BS MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ASSIGNMENT#2

Name: Shehryar khan

ID: (1820-2016)
Subject: Power Plant Lab
Teacher: ENGR: M.Farhan
Semester ( 8th)
Bs Mechanical

Submission Date: 30 -4-2020

 Cooling Tower

A cooling tower is a heat rejection device that rejects waste heat to the atmosphere through the
cooling of a water stream to a lower temperature. Cooling towers may either use the evaporation of
water to remove process heat and cool the working fluid to near the wet-bulb air temperature or, in
the case of closed circuit dry cooling towers, rely solely on air to cool the working fluid to near
the dry-bulb air temperature.
Common applications include cooling the circulating water used in oil refineries, petrochemical and
other chemical plants, thermal power stations, nuclear power stations and HVAC systems for cooling
buildings. The classification is based on the type of air induction into the tower: the main types of
cooling towers are natural draft and induced draft cooling towers.
Cooling towers vary in size from small roof-top units to very large hyperboloid structures (as in the
adjacent image) that can be up to 200 metres (660 ft) tall and 100 metres (330 ft) in diameter, or
rectangular structures that can be over 40 metres (130 ft) tall and 80 metres (260 ft) long. The
hyperboloid cooling towers are often associated with nuclear power plants,[1] although they are also
used in some coal-fired plants and to some extent in some large chemical and other industrial plants.
Although these large towers are very prominent, the vast majority of cooling towers are much
smaller, including many units installed on or near buildings to discharge heat from air conditioning. A
cooling tower is a specialized heat exchanger in which air and water are brought into direct contact
with each other in order to reduce the water’s temperature. As this occurs, a small volume of water
is evaporated, reducing the temperature of the water being circulated through the tower.

Water, which has been heated by an industrial process or in an air-conditioning condenser, is

pumped to the cooling tower through pipes. The water sprays through nozzles onto banks of
material called “fill,” which slows the flow of water through the cooling tower, and exposes as much
water surface area as possible for maximum air-water contact. As the water flows through the
cooling tower, it is exposed to air, which is being pulled through the tower by the electric motor-
driven fan.
 Types Of Cooling Tower Systems

Cooling towers are usually designed for specific purposes. Not all cooling towers work for all
applications or industrial processes. Here we help you understand the various types of cooling
towers, there advantages/disadvantages and determine which cooling tower type is right for your
industrial process. Check out the cooling tower list and parts list that provides an overview of cooling
tower types to help you figure out which tower is right for your industrial application and what
replacement parts you might need.

 Crossflow Cooling Towers

 Counterflow Cooling Towers
 Forced Draft & Induced Draft Cooling Towers Process
 Natural Draft & Fan Assisted Natural Draft Cooling Towers
 Factory Assembled Cooling Towers (FAP) Factory Assembled Product
 Field-Erected-Towers (FEP) Field Erected Product

Crossflow Cooling Towers

In crossflow cooling tower systems the water vertically flows through the fill media while the air
horizontally flows across the falling water. That’s why they call it “crossflow” because the air and
water cross paths or flows. Because of the crossing of flows, the air doesn’t need to pass through the
distribution system. This permits the use of hot water flow via gravity and distribution basins on the
top of the tower right above the fill media. The basins are a standard of crossflow cooling towers and
are applied on all units.

Counterflow Cooling Tower:

Difference between crossflow and counterflow cooling towers: In counterflow cooling tower
system processes, the air vertically flows upwards, counter to the water flow in the fill media. Due to
the air flowing vertically, it’s not possible to use the basin’s gravity-flow like in crossflow towers. As a
substitute, these towers use pressurized spray systems, usually pipe-type, to spray the water on top
of the fill media. The pipes and cooling tower nozzles are usually spread farther apart so they will not
restrict any air flow.

Forced Draft & Induced Draft Cooling Towers Process:

Cooling tower fans are used on induced draft cooling towers to pull air up through the fill media. On
forced draft cooling towers, the air is pushed/forced by blowers at the bottom of the air inlet louver.

