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Mapua Institute of Technology

School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Chm143L

Organic Chemistry 2 Laboratory Report

Members: Student Number Program

Barangan, David Brian 2015100814 ChE

Dela Cruz, Napoleon Christian E. 2015102616 ChE

Diamante, April Joyce 2015108101 ChE

Dr. Dahlia Apodaca

Professor
Experiment No.2

Preliminary Tests and Solubility Classification of Organic Compounds

ABSTRACT:

Organic compounds can be distinguished due to its physical and chemical properties; the
traditional way of identifying unknown organic compounds is by preliminary tests and solubility
classification. But to be able to determine unknown organic compounds one must test known
compounds to able to distinguish some of the properties and relate it to your unknown organic
compound. Organic compounds are also classified due to its solubility capabilities and thus are
classified, “like dissolves like” is the concept used in determining the solubility class of an
organic compounds, one example is the ethanoic acid it has been classified as Class Sa which are
known to be as organic acids and monofunctional carboxylic acids another is methyl amine
which is classified as Class Sb which are composed alcohols, ketones, amines etc. The
experiment enables us to determine unknown organic compounds by using this simple tests.

INTRODUCTION:

Millions of organic compounds are identified today, and more to be discovered. Of the
millions of organic compounds, each one of them are different in terms of their structure and
properties. Two types of test were conducted to identify an unknown compound by
differentiating them of their physical properties and solubility with certain types of solvents. A
preliminary test was conducted by looking at the physical properties an organic compound has,
such as its state being a solid, liquid or gas, its color, odor, and lastly it flammability. A lot of
organic compounds react with oxygen in the air to produce tremendous amount of heat when
ignited, and most of the fuels used today are consisted of hydrocarbons (which are organic
compounds), in which case flammability of an organic compound is an important factor. Organic
compounds which act as a solute that are not compatible or have the tendency to solvent
compounds are classified as insoluble. In the second part of the experiment, most of the test
compounds were liquid and some were solid, identifying the solubility of the compound was
visible to identify, as when the liquid solute is insoluble to a liquid solvent, it tends to form two
layers like oil and water, and as for solid solutes, it would identify as insoluble if the solid were
to appear not to react or remain its form when mixed with the liquid solvent. Different types of
solvents were used to identify the class of each test compounds, each of the test compound
would belong to a group that meets its criteria, such as the test compound ethanol would belong
to were alcohols are classified at. Flammability and solubility are basic principles that have been
studied for many years they are important factors to identifying a compound and the test
performed are important in the field of chemistry; it helps in classifying an unknown organic
compound.

EXPERIMENTAL:

Methodology

The chemical reagents that were used in this experiment were copper nitrate, ethanol,
ethanoic acid also known as acetic acid, diethyl ether, 5% Hydrochloric Acid, 15% Sodium
Bicarbonate, Sucrose, Methyl Amine, Benzoic Acid, 15% Hydrochloric Acid, conc. Sulfuric
acid, Butyl Bromide, Buteraldehyde, Nitro phenol, Propanone, and 5% NaOH. The laboratory
apparatuses that were used in this experiment were volumetric pipets, clay triangles, Iron stand,
Test tube racks, iron ring, Bunsen Burner, Micro test tubes, crucible with cover, and Nichrome
wire. First part in this experiment is the preliminary test in which cooper nitrate, acetic acid, and
2 unknown compounds are to be determined, the physical properties of the test compounds are to
be determined. The physical state is determined by its original state of matter or its phase since
most of the samples are solutions, the physical state are all liquids and also by observing the test
compounds the color will be determined already. Setup the iron stand and the iron ring then open
the flame of the Bunsen burner by connecting the rubber tubing attached to the gas pump, then
put the Bunsen burner in the setup and also use the clay triangle for the containment of the
crubible when heating. Add a few drops of the copper nitrate in a crucible then heat the
compound and a residue will form determine the odor of the residue and record in your data table
then using the Bunsen burner determine the color of the flame that will be produced when the
compound is ignited, the same goes for other test compounds Part I of the experiment is the
determination of the physical properties of organic compounds. Next part is the solubility test
organic compounds are also characterized based on their solubility class since lots of organic
compounds are polar which exhibits a dipole moment, we apply the theory “like dissolves like”
in this part of the experiment. Butyl Bromide, Ethanol, Sucrose, Buteraldehyde, and Acetic acid
are test compounds for this part of the experiment. Contain 0.2mL of the test compound in a
micro test tube then use the table provided in the manual to determine the solubility class of the
compound. Example is the ethanoic acid, based on observation we know that the compound is an
acid so we expect that it will dissolve in water and ether, in a micro test tube contain the ethanoic
acid and add water then since most of the acids are polar it will be miscible with water and also
with ether, then add phenolphthalein it will become clear and also to assure that it is an acid add
some litmus paper and it should turn red. The determination of unknown compounds are also
performed so same procedure with the previous test compounds, obtain a micro test tube and
contain the unknown compounds and add the solvents to determine if they will be miscible or
immiscible(formation of layer). Add also some phenolphthalein and litmus paper to determine if
it is an acid or base, using all of the data gathered determine the solubility class of the compound
and write down the possible compounds for each of the unknown sample.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

