SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: Meets the needs of the present WORLD COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENT AND

w/o compromising the ability of future generations to meet own needs
1. Economic- able to produce goods in continuous basis
2. Environment- avoid over-exploitation and includes
maintenance of biodiversity
3. Social- distributional equity, adequate social services
DEVELOPMENT (WCED): To examine the important
environmental and developmental problems; To
suggest solutions that can be implemented
THE PURSUIT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
REQUIRES:

THE GLOBAL GOALS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT  A political system that secure effective citizen
participation in decision making (Democracy)
1. No Poverty
2. Zero Hunger  An economic system that is able to generate
3. Good Health and Well-Being surpluses and technical knowledge on a self-reliant
4. Quality Education and sustained basis (Mixed Economic System)
5. Gender Equality
6. Clean Water and Sanitation CHALLENGES OF ATTAINING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
7. Affordable and Clean Energy
Overcoming Poverty
8. Decent Work and Economic Growth
9. Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure  Agenda 21 if the PH emphasizes the ongoing fight against
10. Reduced Inequalities
poverty
11. Sustainable Cities and Communities
 We cannot find a single solution to poverty. Can be
12. Responsible Consumption and Production
13. Climate Action solved by launching nationwide programs that are
14. Life Below Water supported by worldwide policy/action
15. Life on Land
Health and Inequalities
16. Peace and Justice Strong Institutions
17. Partnerships for the Goals
 To attain sustainable development, following
THE STOCKHOLM MEETING: UN’s first major conference on vulnerable groups must be protected
women youth
International environment issues, marked a turning point in
Indigenous people infant
the development of international environmental politics
GOALS:
- Recognize environmental education as a potential tool to better the lives
Consumerism
of many nations
- Engage the International Community in environmental policy debate
 People now consume vast resources and product nowadays.
EARTH SUMMIT: Paved the way to outlined and
These have put a strain on the resources of Earth
strengthened Agenda for the Century known as Agenda 21
Energy sustainability
SOME PRINCIPLES:
2 Natural Resources must be safeguarded  UN report suggests: improve access, reliable, affordable,
3 Earth’s capacity to produce renewable resources must economically viable, socially accepted, and environmentally
be maintained
sound energy services
4 Wildlife must be safeguarded
5 Non-renewable resources must be shared and not be  Recognize that energy services have positive impacts on
exhausted poverty eradication
6 Pollution must not exceed the environment’s capacity MIGRATION
to clean itself Temporary/permanent movement of people from one place to
7 Damaging oceanic pollution must be prevented
8 Development is needed to improve the environment
another
1 Environmental education is essential
9 EMIGRATION- Out migration
2 Weapons of mass destruction must be eliminated IMMIGRATION- In migration
0
 TYPES OF MIGRATION

INTERNAL countries disagree over the possession of land or

bodies of water
1. RURAL-URBAN: Movement of people away from rural areas
UN Charter: All members shall refrain in their international
IMPACT relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial
RURAL URBAN integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other
Depopulation Widespread Unemployment manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations.
Social Problems overcrowding SOVEREIGNTY: freedom from external control
Women take care greater Rise of informal settlers
share on farm INTERNATIONAL
Declining farm activity Rise of crime rates
Strain on urban facilities 1. VOLUNTARY MIGRATION: based on one's free will

2. INVOLUNTARY MIGRATION Forced Migration

2. SEASONAL MIGRATION Labor migration
Movement of people away from their homes to find a TYPES OF FORCED MIGRATION
livelihood usually in temporary basis
1. Conflict-Induced Displacement: the state authorities are
3. PLANNED MIGRATION Transmigration unable or unwilling to protect them
Large – scale migration of people within the country 2. Development-Induced Displacement: Oustees;
usually carried out by the government compelled to move as a result of policies and projects implemented
to supposedly enhance ‘development’
CAUSES EFFECTS
Uneven Population Cultural clash of migrants/locals 3. Disaster-Induced Displacement: people displaced as a result
Raise standard of living of natural disasters and man – made disasters
Plans to develop Overome landless problem/food shortage
underdeveloped Widespread deforestation/soil erosion TYPES OF FORCED MIGRANT
areas Disrupt local way of life
Development Displaces (Development-Induced Displacement)
FACTORS AFFECTING MIGRATION Environmental and disaster displaces (Disaster-Induced Displacement)

REFUGEES: a person residing outside his or her country of

nationality who is unable or unwilling to return because of a
‘well-founded fear of persecution. 

ASYLUM SEEKERS: people who have moved across an

international border in search of protection under the 1951
Refugee Convention, but whose claim for refugee status has
not yet been determined

INTERNATIONALLY DISPLACE PERSONS: ‘persons who have

been forced to flee their homes unexpectedly in large numbers,
because of armed conflict, internal strife, systematic violations
of human rights or natural or man-made disasters

TRAFFICKED PEOPLE: people who are moved by deception

TERRITORIAL CONFLICT: or coercion for the purposes of exploitation .
border conflicts which occur when two or more
4 ELEMENTS OF THE STATE
MATERIALISTIC SYMBOLIC People Territory
Population Culture and history Government Sovereignty
Natural resources
Strategic value of the territory IMPORTANCE OF TERRITORIAL/INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES
 1. It is related to the right of each state and country
2. Important in maintaining peace in the whole world
PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION ARTCLE 1: The national territory
comprises the Philippine archipelago with all the islands and
waters embraced therein, and all other territories over which
POLITICAL DYNASTY
THIN: a political clan that has two members – like a father
and son – swapping certain positions, as when a mayor-
father, at the end of his maximum three terms, lets his
son, who may also have reached his three-year term either
as vice mayor, councilor, provincial governor or vice
governor, running for each other’s position
CAUSES OF POLITICAL DYNASTY
1. Vote Buying.
2.Easily bypassed security measures.
3.Gullibility of the Population.
4.Absence of an Anti-Dynasty Law.
5.Government programs (used by local governments to obtain money)
“phenomenon that concentrates political power and
public resources within the control of a few families
whose members alternatively hold elective offices,
deftly skirting term limits.”
– Antonio Carpio
“the State shall guarantee equal access to
opportunities for public service and prohibit political
dynasties as may be defined by law.” -Article II, Section 26 of
the Philippine Constitution
Constitution prohibits political dynasties and limits the
terms of office for elected officials.
CORRUPTION - form of dishonest or unethical conduct by a
person entrusted with a position of authority, often to
acquire personal benefit when you pay for something illegal
TYPES OF CORRUPTION
1. TAX EVASION: Refusal of those engaged in private businesses
to honestly declare their annual income and to pay the
corresponding taxes to the government
2. GHOST PROJECTS & PAYROLLS: non-existing projects are
financed by the government while non-existing personnel or
pensioners are being paid salaries & allowances.
the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction consisting of its
terrestrial, fluvial, and aerial domains. Including its territorial
sea, seabed, subsoil, insular shelves, and other submarine areas.
The waters around, between, connecting
islands regardless of breadth and dimension form part of the
internal waters of the Philippines
3. EVASION OF PUBLIC BIDDING IN THE AWARDING OF
CONTRACTS: members of bids and awards committees are
very subjective of awarding the contract to those who can
provide them with personal benefits
4. PASSING OF CONTRACTS: contractors have the practice of
passing the work from one contractor to another and in the
process certain percentage of the project value is retained
by each contractor and subcontractors resulting to the use
of substandard materials or even unfinished projects
FAT/THICK: dynasty monopolizing power is an undesirable
situation, as checks and balances among elected officials in
a certain local government are difficult if they are all from
one family. In Maguindanao, the “fat” Ampatuan dynasty
held eight out of the 37 mayoralty posts in the province’s
37 municipalities
CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISION: This provision clearly
prohibits the existence of political dynasties in the
country to preclude equal access to public service and
the right of people to choose in the local election.
However, it is not self-executory, meaning the provision
needs an implementing law before it can be applied.
PROPOSAL OF 16TH CONGRESS
“A political dynasty exists when two or more individuals who
are related within the second degree of consanguinity(by
blood) or affinity hold or run for national or local office in
successive, simultaneous or overlapping terms,”
“No spouse, or person, elevated within the second civil degree
of consanguinity or affinity, whether legitimate or illegitimate,
full or half blood, to an incumbent elective official seeking re-
election shall be allowed to hold to run for any local or national
elective office in same election,”
POSITION TERMS OF OFFICE
President 6 year term-no re election
Senator 6 year tenure term w/ maximum of 2
consecutive terms = 12 years
Congressman 3 – year tenure per term with a
, maximum of 3 consecutive terms,
Governor,
= 9 years
Mayor
 GRAFT: acquisition of public funds through questionable
and improper transactions when you pay for something
legal
5. NEPOTISM/FAVORITISM: appointment/employment of
relatives/friends to government positions even if they are
not qualified/eligible to discharge the functions of that
office
6. EXTORTION: done by government officials against clients by
demanding money, valuable items, or services from
ordinary citizens who transact business with them or their
office
7. BRIBERY (“LAGAY” SYSTEM): the act of citizens to bribe
government officials occupying sensitive positions in
government is perpetuated due to bureaucratic red tape
8. PROTECTION MONEY (“TONG”): form of bribery which is
done by citizens performing illegal activities and operations
LAWS
1987 Philippine Constitution Section 1 Article XI,
“Accountability of Public Officers” “public office is a public
trust.” Public Officers and employees must at all times be
accountable to the people, serve them with utmost
responsibility, integrity, loyalty, and efficiency, act with
patriotism and justice, and lead modest lives."
RA 3019 Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act of 1960
enumerates all corrupt practice of any public officer,
declares them unlawful and provides the corresponding
penalties of imprisonment (6- 15 years) perpetual
disqualification from public office, and confiscation of
forfeiture of unexplained wealth in favor of government
RA 7080 Act Defining and Penalizing the Crime of
Plunder: penalizes any public officer who by himself or in
connivance with members of his family, relatives, by affinity or
consanguinity, business associates, accumulates or acquires ill-
gotten wealth, through combination of event criminal acts, an
aggregate amount of P50,000,000.00
PD 46: declares it unlawful for government officials to receive
gifts and for private persons to give gifts on any occasion
including Christmas, regardless of whether the gift is for past or
future favors.
PD 677: requires the Statement of Assets and Liabilities to be
submitted every year
PD 749: grants immunity from prosecution to givers of bribes
and other gifts and to their accomplices in bribery charges if
they testify against the public officials or private persons guilty
of those offences
TERRORISM: deliberate creation and exploitation of fear
through violence or threat of violence in pursuit of
political change. not organized crime.
 Terrorism is socially and politically motivated
 Terrorists tend to seek media attention
 Terrorists want to be recognized by the government
The Structure of Terrorist Groups
Leadership
Members
Command Centers
Funds
ISIS: Islamic State of Iraq and Syria
GENOCIDE: refers to violence shit keme
CONSTITUTIONAL ANTI-CORRUPTION BODIES
1. Office of the Ombudsman “people’s watchdog” of the
government
2. The Civil Service Commission (CSC): mandated to establish a
career service and promote moral, efficiency, integrity,
responsiveness, progressiveness, and courtesy in civil service
3. The Commission on Audit (COA): watchdog of the
financial operations of the government
4. Department of Justice: conducts preliminary investigations on
complaints of a criminal nature against public officials that are
filed with the Department, subject to the approval of OMB if the
offense investigated was committed by the public official in
relation to his office. Prosecutes in these cases if the public
officials involved belong the ranks lower than salary grade 27.
5. Sandiganbayan: Anti-graft court of the Philippines. It has
jurisdiction over civil and criminal cases involving graft &
corruption and such other offenses committed by public
officers and employees. It is in charge of maintaining morality,
integrity, and efficiency in the public service
6. NBI & PNP: conduct fact-finding investigations on graft cases.
conduct entrapment operations which, if successful, result
in the arrest and filing of criminal complaint against the
perpetrators in the courts may issue subpoena & serve
warrants of arrest issued by the courts acts as witness for the
prosecution during journal preliminary investigation and the
prosecution of the case by the ombudsman
7. Presidential Commission on Good Government (PCGG):
created primarily to go after ill-gotten wealth
