SEMM 2323 Fluid II

Section 3 & 4

Lecture slides for April 5, 2020

(Sunday)
Prepared by: Dr. Ken Wong K. Y.
 We will learn “Compressible flow” for
coming three weeks:

Chapter 3: Compressible Flow

1st week Introduction
Speed of Sound and the Mach number

2nd week Isentropic nozzle flow

- Stagnation condition
- Critical condition
3rd week Normal shock wave
- Normal shock wave in a constant area duct
- Normal shock wave converging-diverging nozzles

** Don’t worry, we will go through one by one. ☺ **

This week, we will learn:
** Introduction
** Speed of Sound and the Mach number
 Introduction:

Compressibility of a fluid is:-

A measure of the change in density that will be
produced in the fluid by a specific change in pressure
and temperature.

*Gases are highly compressible

*Liquids have a very low compressibility

A compressible gas can also be considered as

incompressible with constant  if changes in elevation
are small, acceleration is small and temperature
changes are negligible.
 Introduction:

Definition of “Gas dynamics”

The study on the compressible flow where:
(i) the speeds comparable to or exceed the speed of sound
(ii) causing a significant change in temperature and pressure

Must remember!

Assumptions in the study of compressible flow:

1. The gas is continuous.
2. The gas is perfect (obeys the perfect gas law)
3. Gravitational effects on the flow field are negligible.
4. Magnetic and electrical effects are negligible.
5. The effects of viscosity are negligible.
 Introduction:

Basic Equations of compressible fluid flow:

i) Continuity equation

ii) Momentum equation

iii) Energy equation and

iv) Equation of state

 (i) Continuity Equation

• The continuity equation is obtained by applying the

principle of conservation of mass to flow through a
control volume.

• Control volume is defined as a volume in space

(geometric entity, independent of mass) through
which fluid may flow.
 (i) Continuity Equation

Figure: Mass flow through one-dimensional space

As shown in Figure, the mass enters through the left hand face of the
control volume must be equal to the rate at which mass leaves through
the right hand face of the control volume, therefore

m 1 = m
2
 (i) Continuity Equation

Figure: Mass flow through one-dimensional space

(AV )1 = (AV )2

OR
AV = ( + d )( A + dA)(V + dV )
 (i) Continuity Equation

AV = ( + d )( A + dA)(V + dV )

By neglecting the higher order terms and dividing by

ρAV , we get

d dA dV
+ + =0
 A V

This is the continuity equation in differential form.

 (ii) Momentum Equation

The momentum equation for compressible fluid can be

obtained by applying the same principle to the
incompressible fluid:-

The rate of change of momentum is equal to the net

force exerted on the control volume.
(ii) Momentum Equation

Figure: Forces on control volume

 (ii) Momentum Equation

Figure: Forces on control volume

For an incompressible flow, i.e, if the density can be assumed

constant
V2 p
+ = constant Bernoulli equation
2 

Therefore, it is understood that the Bernoulli’s equation only can

be applied for incompressible flow
 (iii) Energy Equation

For flow through control volume considered above, the

conservation of energy states that

V22 V12
h2 + = h1 + +q−w
2 2
where
h enthalphy per unit mass
V velocity
q Heat transferred into the control volume per unit mass of fluid
w work done by the fluid per unit mass
 (iii) Energy Equation

If we limit our discussion on the flow in which no work is

done and calorically perfect gases are being considered,
i.e. w = 0 and h = c pT

**Then the energy equation becomes

V22 V12
c pT2 + = c pT1 + +q
2 2
 (iii) Energy Equation

Flow through differential short control volume

Applying previous to the flow through differentially short control

volume, then

c pT +
V2
+ dq = c p (T + dT ) +
(V + dV )2
2 2
 (iii) Energy Equation

Neglecting higher order terms because dx is very small

c p dT + VdV = dq

**For compressible flow, changes in velocity will

induces changes in temperature and that heat addition
can cause velocity changes as well as temperature
changes.
 (iii) Energy Equation

If there is no heat transfer to or from the flow

(adiabatic flow), the energy equation is expressed as

c p dT + VdV = 0
 (iv) Equation of state

The equation of state between two points in the flow

can be expressed as

p1 p
= 2
1T1  2T2
 (iv) Equation of state

If the equation is applied between the inlet and exit of

the differentially short control volume, it yields
p p + dp
=
T ( + d )(T + dT )

Neglecting higher order terms gives

p p  dp  d  dT 
= 1 + 1 − 1 − 
T T  p    T 
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