I. Preliminary Tests

Unknown No (1): 2A

Unknown No (2): 2B

Compounds Copper Nitrate Acetic Acid Unknown 1 Unknown 2


Physical State Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid
Color Blue Colorless Colorless Colorless
Odor Pungent Pungent Pungent Pungent
Ignition Test Green flame None Red, orange, orange
green

Due to the data obtained in this part of the experiment the physical properties of each
sample were obtained. The copper nitrate is blue due to observations and since it contains a
metal when heated it will produce a residue and the residue is very pungent and this means that
the sample contains a metal since, when the ignition test was performed copper nitrate produced
a green flame which is evident that the sample contains a copper metal since in flame tests
coppers have a characteristic to produce a green flame when their energy levels are raised. As for
the Acetic acid it is liquid and colorless, when heated it did not produce any residue because
acetic acid is pure liquid and it means that there is no metal present in the mixture. Acetic acid is
known to be very pungent since it is one of the main components of vinegar. Moreover both of
the unknown samples are liquid and to determine the compound the ignition test provided some
of the metals that are present in the unknown sample, in the first compound it produced three
flames red, green, and orange which means at least three metals, for unknown sample 2 only one
flame was produced and it is orange and only one metal is present. Preliminary test are very
useful for identifying unknown organic compounds because of the distinguishable factors of
every organic compound such as their odor, color, physical state, and especially the flame test
which determine the components present in that sample.

I. Solubility Tests

a. Known Sample

Compounds Butyl Ethanol Sucrose Buteraldehyde Ethanoic


Bromide Acid
Water X / / X /
Ether X / X X /
HCl X X X X X
NaOH X X X / X
NaHCO3 X X X X X
H2SO4 X X X X X
Reaction to Red,acidic Neutral Neutral Red, acidic Red, acidic
Litmus
Reaction to Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear
phenolphthalei
n
Solubility Class Class X Class Sn Class S Class A2 Class Sa
Compounds Methyl Nitro Diethyl Benzoic Propanone
Amine phenol ether acid
Water / / X X /
Ether / / X X /
HCl X X X X X
NaOH X X / / X
NaHCO3 X X X / X
H2SO4 X X X X X
Reaction to Blue, base Red, acidic neutral Red, acidic Blue, basic
Litmus
Reaction to Purple Cloudy Clear Cloudy Clear
phenolphthalei yellow
n
Solubility Class Class Sb Class Sa Class A2 Class A1 Class Sb

