Name : Urwah /EK3C /21

Analog to Digital Converter

ADC (Analog To Digital Converter) is an electronic device that functions to convert
analog signals (continuous signals) into digital signals. ADC (Analog To Digital
Convertion) devices can be in the form of modules or electronic circuits or an IC chip.
ADC (Analog To Digital Converter) functions to bridge analog signal processing by
digital systems.

A. Describing Advantage And Disadvantage

Strengths: This type is also known as parallel ADC (conversion can be done
directly). Therefore this type is the type that has the fastest time in converting analog
to digital signals.

Weaknesses: Requires a very large number of comparators, especially when the tool
designed wants more precision. So for ADC> 8 bits, it would not be practical to use
ADC flash because besides the large size, the power consumption used is also large

B. Types of ADC
There are various types of ADCs, including:
1. ADC direct converter or flash ADC has a comparator to encode each voltage
range. Direct conversion has the advantage of fast conversion, but is usually only
applied at a resolution of 8 bits (256 comparators) or less, because this conversion
technique requires large and expensive circuits.
2. Counter type ADC (digital ramp type ADC) uses a counter as the main
component to convert analog inputs into digital outputs. This ADC will count
from 0 to a value equivalent to an analog input. The results of this enumeration
are converted to analog with DAC to be compared with analog inputs.
Enumeration by the counter will stop if the enumeration value is greater than the
analog input. The value of the results of this last enumeration is the result of
conversion which is the equivalent value of analog input.
3. Successive-approximation ADC was developed as a development of counter type
(digital ramp ADC). The change in this type of ADC is that there is a very special
counter called a successive-approximation register. This register does not count
from 0 as in the counter type ADC, but this register counts by trying all bit values
starting from the most-significant bit (MSB) and ending at the least-significant
bit. In the calculation process, the register will pay attention to the comparator
output for find out whether the calculated binary number is smaller or bigger than
the analog signal input. This register counting method is similar to the "trial-and-
fit" method in converting decimal numbers to binary, where different values of
bits are tested from MSB to LSB to obtain a binary number that is the same as the
original decimal number. from the calculation technique of this model is the time
needed to get the conversion results faster.

C. Function Of The Component

1. The above adc circuit utilizes the op-amp comparison circuit as a basic circuit.
Where a slight difference in the two op-amp input terminals will produce a
voltage of Vdd or Vcc op-amp. If the voltage at the positive input terminal is
greater than the negative input terminal, the output is 9 volts (according to Vdd),
 whereas if the voltage at the negative input terminal is greater then the output
voltage is 0 volts (according to Vcc).
2. Using 3 (three) op-amps with the aim that each op-amp represents one step of the
input voltage distribution.
3. At each terminal the negative input op-amp gets a reference voltage
(determination) which is determined by the voltage distribution between R1, R2,
R3 and R4.
4. R2, R3 and R4 are deliberately made with the same value so that the voltage at
the negative (reference) terminal of each op-amp forms a regular range or range.
5. Each positive op-amp input terminal is combined and used as an analog signal
input path. This is deliberately set so that the position of the analog input signal
can be read by each op-amp, where at each negative terminal the op-amp's input
has been installed.
6. IC3 represents the lowest voltage range, then followed by IC2, IC1 represents the
highest range.
7. The above adc circuit only produces 2 (two) output digits, you can create an adc
circuit with more and more tightly output digits according to your wants and
needs.

D. Describing Characteristics
Has 2 analog inputs: Vin (+) and Vin (-) so that it allows differential input. In other
words, the actual analog input voltage is the difference between the inputs of the two
pins [analog Vin = Vin (+) - Vin (-)]. If only one input, then Vin (-) is connected to
ground. In normal operation, the ADC uses Vcc = + 5V as the reference voltage, and
the analog input has a range from 0 to 5 V at full scale.

Converts analog voltage to 8-bit digital output. So the resolution is 5V / 255 = 19.6
mV. It has an internal clock generator which produces frequencies f = 1 / (1.1RC),
with R and C being external components.
Having a different ground connection between digital and analog voltage. 8 feet is
analog ground. Pin 10 is digital ground.)

E. Describing Applcation
In the computer world, all voltage values are made in digital form, and use a binary
number system. ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) is a device used to convert analog
signals to digital signals. We can also make a series of ADC using a comparator, but
why do we have to make a bulb of buying too much. Especially if you already have
Atmeega8535, you just need to play BASCOM for a while. The Atmega8535 ADC is
activated by setting up several registers, using BASCOM not as complicated as
imagined. The following is a series of ADC microcontroller simulation ATmega8535
using a potentiometer on the proteus, because the ADC is located in PORTA, the
potentiometer is placed in PORTA and the ADC data is sent serially as the data
viewer.
ADC application with PROTEUS program simulation

$regfile = “m8535.dat”
$crystal = 12000000
$baud = 9600
Config Adc = Single , Prescaler = Auto
Start Adc
Dim X As Integer , Channel As Byte
Channel = 0
Do
X = Getadc(channel)
Print “Value ADC = ” ; X
Loop
End

Result: