UNIT V.

SOCIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION

A. Sociology and Sociology in Education

1. Definition of Sociology

2. Scope of Sociology

3. Sociology in Education

a) Definition of Sociology in Education

b) Relation of Sociology to Education

4. Nature of Sociology

5. Nature of Educational Sociology

6. Functions of Sociology in Education

B. Vital Social unit and Institution

1. Family

a) Definition of Terms,

b) Characteristics of Family

c) Structure and Classifications/Types of Family

d) Functions of Family in the Society

e) The Role of Family in Raising Children

and Taking Care of Old Parents.

2. Church

a) Definition of Church and Religion

b) The Role of Church to Education

3. School

a) Definition of Education and School

b) The Essential Functions of School and

Functions of Schooling

4. Government

a) Roles of the Government in Education:

b) RA 9262 "The Anti-Violence Against Women

And Their Children Act Of 2004"

c) House Bill No. 5735 “Student Discipline And

Teacher Protection Act”.

d) Free Tuition Law and Scholarships for

undergraduate and post-graduate studies

(Batas Pambansa Bilang 232 "Education Act of

1982")

e) Republic Act 10931 “Universal Access to Quality

Tertiary Education Act”

5. Race and Social Class

a) Definition of Race and Social Class

b) Effects of Race and Social Class in Students’

Educational Challenges and Success

c) Inclusive Education for Children and Youth with

Special Needs Act

6. Adolescents and Youth

a) Definition of Adolescent and Youth

b) Struggles of young generation

c) Generation Gap
 d) Bridging the Gap

7. Culture and its Influence in Education

a) Ways of Education in transmitting culture.

b) How does culture impact our ability to learn?

c) How do teachers address gaps created from

cultural Diversity?

d) Ways of implementing Multicultural Education

and Inclusive Education

C. LGBTQ in Education

1. Introduction to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and

Transgender and Queen (LGBT) Students

2. Experiences of School among LGBTQ young people

3. Awareness of LGBTQ come out

a) Practical Arrangements

b) Specific Arrangements

4. Roles in support of LGBTQ students

a)The role of Principals and other School Leaders

b)The role of Teachers

c)The role of Guidance Counsellors

5. LGBTQ People in School Policies: Creating a positive

School Climate and Culture.

a) Current Issues
UNIT V. SOCIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION

Figure 5.0
This unit introduces the concept of sociology as one of the foundations

of education. It includes the following subtopics: nature, scope and

functions of sociology in education; vital social units and institutions;

culture and its influence in education; Filipino values as counter-

productive culture; and LGBTQ in relation to education.

Expected Learning Outcomes

 At the end of the unit the students are expected to:

1. determine the sociological roots of education.

2. identify the sociological factors that affect education.

3. connect the various sociological foundations to

education. 

4. create a meaning links among the sociological

foundations of education.

II. Key concepts

1. Sociology 

2. Family

3. Church 

4. School

5. Government

6. Education 

7. Culture

8. Filipino values

9. LGBTQ+ community

III. Suggested Teaching Strategies/Activities

 1. RAFT ( role, audience, format, task) activity for the application of

the understanding

2. HUMAN BINGO ( for the unlocking of key terms)

3. Panel discussion by groups for the deepening of concepts

A. Sociology and Sociology in Education

6. Definition of Sociology

: Sociology is the scientific method of study between the

relationship of individuals and the society they

belong(Comte,1837).Auguste Compte fist coined the term Sociology.

According to coursehero.com “The term "Sociology" is derived

from the Latin word ‘Socius’, meaning companion or associate, and the

Greek word ‘Logos’, meaning study of science” (“Meaning of

Sociology”). Here, the webpage stated that Sociology is a greek word

which literally means study or science of society ;with that we can infer

that sociology is an object of investigation that are affected by natural

and varied laws ,and discoveries of the world since it is considered as

science as a study of something.

According to sociology.unc.edu “Sociology is a study of human

relationships and groups; in this way how human actions and

awareness moulded and shaped by the environment and social

aspects are the purpose of unifying of the diverse social

premises.”(“What is Sociology?”)

E.T.Hiller  said "Sociology is the study of relations between

individuals, their conduct and reference to one another and standard by

which they regulate their association.” Which implies that each of us

humans are subjects and objects of sociology. As a subject of it,

human’s standard and conduct are studied by sociology and as

sociology's observation standards were regulated based on

interactions of human associations perhaps to have a conducive or

habitable environment.

             According to sociology.case.edu “Sociology is the study

of social life, social change, and the social causes and consequences

of human behavior define Sociology. The one who investigates the

structure of groups, organizations, and societies, and how people

interact within these contexts is called Sociologists.”(“What is

Sociology?”) In this view, studying things related to social lives and

interaction of people defines sociology for it involves context of human

interaction and their behavior towards one another. These topics of

interest are studied and immersed by the people who investigate

numbers of groups, organizations, and societies as well as the

interactions of those mentioned above and that investigators are called

Sociologists . Here, I can infer that sociology also involves the study of

problems wherein the society is not exempted of having. The problem

of sociology is focused on interactions and when we talk about

interactions it surely includes parents and their children talking, caring,

and sharing their daily routines that they could do together and if apart

from the guidance of the parents those usually becomes the root of

society’s problem since family is the innermost unit of our society.

Widening our view we could question the parents for their lack of
guidance to their children or we could thank the parents who were able

to guide their children.

         According to Moor and Cole " Sociology studies plural

behaviour" plural is meant that behaviour of individuals which is

performed in relation to other individuals (qtdn,Pattanaik &

Harichandan,1992,p.3 ) From here we can say that there is always a

reason why someone is capable of doing and the other one is not

capable or shall I say there is always a reason why one choose to care

enough and the other doesn’t care enough or probably doesn’t care at

all. That’s where investigators come along and we call these

investigators of society as sociologists. In fact Max Weber said

“Sociology is the science which attempts the interpretative

understanding of social actions”.  (qtdn,Pattanaik &

Harichandan,1992,p.3 ) .Here we can say that Sociologist look and

check the real setting where they socialize to people they don’t just

take pictures and tell people what’s in there; they talk to those who

belong to the society and become part of it in the process or we could

also say they have already become part of that society their only task

now is to find the root of the problem and suggest ways of fixing them.

According  to Duncan “ Sociology is the scientific study of the

processes of interactions of Persons'' here we could say “yes” like

natural sciences do we can suggest solution but not solve the

problems in one singular formula since the solution the of the

problems are in the hands of all the people who belongs in that society

the reason why E.Durkheim said “sociology as the science of

collective representation” (qtdn,Pattanaik & Harichandan,1992,p.3 )

since we collect solution from scattered point of view to have an

effective functioning society for without collection there will be no unity

and chaos there will be.

In summary Sociology was defined as study,process and mode

of human interaction among themselves and the environment where

they belong and the people who study this interactions are the

Sociologist.

Furthermore, the interaction that was shaped and moulded

reflects the differences and similarities that various groups of people

could agree and disagree with.

7. Scope of Sociology

According to sociology.case.edu “Sociology includes social human

behaviour ranging from family to hostile mob, organize crime to

religious cults, divisions of race, gender and social class to the shared

beliefs of common culture, sociology of work to sociology of sports

which proves that sociology is the study of change ,causes and

consequences of human actions and life of the social people.” (“What

is Sociology?”)

Furthermore, the source above also quoted “This subject also offers a

range of research techniques that can be applied to virtually all

aspects of social life which includes the following: street crime and

delinquency, corporate downsizing, how people express emotions,

welfare or education reform, how families differ and flourish, or

problems of peace and war.” In elaboration we could tell that

Sociology can cater almost all social life aspects with the help of the

research techniques that it offers. Social life research involves street

crime and delinquency where people have some riot due to some

issues within our outside their groups, some have small scratches,

minor injuries, trash talk in its’ most minimal figure but in a worst case

scenario people uses knife (or any sharp object),wood(or any

spanking object),and guns where people either got killed or end up in

jail.

Social life research also involves corporate

downsizing where companies lessen their number of employees

because of some financial issues ,during this period many people lose

their job and have a hard time finding a new one which basically

affects their family’s support system. Welfare or Educational reform

can also be discussed in social researches since it talks about the

needs of material enhancement and supply for Schools and

Educational practices, curriculum, pedagogy, teaching and learning

strategies and expected excellent outcomes that will benefit society.

Not only that, welfare also includes the child’s quality of living and

educational journey which includes environmental factors which

certainly involves interactions among peers and teachers. Social life

researches surely includes families’ differences and how they

flourished it has been said earlier that family is the innermost part of

the society so seeing their differences will help people see the positive

and negative effects of family’s bond or lack of bonds .Through that

differences also, we have seen how some family flourish as they lived

together. Unexceptionally, problems of war and peace dwell in the

society humans interact and people tend to hurt each other mentally,

emotionally, physically, and many more conduct of violence. People

tend to create bonds but along the way bonds weaken or strengthen

by challenges in surviving together for example students meet their

friends in elementary schools but have forgotten most of them in their

present life some due to bad experience, lack of communication and

change of preferences as they go along with their lives growing up but

those people or person that they still remember becomes permanent

in their lives. People are challenged by their experiences and

experiences either weaken or strengthen people’s bond. As people

keep on building bonds they’d realize that they can’t have bond with

everyone for they’d figure out that bonds created out of similarity and

differences cause people to avoid a certain group or in a worst case

war between groups of variable or opposite perspectives causes

peace and war problems are inevitable in society and social life

researches.

8. Sociology in Education

a) Definition of Sociology in Education

Educational Sociology studies relationship of society and

education it also handles the problem that goes in between the

relationship of the two. It was also considered as new sociological

branch (Pattanaik & Harichandan,1992,p.4).In the paper i can

implicate that educational sociology is a branch of sociology that

handles relationships and problems regarding education and society.

 This may involve students’ problem of bullying inside the school,

hazing, students’ addiction to computer games, student-teacher misfit

learning and teaching styles or generation gap that was created by the

advent of technology in the 21st century.

The practice of the art of education needs sociology since the

essentials and foundation for scientific principles was created out of

social process (Howerth,2015,p.608).Howerth, tells us of how huge are

the topics sociology could cover especially when it describes how

sociology throws the topic and social process came in by the help of

scientific and educational principles .This process becomes the

idealistic key of practicing the art of education.

In Ottaway's view “The sociology of education may be defined

as a study of relations between education and sociology. Education is

an activity which goes on in a society, and its aims and methods

depend on the nature of the society, in which it takes place.”Analyzing

the context we could say that choices or preferences affects both

education and society ; that there are relationship among these two for

educational activities occurs inside a society .The people living in a

society have preferences which becomes the main factor that affects

the aims and methods of educational and societal development.

 b) Relation of Sociology to Education

According to Howerth , sociology is

Example of Socialization inside the
known as “ Science of Socialization”, Classroom

“Working together” and many more.

For him,  sociology discovers the law

of social evolution applicable to all

social groups which makes sociology

Fig.5.1.Classroom interaction of BMS
as science, though,  along the Thailand Students

process, nature builds and destroys

those laws. Scientific and practical usages are the purposes of

education in harnessing the findings of sociology. To him, the relation

of sociology to education are the following:

“As to the Principles of Education. I have already observed that, in my

view, a principle is the mode in which a natural process is carried on ;

that it differs from a law in that a law is a mere formula based on the

scientific observation of a natural process and expressing a regularity

with respect to it”(Howert,2015,p.609).Here we could say that

Sociology and Education are related to each other in terms of the

schemes that relate to social processes which technically involve

principles or blue print area.

Example of Socialization Event that

As to Administration. Since the schools administer and organize for
educational and scientific growth
purpose of any educational system
 that is truly social must be nothing less than the conscious direction of

the social process toward a preconceived end, it is plain that the

organization and administration of such system should be in

accordance with the laws of that process and with a view to the

utilization of its principles.”(Howert,2015,p.609), Here, we could imply

that Education depends on sociology as it guides in organizing and

administering classrooms. An example of this is when the teacher

considers objectives for the lesson and the conduct of the instruction

inside the classroom. Hence, sociology is the foundation of educational

teaching practices.

“As to Objectives. This appears to be all the more obvious when we

turn to the consideration of educational objectives. It is a commonplace

that education must look to sociology for its objectives, general and

specific. (Howert,2015,p.609)As to the objective base on our

interpretations we could say that  In creating objectives, the principles

of social intelligence, social economy, and voluntary cooperation are

three foundations that are involved since objective is created to simplify

general social aim of education. Objectives can be done immediately in

schools and progress can be seen quickly compared to social aim.

There is a necessity of unifying educational effort to promote

educational efficiency, and social objectives unify those. Here, it is

clearly seen that creating educational objectives or any objectives are

businesses of sociology. 

“As to The Curriculum. The

The Products of the Curriculum
school curriculum is a part of the
machinery, and a most important part, for progressively realizing the

ultimate social objective whatever it is conceived to be. Curricula are

concerned with the knowledge, aptitudes, inclinations and skills

supposed to be promotive of advancement along the true line of

progress”(Howerth, 2015,p.610) base on our readings we could say that

Curriculum is the ultimate specific social objective that must be analysed

by curriculum makers in realizing progressive outcomes for the welfare

of the society. Hence, sociology is necessary in making a curriculum

because it is concerned with the society’s needs.

“As to Method. Educational Example of Educational Methods

methods, of course, can never

be divorced from subject

matter. It does not appear to

me to be true, however, as

some writers express it, that

method is identical with subject

Fig.5.4.Activity& Experimentation inside
Physics Laboratory
matter itself.

”(Howerth,2015,p.610) from our understanding of the article  we could

say that Method is an intellectual device implemented for the purpose

of selecting the proper way that saves time, means and energy. Means

also involves the subject matter and all educational materials used.

The selection of means is based on the expected learning outcomes.

Hence, methods involve social interaction that involves sensible

curriculum implementation and material gathering.

 9. Nature of Sociology

According to britannica.com
Example of Social activity
“Sociology is an independent science that

is not fully dependent on other disciplines.

It is not treated as a branch of any other

science like philosophy, and history. It is a

social not a physical science. Sociology is Fig.5.5.Group Tour: Bonding and

Socialization Time (Boat sailing)

a social science as it deals with man, his

social activities,  and social life. It is both a rational and an empirical

science, that studies social phenomena Example of Social activity

in a scientific way. It is based on reason

(logic) and observation. Sociology is only

interested in acquisition of

knowledge.”(“Social Science”) That

means, it has nothing to do with Fig.5.6.Socialization and Group Dinner

application of that knowledge. Like

Physics is a pure science while engineering is its application .It is a

general science and not a special social science. It does not focus on

only one aspect of human activity. It includes all aspects of human life

in a general way.” by analysis of the given text we could state that

sociology is also a science but it can stand on its own and it is not a

kind of science that studies the natural and physical world or a specific

social science rather it focuses on general range that has interaction of

the living more specifically human being’s conversation, practices, and

the way of humans in relating themselves to the environment and the

people in the society. It is a science that has both a logical and

observational way of gathering data as it studies social life and social

activities in a scientific way.