Factory Assembled Cooling Towers (FAP) Factory Assembled Product

These factory-assembled cooling tower systems come somewhat disassembled and are shipped in a
few sections, ready for final assembly or field erection. Although, small factory-assembled cooling
towers can be shipped intact. FAP cooling towers can be induced draft, crossflow, forced draft or
counterflow depending on the application its need for. TCIA cooling towers are widely used for light
industrial applications and HVAC.

Field-Erected-Towers (FEP) Field Erected Product

Field-erected cooling towers are usually constructed on the final destination site. The large FEP is
usually prefabricated, marked by piece and shipped to the construction site for assembly.
The cooling tower manufacturer usually handles all of the cooling tower construction process, final
assembly, and labor involved. These type of towers can be counterflow or crossflow depending on
the application. For heavy industrial applications or more power needed, field-erected cooling
towers can be built to your exact specifications, structure, performance, plume abatement and drift.

How are cooling towers relate to Atmospheric Vortex Engines:

Cooling towers are normally required to transfer the heat from power plants to other process and
then to the atmosphere. By using the wasted stream of heat that is intended for cooling towers to
generate vortex provides the idea of pulling out additional energy by refusing the heat to the colder
upper troposphere.
There is always potential to used wasted heat as additional fuel for atmospheric vortex engines
whenever there is a cooling tower present or if there a abundant heat source available.
At the base of a natural waterspout, spray from warm sea water transfers sensible and latent heat to
the rising air column. An atmospheric vortex engine simulates this natural heat transfer process
using proven technology adapted from the cooling tower industry.
Although, there is a chance that you will need to make modifications to the tangential air inlet ducts.
These changes are required to make the air rise and create a spinning motion. It would only take a
couple of minor modifications to convert cooling towers into atmospheric vortex engines.
Cooling Tower Parts & Products:
This section has moved to a different post; View this post to see the list of cooling tower parts and
functions.

Schedule Cooling Tower Services In Arizona:

For specific information on how Cooling Tower Products can meet your cooling tower needs, contact
your local Cooling Tower Products Representative or give us a call today at 800-733-1584. We offer
cooling tower services in Arizona but can ship cooling tower parts worldwide.
 ADVANTAGES OF COOLING TOWER FILTRATION

Who else wants to increase the life of their manufacturing equipment and systems with a cooling
tower filtration solution:

Almost every industrial site has a cooling tower and our solutions enhance cleaner systems and
more effective cooling.

We engineer several types of filters including magnetic, vacuum, pressure, bag filters, and more.

Our central filtration systems help your system perform at its maximum efficiency, providing many
advantages to your business.

Continue reading to discover many of the key advantages of cooling tower filtration.

SAVES YOU ENERGY

If you wish your cooling system worked at maximum efficiency, cooling tower filtration is an
excellent option for you.
Cooling tower water treatment increases the efficiency of your cooling tower by recirculating the
water and removing particles such as suspended solids.
When your cooling system is operating at maximum efficiency, you save money, time as well as
decreasing your maintenance.

LESS MAINTENANCE
As we just mentioned above, using cooling tower filtration decreases maintenance costs by ensuring
that your cooling system is operating at maximum capacity.
This reduces the cleaning of your spray nozzles, heat exchanger plates, and other points of material
build-up.

LONGER LIFESPAN
With less maintenance and greater output, your cooling system can significantly increase your
equipment’s working lifespan.

Your system easily stays at its optimal levels, helping you avoid costly downtime in order to replace
parts.
REDUCED COST
After installing a filtration system on your cooling system, you will spend less time cleaning your
system to reach the system’s maximum efficiency.

Not only are you saving on energy and maintenance costs, but you also avoid expenses such as
replacement parts which can add up down the road.

These are but a few of the many advantages of cooling tower filtration systems.

At Filtra-Systems, we know that you have needs based on their industry and business; that’s why we
offer you custom design and engineered central filtration systems.