In the data given the solubility class of each test compound were identified, first test
compound is butyl bromide which is not soluble in any of the solvent used and because of that it
has been classified as Class X, where Class X is composed of alkane and alkyl halides, the
reaction to litmus paper produced a red and the phenolphthalein is clear it is evident that it
should be acidic but rather butyl bromide is neutral. Next is the Ethanol, ethanol is soluble in
water and ether because ethanol is polar due to the dipole moment produced, it is also because of
the oxygen atom present in ethanol which is electron negative. Since water and ether are polar
ethanol will be miscible to both of the solvent, and because of that Ethanol is classified as Class
Sn, even though Ethanol has an alcohol group it is a weak base, since there is no reaction to the
litmus paper it is evident that it is neutral. Ethanol is neutral because it has a pH 7.33 and is
almost close to 7 which is neutral. Sucrose is Class S, this is a solid compound and since it is a
solid compound it only dissolved in water and the when litmus paper was added the litmus paper
did not react so there was no color change and because of that sucrose is neutral also
phenolphthalein did not have any reaction and because of that it is considered as Class S which
are composed of salts of organic acids, carbohydrates etc. Next is Buteraldehyde, this reagent is
very pungent so masks are wore before containing it in a micro test tube. Buteraldehydes are
considered as Class A2 its reaction to the Litmus paper turned out to be acidic and it is only
soluble in NaOH. In Ethanoic Acid the expectation is that the Litmus paper turned out to be
acidic, since Ethanoic acid is polar it would be expected that it will dissolve in water and ether
and it is a weak acid with a strong conjugate base, then this is classified as Class Sa. Methyl
Amine is soluble in water and ether, it is evident that methyl amine is polar due to the electron
negativity of the nitrogen atom, this should be considered as basic due to the amine group that is
present, when litmus paper was added it turned out to be basic and the phenolphthalein turned
pink then Methyl Amine is classified as Class Sb. Nitro phenol is polar due to the dipole moment
produced by the oxygen since it is more electron negative than Nitrogen, then it is soluble in
water and ether and when the litmus paper was added it turned red so this is classified as Class
Sa. Diethyl Ether is a neutral compound and it should be classified as Class Sn since there are
error committed in the experiment we obtained the data that it is classified as Class A 2. In
Benzoic acid it has a carboxyl group and it is not soluble in water rather it is soluble in NaOH
and NaHCO3 and when tested with litmus paper it turned out to be acidic then benzoic acid is
classified as Class A1. Lastly Propanone or acetone is very soluble in water and ether since it is
polar and when tested with litmus paper it turned basic and it is classified as Class Sb but when
tested with phenolphthalein it is expected that the color that will be produced is pink but turns
out it did not react so it means that acetone is neutral so it should be classified as Class Sn.

b. Unknown Sample

Unknown Water Ether HCl NaOH NaHCO3 H2SO4


No.
2A / x x x x X
2B / x x x x x

Unknown No. 2A 2B
Reaction to Litmus neutral Blue
Reaction to Phenolphthalein Pinkish purple Purple
Solubility Class Class S Class S
Possible Compounds Lithium, Sodium, Copper Sodium

For the both of the unknown compounds it is classified as Class S where it is


characterized as Salts of organic acids, carbohydrates, polyhydroxy compounds etc. It is evident
since the unknown samples contain some metals which are salts, also both are soluble in water
but not soluble in ether.

CONCLUSION

Identifying organic compounds are usually used by preliminary tests and solubility
classification in that way we are able to theoretically determine the components of the unknown
compound. The first step in determining an unknown compound is through the preliminary tests
in which the physical state, odor, color, and ignition test are used then the solubility test is used
to classify the organic compound due to its solubility class. The characteristic of each of the
organic compound are first determined by using both of the tests, then as the tests are performed
you increase the chances to determine the unknown compound. But first the testing of the known
compounds are performed to be able to identify the compounds accurately while for the
unknown compounds the observation of every change in the compound must always be observed
so that the determination of the compound will be determined accurately.

REFERENCES

 (2017, February 9). Retrieved from


http://academics.wellesley.edu/Chemistry/chem211lab/Orgo_Lab_Manual/Appendix/Cla
ssificationTests/solubility.html

 AJM. (2017, February 9). Retrieved from


http://www.uobabylon.edu.iq/eprints/publication_10_5343_904.pdf

 Lancashire, P. R. (2005, December 11). Retrieved from


http://wwwchem.uwimona.edu.jm/lab_manuals/c10expt25.html

 Klein, D. R. (2012). Organic chemistry. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.


 Chem 211 - Classification Tests. (n.d.). Retrieved February 10, 2017, from
http://academics.wellesley.edu/Chemistry/chem211lab/Orgo_Lab_Manual/Appendix/Cla
ssificationTests/
 Of the 10 million or so compounds that are known today, about 9 million of those are
carbon containing compounds. (n.d.). Retrieved February 10, 2017, from
http://www.nwscc.edu/nsfdc/organicchemistry/Organic%20Web.htm
 H., & H. (n.d.). Solubility Classification Using Water, 5% NaOH, 5% HCL, 5%
NAHCO3, Ether, Concentrated H2SO4 and 85% H3PO4. Retrieved February 10,
2017, from
http://www.academia.edu/6416813/Solubility_Classification_Using_Water_5_NaOH_5_
HCL_5_NAHCO3_Ether_Concentrated_H2SO4_and_85_H3PO4

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