10. Nature of Educational Sociology

According to (Pattanaik &

Evidence of the need for Educational
Harichandan,1992,p.4)  “Educational sociology to help the community

sociology is not limited to specific nature

or specific period .Its nature is of

universal type. Educational sociology is

not merely theoretical .It does not merely

study the forces of interaction between

Fig.5.7.Physics and Society Class
the individual and a society or group but project:
Rocket Stove’ Distribution Program
it is also practical because besides

studying interacting forces it tries to regulate and control the interacting

forces.” .Lately, we have discussed about nature of sociology but now

we are seeing the nature of educational sociology ,based on the

Fig.5.8.Participant and Recipient of Rocket
statement given we could state that Stove

Educational Sociology gives life to

Sociology ; wherein sociology presents

its’ range of study and educational

sociology by the help of educator tries to

reconcile theories and put them into practice and in that process

society’s interacting forces are mediate into a more comfortable and

beneficial setting. One example of this is when the industry needs

intellectual human resources for industrial work such as engineering,

architecture, etc. then immersion will be conducted by the school and

students will have their practicum in that area for them to be ready and

have a real interaction in the field of their choice; in this way some of

the students will we absorbed by the company and be part of their

industrial work force.

11. Functions of Sociology in Education

 Understanding the role of Society on Education

Sociology studies society so it will Example of the role of Society in

Education; where students’ are immerse
surely reveal what are the to society to be problem solvers.

contributions of society to

education. People interacts and to

have a harmonious relationship

people tried to compare and

contrast wherein their differences Fig.5.9.House to House distribution of

Water filter in Dologon

must be put aside and similarities

must be captured. The commonalities inside a society are the

people’s wants and needs to learn the reason why it is not a

questionable that education was created by society and well

educated society most probably bonds harmoniously.

 It directs attention to how the parts of society fit together and

change, and the consequences of that social change.

Example of Fitting together of different

nationalities
As Sociology studies the

interaction it discovers the

boundary and the union of

peoples’ perspectives the

reason why it is responsible in

knowing what fits and what

doesn’t. Sometimes people think

that the idea is fit but later on Fig.5.10.Sifa (blue )team of Philippine STs and
Thailand BMS Students Celebrates
they realize it doesn’t and

should work that way anymore, just like the trend of education

from traditional to modern and then the combination of the two

are thought to be more effective now a days but generations will

change and change will continuously challenge educational

sectors and systems.

Example of Society that creates and

adapts changes: The Youth wearing
 Provides conceptual tools and Modern formal party dress code

methods for understanding the

social milieu, whether it is

expressed in: group attitudes,

values, behaviors, and political

processes of workers, families,

organizations, consumers and

Fig.5.11.Seniors’ Socialization Night Outfit
governments.

Society always creates and adapts the change they’ve

created; from that it is also obliged to supply the tools and

methods in understanding this era of social milieu which

 includes variety of character and values which usually

develops are they go along in groups.

Example of Enrich Cultural diversity where

 Enrich Cultural Diversity students from different parts of Mindanao
with various cultures study in one school
When interaction occurs

differences will be

revealed for only in

comparison will people

now they area

comparable. As
Fig.5.12.CMU Foundation Day celebration inside
a costume booth
sociology keep working

its’ task then people will

discover uniqueness which some people view negatively and

some view positively. Diversity will differentiate people at the

same time it makes people appreciate the beauty and

motivate people to cultivate themselves.

 Sociology of education has given us training to have rational

approach to questions concerning oneself, one’s religion,

customs, morals and institution.

When people are educated that differences do not

necessarily mean chaos humanity began to appreciate the

beauty of diversity. One of the evidence of people

appreciating diversity is the Miss Universe beauty pageant

wherein candidates are from different countries with varied

 standard of beauty. This proves that despite of contrasting

perspectives people can meet in between the lines.

 Helps teachers to understand the

relationships and interactions

within the school and the

community and how they affect the

teaching and learning process.

The photo on the right is an example
Fig.5.13.Teachers, students and
of Parents and Teachers’ Interaction parents’ planning phase in pursuit of 1st
for the growth and success of COE Thailand Internship
Teaching and Learning via
internationalization of Educational
practicum.

The statement on top, above the photo description is

supported by the text from the Example Output of Harmonious interaction

among educational stakeholders.

web page of

sociologyguide.com where

they stated “Sociology studies

these institutions and their role

in the development of the

individual and suggests

Fig.5.14.Arrival in Philippine Embassy in
suitable measures for Thailand

strengthening them with a view

to enable them to serve the individual better.” It is not new to

 us that teachers’ have major role in developing the potentials

of the child for that reason teacher needs to interact with the

students not just merely talking in front and leave the

students’ assurance of understanding behind. Sociology

fuels the development of the society and education is the car

that drives the people to their dream destination as long as

they agree where to go which does not usually occur in the

real setting and the world is evidently expose to peoples’

clashes but when clashes or misunderstanding is resolve

exemplary outcomes are expected.

D. Vital Social unit and Institution

1. Family

a) Definition of Terms,

Family is the most basic social institution in a society, and is a

system of organized relationship involving workable and dependable

ways of meeting basic social needs. It is a group of persons united by

the ties of marriage, blood or adoption; constituting a single household,

interacting and interacting and intercommunicating with each other in

their respective social roles of husband and wife, mother and father,

son and daughter, brother and sister, creating a common culture

(Burgress and Locke). It is also the biological social unit composed of

husband, wife and children. (Eliot and Merrill).

In addition, according to Puja Mondal shared article, family is an

intimate domestic group made up of people related to one another by

bonds of blood, sexual mating or legal ties. It is the smallest and most

basic social unit, which is also the most important primary group found
in any society. It is the simplest and most elementary group found in a

society. It is a social group consisting of a father, mother and one or

more children. It is the most immediate group a child is exposed to. In

fact, it is the most enduring group, which has tremendous influence on

the life of an individual, from birth until death. It also accounts for the

most enduring social relationship found in society.

b) Characteristics of Family

The following are the characteristics of a family according to Puja

Mondal shared article.

 Family is a universal group.

 Family is based on marriage.

 Family provides an individual with a name.

 Family is the group through which descent or ancestry can be

traced.

 Family is the most important group in any individual’s life.

 Family is the most basic and important group in primary

socialization of an individual.

 Family is generally limited in size, even large, joint and extended

families.

 Family is the most important group in society.

 Family is based on emotions and sentiments which base their

ties on mating, procreation, maternal and fraternal devotion, love

and affection.

 Family is a unit of emotional and economic cooperation.

 Family members share duties and responsibilities.

  Family is made up of husband and wife, with or without children

by natural or adopted

 Family is made up of different social roles

c) Structure and Classifications of Family

The following are the structures of family according to Rajul Sharma

review article.