8. The Presidential Commission against Graft & Corruption:
under Executive Order No. 151 by President Ramos to
investigate graft and corruption cases in the executive
department.
Terrorism in the Philippines
New People’s Army
= Jose Maria Sison
Aims to overthrow the Philippine government through
violence.
to overthrow the government and establish a Maoist-
style communist regime that will end "US imperialism" in
the former American colony.
Moro National Liberations Front (MNLF)
= Nur Misuari
Aims to regain all provinces and cities
in Mindanao that are predominantly of Muslim
Population
Abu Sayyaf Group
= Abdurajik Abubakar Janjalani
to promote an independent Islamic
state in western Mindanao and the
Sulu Archipelago
STEPS TAKEN BY THE GOVERNMENT AGAINST TERRORISM
 Establishing of social and economic programs
 Weakening of citizens’ support for terrorist groups
 Instituting changes in the government
 Partnership with other countries
 Putting priorities of the government in order
a. Use of power/force
b. Allocation of budget
c. Implementation of “No Concessions” Policy
d. Enforcement of the law
FORMS OF TERRORISM
Ethnic Terrorism “Nationalist Terrorism.”
Aims to overthrow colonial rule or occupation
Often has goal of gaining independence for an ethnic,
religious or national group
1. The Kurdish Workers Party
2. Irish Republican Army
3. Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka
4. Hamas and Hezbollah in Israel
Ideological Terrorism: Can be set apart from other
terrorists causes by its emphasis on redefining political
structure rather than campaigning for a single cause.
- Left Wing
seek to overthrow capitalist democracies and establish
socialist or communist governments While these groups still
exist they are not as prominent as they were during the Cold
War.
-Right Wing
Aims to combat liberal governments and preserve traditional
social orders. commonly characterized by militias and gangs;
many times, these groups are racially motivated and aim to
marginalize minorities within a state
Religious Terrorism: Form of political violence driven by
spiritual crisis or reaction to changes in society and politics.
State- sponsored terrorism: consists of terrorist acts on a
state or government by a state or government.
State Terrorism: can use force or the threat of force, without
declaring war, to terrorize citizens and achieve a political goal.
Germany under Nazi rule has been described in this way.
Bio Terrorism: intentional release of toxic biological
agents to harm/terrorize civilians, in the name of a
political or other cause
Eco Terrorism violence in the interests of environmentalism.
recently coined term describing In general,
environmental extremists sabotage property to inflict
economic damage on industries or actors they see as
harming animals or the natural environment. These have
included fur companies, logging companies and animal
research laboratories, for example.
DISCRIMINATION: negative and unjust of people due to their
differences in traits such as race, age, gender, disability, creed.
Direct: treated differently and worse than someone else
for certain reasons.
 who you are
 who someone thinks you are
 someone you’re with.
Indirect: there’s a practice, policy or rule which applies
to everyone in the same way, but it has a worse effect on
some people than others. 
 there’s a policy, practice or rule which applies to
everybody in the same way
 it places people who share your protected characteristic at
a disadvantage
 it places you personally at a disadvantage
FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION
Racial: discrimination against individuals on the basis of their race
Religious: treating a person differently because of what they believe in
Age: discrimination to people who are old or young age are
sometimes discriminated against by his intellect or wisdom that
each person has

Sex: when you are treated differently because of your sex

Impairment or Disability: are treated less well or put at a

disadvantage for a reason that relates to your disability

POSSIBLE EFFECTS

Multiculturalism: philosophy that teaches acceptance PHYSICAL NTELLECTUAL

Loss or gain weight Lack of motivation to study /work
and respect for diversity among people
Lack of energy Narrow mindedness
Difficulty sleeping Lack of decision – making skills
Feminism: belief that women should be equal to men Headache
in matter of freedom in life SOCIAL EMOTIONAL
Communications problems Low self – esteem
Human Rights: kind of right mandated granted and with other people Depression
protected by the Constitution of country Use of drugs Fear
Being alone Anxiety
Excessive alcohol drinking Anger