15 are grounds and connnected to VEE which is the component’s side ground plane. These
pins must be decoupled to VCC; decoupling capacitors should be placed as close as possible to the pins.
3. RFC1 is 180 nH Coilcraft surface mount inductor.
4. RFC2 and RFC3 are high impedance crystal frequency of 10 MHz; 8.2 µH molded inductor gives XL > 1000 Ω..
5. A single varactor like the MV2105 may be used whereby RFC2 is not needed.
6. The crystal is a parallel resonant, fundamental mode calibrated with 32 pF load capacitance.
10
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Figure 21. Modulation Spectrum Figure 22. Unmodulated Carrier
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–10
– 20
– 30
– 40
(dBc)
(dBc)
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The fundamental mode common emitter Colpitts uses a
c y l i n d r i c a l c e l l b a t t e r y. T h e R a y o v a c C R 2 / 3 A
parallel resonant crystal calibrated with a 32 pf load
lithium–manganese dioxide battery is a crimp sealed, spiral
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12
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Figure 24. ASK 320 MHz Application Circuit
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Rmod
3.3k (3)
Osc 1 16
Tank On–Off Keyed Input
0.01µ TTL Level 10 kHz
2 15
Coilcraft
150–05J08 VEE (1)
3 14 SM
0.165µ Z = 50 A RFOut
4 13 150p
f/32
RFC1
(2)
VEE 5 12 VCC
0.1µ
6 11 (4)
150p 1.0k 27k S1
VEE
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7 10
0.1µ
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8 9
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180p
100p
Crystal
VCC VCC
Fundamental
10 MHz
NOTES: 1. 50 Ω coaxial balun, 1/10 wavelength line (1.5″) provides the best 3. The On–Off keyed signal turns the output of the transmitter off and on with
match to a 50 Ω load. TTL level pulses through Rmod at Pin 16. The “On” power and ICC is set
by the resistor which sets Imod = VTTL – 0.8 / Rmod. (see Figure 27).
2. Pins 5, 10 and 15 are ground and connnected to VEE which is
the component/DC ground plane side of PCB. These pins must 4. S1 simulates an enable gate pulse from a microprocessor which will
be decoupled to VCC; decoupling capacitors should be placed enable the transmitter. (see Figure 4 to determine precise value of the
as close as possible to the pins. enabling resistor based on the potential of the gate pulse and the
desired enable.)
Figure 24 shows a typical application in which the output displayed. The crystal oscillator enable time is needed to set
power has been reduced for linearity and current drain. The the acquisition timing. It takes typically 4.0 msec to reach full
current draw on the device is 16 mA ICC (average) and magnitude of the oscillator waveform (see Figure 26,
– 22.5 dBm (average power output) using a 10 kHz Oscillator Waveform, at Pin 8). A square waveform of 3.0 V
modulating rate for the on–off keying. This equates to 20 mA peak with a period that is greater than the oscillator enable
and – 2.3 dBm “On”, 13 mA and – 41 dBm “Off”. In Figure 25, time is applied to the Enable (Pin 11).
the device’s modulating waveform and encoded carrier are
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Pin 8
Oscillator Waveform
Analog AM
Figure 27. Power Output versus Modulation Current In analog AM applications, the output amplifier’s linearity
must be carefully considered. Figure 27 is a plot of Power
10
Output versus Modulation Current at 320 MHz, 3.0 Vdc. In
5.0 order to achieve a linear encoding of the modulating
sinusoidal waveform on the carrier, the modulating signal
PO, POWER OUTPUT (dBm)
14
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In the design example, shown in Figure 28, the operating Figure 28. Analog AM Transmitter
point is selected as a tradeoff between average power output
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For VCC = 3.0 Vdc; lCC = 18.5 mA and Imod = 0.5 mAdc and
3.9k 1.04Vdc 560
a static DC offset of 1.04 Vdc, the circuit shown in Figure 28 VCC 16
completes the design. Figures 29, 30 and 31 show the results R
3.0Vdc mod 0.8Vdc
of – 6.9 dBm output power and 100% modulation by the 10
kHz and 1.0 MHz modulating sinewave signals. The Data +
amplitude of the input signals is approximately 800 mVp–p. Input
800mVp–p 6.8µ
Where Rmod = (VCC – 1.04 Vdc)/0.5 mA = 3.92 k, use a
standard value resistor of 3.9 k.
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Figure 30. Input Signal and AM Modulated Figure 31. Input Signal and AM Modulated
Carrier for fmod = 10 kHz Carrier for fmod = 1.0 MHz
4″
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4″
4″
4″
16
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Figure 34. Surface Mounted Components Placement
(on Circuit Side)
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OUTLINE DIMENSIONS
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D SUFFIX
PLASTIC PACKAGE
CASE 751B–05
(SO–16)
ISSUE J
–A–
NOTES:
1. DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING PER ANSI
Y14.5M, 1982.
16 9 2. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: MILLIMETER.
3. DIMENSIONS A AND B DO NOT INCLUDE
–B– MOLD PROTRUSION.
P 8 PL
4. MAXIMUM MOLD PROTRUSION 0.15 (0.006)
1 8
0.25 (0.010) M B S PER SIDE.
5. DIMENSION D DOES NOT INCLUDE DAMBAR
PROTRUSION. ALLOWABLE DAMBAR
PROTRUSION SHALL BE 0.127 (0.005) TOTAL
IN EXCESS OF THE D DIMENSION AT
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MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION.
G
MILLIMETERS INCHES
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data sheets and/or specifications can and do vary in different applications and actual performance may vary over time. All operating parameters, including “Typicals”
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