 Based on dominance the family classified as;

o Patriarchal Family
A family where the male is the
head of the family and the authority is
vested in him. Descent and property
is passed through the male line and
children are brought up in father’s
house. Such families are patrilocal in
Fig 5.15.Patriarchal Family
nature. (Mondal, P.)

o Matriarchal Family

A family where woman is the

head of the family, authority is vested
in her and it is mostly found in
matrilineal societies. Succession of
property is through the female line
such as only daughters inherit the Fig 5.16.Matriarchal Family
property. (Mondal, P.)
 Based on residence the family is classified as;

o Matrilocal Family

A family where husband goes and live

in the house of his wife and it is mostly found
in in matriarchal societies. (Mondal, P.) Fig 5.17.Matrilocal Family

o Patrilocal Family
A family where wife goes and live in
the house of her husband after marriage and
it is mostly found in patriarchal societies.
(Mondal, P.)
 Fig 5.18.Matrilocal Family

a. Changing Residence Family

A family where it stays in the husband’s house for

some time, and moves to wife’s house, stays there for a
period of time, and then moves back to husband’s parents, or
starts living in another place. (Child Trends Data Bank)

 Based on marriage the family is classified as;

o Monogamous Family
A family where man
marries one woman only at
a time

Fig 5.19.Monogamous
Family

o Polygamous Family

A family where one man

marries many women at
one time

Fig 5.20.Polygamous Family

o Polyandrous family

A family where one woman

marries many men at one
time

Fig 5.20.Polyadrous Family

 Based on ancestry family classified as:

o Matrilineal family

A woman is believed to be
the ancestor of the family.

o Patrilineal family Fig 5.21.Matrilineal Family

An ancestry continues
through the father

Fig 5.22.Patrilineal Family

 Based on Birth, family classified as;

o Family of Orientation

The family in which an individual is born is his family of

orientation.

o Family of Procreation

The family where an individual sets up after

his/her marriage is his/her family of procreation.

 Based on Nature of Relations, family classified as;

o Conjugal Family

A family that made up of adults among whom

there is a sexual relationship. A family system of spouses
and their dependent children and its emphasis is on
marital relation and not on marriage.
 o Consanguine Family

A family that made up of members that are blood

related such as a family consisting of parent(s) and
children, or siblings.

 Based on State, the family classified as;

o Nuclear Family

A family consisting of a husband, a wife and children,

natural or adopted and it’s more or less an autonomous unit
that is not under the control of adults or elders of the family.
It consists of two generations only.

o Joint Family

According to Iravati
Karve, a joint family is a
group of people, who
generally live under the same
roof, who eat food cooked at
one hearth, who hold
property in common, and
who participate in common
family worship and are
related to each other as Fig 5.23.Joint Family
some particular type of
kindred.

The following are some of the types of family :

 Nuclear Family

It is the traditional type of a

family. It is one group, which
consists of two adults and their
children, often referred to as
immediately family.
Fig 5.24.Nuclear Family
 Extended Family

Aside from two parents with

their children, the family is joined in

by relatives who lived with them

Fig 5.25.Extended Family
like, grandparents, cousins,

Aunties/Uncles.
 Working Parents Family
Both parents are working,
it could be one or both work
abroad & children are left with
their relatives or grandparents,
cousins, aunties/uncles.

Fig 5.26.Working Parents

Family

 Single Parent Family

This type of family refers to

the setup in which either the
mother or father alone takes the
Fig 5.27.Single Dad Family
responsibility of caring for the
child/children. Another situation
resulting in single parent family is
having a child without having
gotten married. Fig 5.28.Single Mom Family
  Blended Family

This is setup is consists of a

couple wherein one or both of them
 Childless Family
have children from previous marriage
or relationship. In many instances it
happens to remarriage cases.
Fig 5.29.Blended Family

 Childless Family

A family situation when couples

don’t have child of either by choice or

due to certain circumstances. Fig 5.30.Childless Family

 Other Family Setups/Frameworks

It is where couples who live together as a common-law

or domestic partners.

d) Functions of Family in the Society

The following are the functions of family in the society according to the

study of Anastasiu.

The sociological significance of the family is an imperative area

that is needed to be understood. Family regarded as the foundation of

human society. It contributes an important part in the formation of a

human society, because men, women and children are bind in a

relationship only through family. Within their family, they learn various

kinds of cultures, norms and values that individuals are required to

practice in order to become an efficient member of the community. For

example, the parents of a person teach him that he should always

interact with people in a polite manner, he should always treat others

with respect, kindness and courtesy. When he understands these

values in his family, only then he is able to implement them efficiently

within the society (Family, n.d.).

The various functions of the family can be sum up into the

following:

 Regulation of Sexual Behavior

It requires a finding that is there is no society or

community, which leaves the individuals to direct their

sexual behaviors as they want, but there are a whole set

of written and unwritten rules and norms that forbid

certain ways of sexual behavior. In most of the societies,

sexual behavior is influenced by certain religious beliefs,

values and norms.

 Reproduction

The second function that fulfills the family within the

society. Each society requires new generation of people

in order to replace old people. If there is absence of

reproduction, then merely it would lead to disappearance

of the society. Migration, request and conquest of the

other societies are not merely the ways that would lead to

formulation of a society.
 Economic Co-operation

This function has an important role within the family. In

the traditional society, family constitutes the basic

economic unit, in understanding of the economic co-

operation, the family has the main objective of satisfying

the basic needs, such as food, clothing, housing, health

care requirements, monetary resources and comfort. In

the present modern societies, the economic aspects

belonging to the family were taken over by the other

social institutions.

 Education

Individuals belonging to all the backgrounds, areas and

communities have recognized the significance of

education. Whether a person acquires high educational

qualifications or possesses the basic literacy skills of

reading, writing and arithmetic. The educational

 qualifications are provided to an individual through his

family, parents make efforts to send their children to

schools and colleges and in improving their educational

qualifications.

 Affection, Protection and Emotional Support

These factors are vital for the existence of the individuals.

In order to develop the aspects of uprightness, morality

and values, an individual requires affection, cordiality,

protection and emotional support. The family members

possess these responsibilities of improving self-

confidence, and support in relation to difficulties and

problems. In the absence of psychological requirements,

a person can encounter lot of problems in leading to

operative growth and development.

 Social Status

Family contributes in granting of a social status to an individual.

Wherever a person goes, he illustrates his identity on the basis of the

family that he belongs to. Factors such as, caste, class, creed, race,

religion, background, ethnicity and nationality are conferred to the

individual by the family that he belongs to. Acquisition of good

education and sustainability of the living conditions are the main

objectives of an individual; he is required to work hard in order to

achieve these, and he acquires all the support and assistance by his

family members.
 d) The Role of Family in Raising Children and

Taking Care of Old Parents.

Family of a child is a significant area that would lead to his or

her productive existence. Family serves important functions that are

integral to the development of a person. Kid’s education should starts

at home. It shapes a child’s behavior through experiences gained

through the years. Parental encouragement played a crucial role in the

success of the children. Parents have the responsibilities of life-giving

and loving ways of raising them. It is a responsibility of parents to

provide basic needs of the children like; food, shelter, clothing &

education. A child will get his/her love inside the family and we all know

that love holds the greatest importance in the family. Family is the one

that instill proper behavior & good character. It also offers a stable

companionship, cultivates the talents of children, and teaches them

that they are capable and precious as unique and unrepeatable

persons created in the image of God.

According to Katarína Cimprichová Gežová, family is often

described as the most important educational unit. You can deeply know

somebody by understanding their family backgrounds. Almost certainly

they will establish the same values and manners in their own lives and

families. It is not right to say that one parent is more important than

another one, while the mother certainly has the most important role in

children’s lives in the prenatal period, later on the fathers and the

mother’s roles gradually balance. The particularity of both roles

consists in the fact that a father with his highest effort is not able to

provide what needs to be provided by a mother and vice versa. Each

one of them has their own characteristics.

"The father´s behavior towards the mother is an open book of

life experiences for both, a son and a daughter. He is a source of their

thoughts about men. A good father is an ideal for his daughter and an

example for his son." (Štrbová, 2004, p. 18). "A mother plays one of the

most social roles and expressions of human towards human. This

requires a lot of self abandonment, generosity and kindness. That is

the reason “mother” is the most beautiful word, the symbol of love and

self-sacrifice. Children shall be thankful to their mother. She is not only

a creator of new life but also helps to form future generations."

(Rozinajová, 1990, p. 161). Mother is a symbol of heart, love,

tenderness and care.

2. Church

a) Definition of Church and Religion

Religion is the human being's

personal, feeling-appreciation of its

relations to the Infinite Life, the God-Life. It

is also socially defined patterns of beliefs

concerning the ultimate meaning of life; it

assumed the existence of the Supernatural. Fig 5.31.Church

(Rodney Stark)
 Church is a visible society of baptized Christians professing the

same faith under the authority of the invisible head (Christ) and the

authority of the visible head (the pope and the bishops in communion

with him). (Roman Catholic definition). It is also the term used to

designate the institution of society which has interested itself practically

and theoretically in matters of ethics and religion.

The English word church (or the Scottish kirk or the German

kirche) is derived from the late Greek kyriakon which meant “the Lord’s

house.” This word is in turn derived from an earlier version of the Greek

used for Sacred Scripture, where we find the word ekklesia. When the

Old Testament was translated into Greek to produce the Septuagint

version, the word ekklesia was used for the Hebrew word kahal,

meaning the religious assembly of God. Kahal also distinguished God’s

covenant people from all others.

b) The Role of Church to Education

According to Villiers, Etienne 2009, in the area of soul and spirit

churches teach that life is more than a material existence but we are

made in the image and likeness of God. Religious education makes a

distinctive contribution to the school curriculum by developing pupil’s

knowledge and understanding of faith and religion, religious beliefs,

practices, language & traditions and their influence to individual,

communities, societies and cultures.

Church educate in the knowledge of the scriptures and salvation

in Christ. It is a ministry in the service of the Gospel and not of

institutional power, in the service of the world. The spiritual guide and a

moral support both in good times, and in critical situations. It is called

to offer a spiritual light over the major problems of the society.

As a social institution, religion helps a society meet its basic

needs. People learn about correct values, the right way to live. Church

provides comfort to people in times of distress and hope when life

presents its inevitable challenges. It is a teaching institution as well as

preaching one.

c) The Role of Church in Values Formation and

Spiritual Foundations of Individuals

The partnership between the churches and the state is a living

symbol of considerable significance and is of value to all involved. It

provides the churches with the opportunity of continuing to make their

traditional and special contribution in the field of education, as

highlighted in the Education Reform Order, 1986. It also offers the state

a large number of dedicated and committed school governors

The practice of religion has beneficial effects on behavior and

social relations: on illegitimacy, crime and delinquency, welfare

dependency, alcohol and drug abuse, suicide, depression, and general

self-esteem. It’s based on a belief that God is involved in the affairs of

humankind. Church can provide a set of values which have the

potential to enable future generations to make life-decisions and

judgments which will lead to personal fulfillment and a healthy

community. As Christians we would add that such an ethical framework

enables the will of God to be discovered. (retrieved from

www.heritage.org › civil-society › report › why-religion-matters-the-im)

d) Effects of Theology in the Sphere of

Sociological Influence

According to John D. Brewer, the predominance of Christian

religion in the apartheid society was reflected in the privileged position

of theology. Except for a few liberal academics at the so-called

“English” universities no-one questioned the existence of Faculties of

Theology at state universities, even though they were for the most part

racially segregated and some had a rather narrow denominational

basis. Student numbers were no problem, because it was a popular

career choice to become a minister of religion. The number of students

was bolstered by the introduction of biblical studies as a university

subject for non-theological students.

The Church can play a vital role in assisting Christians to help

others by providing: food banks – places where people living in poverty

can go and collect some food. They help for the homeless – Housing

Justice is a Christian charity that tries to ensure everyone has a home.

Christianity played a role in ending practices such as human sacrifice,

slavery, infanticide and polygamy. Christianity in general affected the

status of women by condemning infanticide (female infants were more

likely to be killed), divorce, incest, polygamy, birth control, abortion and

adultery. (retrieved from www.heritage.org › civil-society › report › why-

religion-matters-the-im)
 According to Villiers, E. 2009, Theologians played a leadership

role in universities and in society. They served in government

commissions and in the executive committees of national cultural

organizations. The public media sought after their opinion on a

spectrum of public issues. The government’s hesitancy to prosecute

church leaders and theologians reflects something of the exceptionally

high status they had in the previous political dispensation.

3. School

a) Definition of Education and Schools

 Education

It is the transmission of knowledge, skills and

understanding, education plays a significant role in

achieving a good quality of life. It is because education is

importance guidance in human’s life. It can be regarded

as important medium in changing the paradigm shift in

one’s individual. Generally, education is always

associated with the process of delivering skill,

disseminating knowledge and internalizing value.

Practically, individual who equipped with

knowledge can be able to internalize and apply the

knowledge in everyday’s life. In children’s context,

education can be seen as continuing process of their

development, so that they can practice and apply their

 knowledge as preparation in the future. Thus, education

is major aspect of development of any modern society

since if there is a deficit of educated people then society

will stops its further progress.

 School

School is an organization that provides instruction; an

institution for teaching of children. An educational

institution designed to provide learning spaces and

learning environments for teaching of the students or

pupils and a learning institution that should keep learning

in order to stay relevant. It serves as the major role as a

social institution because it is part of our lives and also it

is a major priority. It is useful for meeting the needs of

students to learn more

The word ‘School’ has been derived from the Greek word

‘Skhole’ that means leisure. It was before in the ancient

Greece to utilize leisure time in a systematic way.

School in the modern time is treated as the most suitable, active

and formal agency of education. As per the changing need of

the hour, school develops and grows with its specific goals. It is

emerged out of the demand for education and pressure on the

parents regarding their educational pursuit.

 b) Essential Functions of Schools and Purpose of

Schooling

 Conservation and promotion culture

o The school conserves the valuable culture, tradition, values

of the society and helps in promoting and developing these

with the rolling of the time. It also spreads the store of culture

to the next generation.

o All-round development of the individual:

For all-round development of the individual school has a

package of programmes. Through its different activities, it

draws out the hidden potentialities of the child and develops

them in a proper way.

o Development of higher values of life:

School helps in developing and cultivating good and higher

values like truth, sympathy, love, cooperation, etc. in child.

Through different social interactions and moral teachings, it

spreads the message of righteous living in a society.

o Development of social responsibility:

School is called a society in miniature. Because in

schoolchild shares his feelings with various children coming

from different strata. So he learns the lessons of social duty,

responsibilities and understanding the feelings of others. So

school helps in social change and social control.

 o Citizenship training for leadership:

School creates the first civic society for the child. So child

learns the duty and civic rights for the country as a

responsible citizen. So school trains the lessons of

citizenship to a child.

o Adjustability in society:

School prepares child to face the problems of the society. So

proper adjustment and application of learned knowledge can

be checked and guided by school. So the main function of

the school is to develop adjustment capacity of an individual.

o Vocational training:

Through different activities, school provides training in

different vocations. It also cultivates the values of dignity of

work and labor. It prepares children to face any challenge in

the future to solve their bare necessities.

 The purpose of schooling:

o Intellectual Purpose

To teach basic cognitive skills such as reading, writing and

mathematics to transmit specific knowledge

o Political Purpose

To inculcate allegiance to the existing political order

(patriotism)
 o Social Purpose

To socialize children to various roles, behaviours, and values

of the society. This process is referred to by sociologist as

socialization is a key ingredient in the stability of any society.

o Economic Purpose

To prepare students for their later occupational roles and to

select, train and allocate individuals into the division of labor.

At present, Family, Church and School as decisive educational

factors have the responsibility of increasing cooperation towards the

education and formation of children and young people so that they live

a harmonious life in their families and in the society, and also to

become citizens of the heavenly fatherland.

4. Government

a) Roles of the Government in Education:

According to teacherph.com, Education in both private and public

educational sectors are both beneficiary to the society since both of

this institutions emphasizes that education is a natural right of all

individuals and it has a critical social contributions especially in

economic development. Hence, it is essential for the government to

spend for it as it evidently gives progressive outputs.( “Legal bases of

Philippine Educational System”)

The following are the Roles of Government in Education Are supported

by gcg.gov.ph and teacher.ph:

 Government can subsidize education in several forms including

school fees for low-income parents.

o education fights poverty, the government will be significantly

investing in its future economy and status

o a higher percentage of educated members or elites means

that the country is rich

o eradicate illiteracy among its people

 Provision of meals in schools

o ”many students fail to show up in schools because of lack of

food at home (Friedman, 2015)

o many students lack the focus and concentration due to this;

therefore the student fails

o provision of food in schools could capture many students

 Provides equality in Education

o government ensures that the public schools offer a high

quality of knowledge of the learners

o teachers are to be well-trained and experienced

 Provision of free education

o school should be taken as the universal factor or necessity

and a need for every individual

o every student could be running for with equal opportunities

nationwide so inferiority could have been dismissed (Landry

and Neubauer, 2016)

 o percentage of school dropouts due to school fees could be

minimized since anyone could learn freely without spending

more

o free education increases the illiteracy level in the country

thus education development

 Ensures that teachers are well paid so that they are motivated in

their services.

o underpayments make teachers lose morale in their work

which could provide inferior services to the learners

o government should act in ensuring that teachers are catered

for well at all cost

o motivated teachers could always double their effort

 F. Should put in place rules that could check to eliminate

outdated syllabus

o Out dated syllabus misdirects many teachers and learners

(Friedman, 2015)

o wrong outline could lead to improper planning and

schedules in the teaching and learning activities

o frequent checking of the program could help students reach

foe excellent performance and desired goals since they will

be working on the right lane (Ranson and Tomlinson 2018)

o effective syllabus act as a tool for excellent performance

 Should ensure that private institutions interested in carrying out

educational activities meet certain standards.

o private institution is fit for learning and all that the institution

could partake (Horn and Paslov,2014)

o private institutions are not higher than usual in such a way

that the parents are discriminated

 Should act towards empowering school leaders and teachers

towards professional responsibility and set standards and

support for quality learning prospects

o make it mandatory for anyone who wants to train to have

passed through specialized training

o establish training centres for teacher training

o could further their educations to the higher level and in effect

could give back to the Community

b) RA 9262 "The Anti-Violence Against Women

And Their Children Act Of 2004"

 Under the( VAWC) or Violence against woman and their children

act,abuses from the following must be addressed by this law:

o Husband or ex-husband

o Live-in partner or ex-live in partner

o Boyfriend/girlfriend or ex-boyfriend/ex-girlfriend

o Dating partner or ex-dating partner

 o The Act classifies violence against women and

children (VAWC) as a public crime.

Summary of the law:

Under this law, women and their children can file temporary or

permanent protection orders and imprison the abusers who violated the

law. The violations under this law includes Physical, psychological,

sexual violence and economic abuse to women and children. If the

offender is proven guilty he would pay ranging P100,000 to P300,000

and imprisonment that would last depending on the weight of the crime.

c) House Bill No. 5735 “Student Discipline And

Teacher Protection Act”.

Summary of the law:

Base on the description of the law stated on

education.findlaw.com, the law promotes the proper discipline that a

student must have to keep educational process conducive to learning

and not environmentally threatening to both parties. The code of

student discipline could help the students know what not to do and may

determine if the actions they made are punishable or not. This law also

protects the teachers from the false accusations that could be used

against them for this law will help the educator in determining the

punishment that they are allowed to imply to misbehaving or violent

student.(“Student Conduct and Discipline”)

The webpage also included the following essential components of

Students Code of Conduct, schools can still add more of it as long as

the add-ons will not violate laws and approved by educational

stakeholders:

 Student Expectations

o behavioural and moral guidelines that the school

expects each student to follow

 Prohibitions

o specific behaviours that students are forbidden from

engaging in

 Pledge

o a pledge to abide by the school's code of conduct that

students usually must sign

 Discipline Process

o how and when a student may be disciplined, as well as

the different punishments that may be imposed

The following are the allowable disciplinary actions in schools that was

also stated on the webpage, these punishment may excuse students’

with learning disability or mental health issue:

 Referral to Administrators or Detention

o for minor offenses

 Suspension

o for more egregious behaviour

 Removal to an Alternative Education Program

o for students with recurring behavioural problems

 Expulsion
 o for students who have committed serious crimes or who

have caused or threatened physical harm to fellow

students or school staff members

d) Free Tuition Law and Scholarships for

undergraduate and post-graduate studies

(Batas Pambansa Bilang 232 "Education Act of

1982")

According to teacherph.com ,This law was approved and provided for

the following on May 26,1988:

 Free public secondary education to all qualified citizens and

promote quality education at all level.

 No tuition or other fees shall be collected except fees related to

membership in the school community such I.D., student

organization and publication.

 Non- payment of these shall not hinder a student from enrolment

or graduation.

 Nationalization of all public secondary schools ( Section 7)

 A student who fails in majority of his academic subjects for two

consecutive years could no longer avail of their program.

(“legal bases of philippine educational system”)

 e) Republic Act 10931 “Universal Access to Quality

Tertiary Education Act”

According to candymag.com, In line with the mandate of our

Constitution, the State must uphold the right of all citizens to quality

education at all levels. This law seeks to make tertiary education in all

State Universities and Colleges free of tuition for its students and fully

subsidized by government.(“The free tuition law”)

According to the said webpage aside from free tuition it also includes

the following:

 It covers other fees as well.

RA 10931 includes "library fees, computer fees,

laboratory fees, school ID fees, athletic fees, admission

fees, development fees, guidance fees, handbook fees,

entrance fees, registration fees, medical and dental

fees, cultural and other similar or related fees."

The government will also provide a stipend for poor

students. It also establishes a loan program for students

who are in need.

 The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) said in June

2016 that it will offer cash grants to medical students in public

medical schools.

o But it is not free for all.

  The free tuition fee only applies to undergraduate students who

are taking a bachelor's degree for the first time.

o This means that those who are going to get their second

degree are ineligible.

 The same thing also applies when taking vocational or certificate

courses in technical-vocational institutions.

 Students who have a bachelor's degree from a private or public

institution or those who already finished a vocational degree

before are not eligible anymore.

 A student should finish the degree on the allotted period of time.

o Failure to do so will mean that you have to pay the fees

themselves during the exceeding period of time.

5. Race and Social Class

a) Definition of Race and Social Class

According to teach-nology.com, race and social class are defined as

the following:

Race

The concept of race has historically signified the division of

humanity into a small number of groups based upon five criteria: (1)

Races reflect some type of biological foundation, be it Aristotelian

essences or modern genes; (2) This biological foundation generates

discrete racial groupings, such that all and only all members of one

race share a set of biological characteristics that are not shared by

members of other races; (3) This biological foundation is inherited from

generation to generation, allowing observers to identify an individual’s

race through her ancestry or genealogy; (4) Genealogical investigation

should identify each race’s geographic origin, typically in Africa,

Europe, Asia, or North and South America; and (5) This inherited racial

biological foundation manifests itself primarily in physical phenotypes,

such as skin color, eye shape, hair texture, and bone structure, and

perhaps also behavioral phenotypes, such as intelligence or

delinquency

Social Class

Social class refers to people having the same social or

economic status; "the working class"; "an emerging professional class"

(“Race and Social Class:”

b) Effects of Race and Social Class in Students’

(Educational Challenges and Success)

According to teach-nology.com, Education in the formalized

setting of classrooms and school districts is still the process of human

being teaching other human beings about the world around them. It is

hardly surprising in this context that every aspect of the teacher's and

student's personality and mental make-up is a factor in the process of

education. So issues such as race and class play a part in the way

education is imparted and absorbed.

Social class is a persistent reality that defines the way any one of us

approaches life. A teacher may set out to make students learn the

study skills needed for math in a given class but if the classroom is an

economically weak neighbourhood and the worksheets refer to

problems with people spending enormous amounts on luxury goods,

one can readily see the disconnect between student and lesson here.

In this case, the worksheet may well distract a student from learning

the intended skill for that day.

According to the webpage, race is in some senses a more overt

marker and in that sense is probably more likely to be registered in the

way it influences education. A student of Native American heritage in a

middle school social studies classroom is likely to raise issues about

the Westward Expansion, if he or she has heard a story of their tribe in

a different context. While a teacher has to make every effort to teach

historical facts with impartiality, it is not always easy to play to the role

of objective observer and personal prejudices are hard to avoid. The

United States has a rich a colorful history of races coming together and

yet unfortunately this has not always been a harmonious process.

While it is tempting to teach future generations to not dwell on the

injustices of the past, this can be unfair to different races. Depending

on the age level of the children, it is best to deal with the unpleasant

aspects of our national history also because otherwise children from

racial minority families may well fret about the glossing over off reality.
 It was stated on the wep page that, race and social class also

affect education in other ways. Very often people from a racial minority

group or a lower income family do not have a family history of higher

education. If the parents or grandparents have not had access to

education, the child that comes from such a family is not likely to have

had anybody read to them or even have had to opportunity to be

exposed to many books. As all educators know, this can be a

disadvantage when these children are placed in a class where many

other children have had tremendous exposure to the written word.

They may seem like slow learners even though all it really means is

that they are getting a late start. The teachers have to be aware of

these crucial differences and ensure that these children do not label

themselves as weak or poor students. An encouraging environment

and a little focused help can go a long way in helping disadvantaged

students catch up and these needs to be handled with empathy and

sensitivity. It makes sense to create teachers resources that cater to

different levels and also to have assessment rubrics that factor in such

details.

Furthermore, the webpage also added; while education should

ideally be untouched by race, class or gender, it is an unreal

expectation. We live in a world defined by these elements and so our

educational process should factor these in when the plans are drawn-

up early in the year. To not acknowledge the role of race and social

class may leave a teacher feeling unprepared even if he or she has

meticulous lesson plans. A good teacher should have the ability to be

responsive to students who are dealing with situations influenced by

racial differences or evidence of social distinction.

c) Inclusive Education for Children and Youth with

Special Needs Act

According to masters-in-special-education.com, this law was created

for students with disabilities and special needs may need individually

planned and systematically delivered teaching techniques.

Special education programs work to help individuals develop not only

their academic skills, but also the personal skills that help them

become self-sufficient members of the community.

Special education programs became obligatory in 1975 to prevent

discrimination by public educational institutions against individuals with

disabilities. The National Center for Education Statistics reported that,

as of 2013, approximately 13 percent of all students in public schools

were receiving special education services.

The webpage also presented this list:

1. Education for All Handicapped Children Act

Passed by Congress in 1975, this was the first special education law

directed at students with physical and mental disabilities. The law

stated that public schools must provide children with special needs with

the same opportunities for education as other children. It also required

any public school that received federal funds to provide one free meal

a day for these children.

The mission of this act was to:

 make special education services accessible to children

who require them;

 maintain fair and appropriate services for disabled

students;

 institute systematic evaluation requirements for special

education; and

 endow federal resources to public schools for the

education of disabled students.

2. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, or IDEA, was created in

1990 and is a modification of the Education for All Handicapped

Children Act. This law ensures that special needs students receive

appropriate free public education in the least restrictive environment

necessary to meet those students’ needs. It helps students receive the

extra assistance they need but allows them to participate in the same

activities as children without special needs whenever possible.

3. No Child Left Behind

In 2001, the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, commonly

known as the No Child Left Behind Act, called for schools to be

accountable for academic performance of all students, whether or not

they had disabilities. The act requires schools in every state to develop

routine assessments of students’ academic skills. While it does not

stipulate that these assessments meet a national standard, the law

does oblige each state to come up with its own criteria for evaluation.

No Child Left Behind provides incentives for schools to demonstrate

progress in students with special needs. It also allows for students to

seek alternative options if schools are not meeting their academic,

social or emotional needs.

4. Individualized Education Programs

The IDEA maintains that parents and teachers of children who qualify

for special education must develop an Individualized Education

Program, or IEP, that helps establish specific education for a child’s

explicit needs. This requires caregivers to meet initially to determine a

child’s eligibility for an IEP and to come together annually to develop

and assess the educational plan.

The student’s educational strategy must be designated in writing and

should include an evaluation and description of the current academic

status, measurable goals and objectives, designation of an instructional

setting and placement within that setting and transition services for

children aged 16 or older. An IEP gives parents the right to dispute any

issues with the school district through a neutral third party.

6. Students with Disabilities and Post-secondary School

 The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the Americans with

Disabilities Act of 1990 forbid discrimination in schools based on

disability. This applies to colleges and universities as well as

elementary, middle and high schools. Many students with special

needs go on to study at the post-secondary level, but the laws are

slightly different for post-secondary schools. The law does not require

post-secondary schools to provide a free appropriate public education

to students, but it does oblige schools to offer suitable academic

adjustments and accessible housing to students with disabilities.

6. Adolescents and Youth

a) Definition of Adolescent and Youth

Adolescence

Adolescence is the transitional phase of growth and development

between childhood and adulthood. The World Health Organization

(WHO) defines an adolescent as any person between ages 10 and 19.

This age range falls within WHO’s definition of young people, which

refers to individuals between ages 10 and 24.

Youth

The Filipino youths are considered as the most valuable resource of

the country. The “Youth in Nation-Building Act” (RA 8044) which was

enacted in 1995 established the National Youth Commission and the

National Comprehensive and Coordinated Program on Youth

Development. This act defined the Filipino youth as those with ages

15-30.
 b) Struggles of young generation

The following are the list of struggles of the young generation

according to verywellfamily.com:

 Depression

o According to The National Institute of Mental Health, an

estimated 3.2 million adolescents in the United States

had at least one major depressive episode in 2017. That

means about 13 percent of teenagers may experience

depression before reaching adulthood.

 Bullying

o According to the Department of Health and Human

Services, about 20% of teens in the U.S. experienced

bullying in 2017.3 One reason for this is the rise of social

media use by teens, which has made bullying much

more public and more pervasive. In fact, cyberbullying

has replaced bullying as the common type of

harassment that teens experience.

 Sexual Activity

o Based on the 2017 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance

data, 39.5% of high school students reported being

sexually active. That means sexual activity had declined

slightly over the past decade.

 Drug Use
 o In 2017, about 6% of seniors reported using marijuana

daily. Marijuana use exceeds cigarette use is in teens

now.6 In fact, many teens believe marijuana is less

harmful now than in years past. This new perception

may be due to the changing laws surrounding

marijuana.

 Alcohol Use

o As of 2017, alcohol use and being drinking showed a

significant decline among teenagers. Despite the

decline, 33.2% of high school seniors still report drinking

alcohol within the past month.

 Obesity

o According to the Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention, about 19% of 12- to 19-year-olds were

obese in 2016, with Hispanic and black children are

more likely to be overweight or obese.

 Academic Problems

o About 6% of high school students drop out of high

school each year in the United States, according to the

National Center for Education Statistics.9 A high school

dropout is likely to earn $200,000 less over his lifetime

when compared to a high school graduate, which can

have a significant impact on a young person's future.

  Peer Pressure

o While peer pressure isn't a new issue, social media

brings it to a whole new level. Sexting, for example, is a

major cause for concern as many teens do not

understand the lifelong consequences that sharing

explicit photos can have on their lives. But sharing

inappropriate photos are not the only things kids are

being pressured into doing. For instance, more and

more kids are being pressured into having sex, doing

drugs, and even bullying other kids.

c) Generation Gap

According to teachingbanyan.com, Generation Gap or

Generational gap means a kind of difference in the thoughts, lifestyle,

work of interest and opinions among people of different age groups.

Generation is generally divided into three partitions one is childhood,

second is middle life and third is old age. Usually, a family includes

members of all these three generations with the title of children,

parents, and grandparents under one roof having different thoughts

and views. People of the new generation are complete with a changed

mental status, which are according to this new advanced technology of

the 21st century. Mostly people of the old generations still neither want

nor try to accept new advanced electronic technology of the 21st

century and this gap of the physical and mental strength of people of

different age groups is called the generation gap.(“Generation Gap”)

According to teachingbanyan.com, Reasons for Generation Gap

are: communication gap, strictness about old mentality, competition

around the world and advance technology are the main reasons for the

generation gap. The generation gap is not mean by difference of age

but it actually means the overall difference which includes the style of

living, way of talking, different thoughts and views, non-accepting

attitude towards other cultures and traditions between old and new

generations. The nuclear family is also the reason for the generation

gap where generally children and their grandparents could not get in

touch with each other and this separation creates a generation gap. .

(“Generation Gap”)

a) Bridging the Gap

According to teachingbanyan.com we can bridge the gap created by

generation differences keeping the following in mind:

Lack of communication is the biggest reason for the generation gap

thus firstly members in a family should decide to spend time with each

other whether on the dining table, so that they can connect with each

other and try to understand other’s areas of interest including their

morals and values. New Generation should respect and value their

elders by following his or her culture and traditions. On the other side,

the old generation should also try to connect with the young generation

and their preferences to make compatibility with each other.

In short, a generation gap happens due to the constant changes in the

world. While we may not stop the evolvement of the world, we can

strengthen the bond and bridge the gap it creates. Each person must

respect everyone for their individuality rather than fitting them into a

box they believe to be right.

7. Culture and its Influence in Education

a) Ways of Education in transmitting culture.

The following are some ways of Education in transmitting culture

according to un.org;

 Society must provide its members with the tools of

communication language become crucial for education. Kenyan

schools teach English and Kiswahili as the major languages of

communication.

 Society must teach its members skills and knowledge related to

material culture. Disciplines like agricultural science, natural

sciences, vocational education are taught in schools.

 Aesthetic values are taught through arts, music among others.

Spiritual or moral education is taught through religion and by

precept. Members of the society learn about their environment

by studying geography and natural sciences.

 Individual learns how to live in society through study of history,

sociology, anthropology, government procedures and laws,

 political science and others. Schools therefore transmit the

culture of the day. For example in Kenya today through the 8-4-

4 system of education, emphasis is on technical and agricultural

subjects for the purposes of enhancing self-employment.(“

society development”)

b) How does culture impact our ability to learn?

c) How do teachers address gaps created from

cultural Diversity?

According to brown.edu,when educators think about diversity in the

classroom, culture may be one of the characteristics that cross their

mind. But as they select their curriculum and develop their lessons,

most teachers are not accounting for how culture will impact a

student’s ability to participate and learn, says Almitra Berry-Jones,

Ed.D., nationally recognized speaker, author, and consultant on the

topic of culturally and linguistically diverse learners at-risk. In her

edWebinar, “Cultural Relevance and Academic Equity in the Age of

ESSA,” Berry-Jones explained how understanding the impact of

culture, adopting a student-first mindset, and creating multiple points of

engagement with the same content will help teachers move toward

academic equity in their classroom.(“Culturally Responsive Teaching”)

According brown.edu, to truly engage students, we must reach out to

them in ways that are culturally and linguistically responsive and

appropriate, and we must examine the cultural assumptions and

stereotypes we bring into the classroom that may hinder

interconnectedness.

The following could help in addressing the gap according to the said

page:

 Overcoming Stereotypes

To engage students effectively in the learning process,

teachers must know their students and their academic

abilities individually, rather than relying on racial or

ethnic stereotypes or prior experience with other

students of similar backgrounds.

Many teachers, for example, admire the perceived

academic prowess and motivation of Asian American

students and fail to recognize how even a "positive"

stereotype isn't positive if it presses students into molds

not built for them individually.

Hear elementary school teacher, Diane Holtam, speak

about how she works with other teachers to disabuse

stereotypic notions of Asian American students' abilities.

 Culturally Responsive Teaching

Culture is central to learning. It plays a role not only in

communicating and receiving information, but also in

shaping the thinking process of groups and individuals.

A pedagogy that acknowledges, responds to, and

 celebrates fundamental cultures offers full, equitable

access to education for students from all cultures.

Culturally Responsive Teaching is a pedagogy that recognizes the

importance of including students' cultural references in all aspects of

learning (Ladson-Billings, 1994).

Some of the characteristics of culturally responsive teaching are:

o Positive perspectives on parents and families

o Communication of high expectations

o Learning within the context of culture

o Student-centered instruction

o Culturally mediated instruction

o Reshaping the curriculum

o Teacher as facilitator

d) Ways of implementing Multicultural Education

and Inclusive Education

Multicultural education hasn’t always been what it is today. In fact, it’s

grown a lot through the years. It has a pretty extensive and surprising

history that most people know nothing about.

The start of multicultural education was not multicultural education

itself, but, instead, it started with ethnic studies. After ethnic studies

were implemented into classrooms, multi-ethnic studies came next.

Schools saw that ethnic studies were not expansive enough and that

much more needed to be covered. Through multi-ethnic studies, all

variables in school environments and how these variables influenced

the cultural lives of students were touched upon. Still, more needed to

be covered, so multicultural education was created.

Multicultural education encompasses everything multiethnic education

teaches, but it is much more expansive. Multicultural education now

includes teaching about exceptionality, gender, and social class. These

are all important factors when discussing any topic, and multicultural

education recognizes this.

Multicultural education is constantly being seen in more schools

throughout the world. It is constantly expanding and constantly

growing. We expect great things to come from multicultural education

in the future.

 Why Do We Need Multicultural Education?

As schools are becoming more diverse, the achievement gap

between students of other ethnic backgrounds is widening.

Students who immigrated from different countries may have

difficulty finding relevance in the ’ curriculum, and the absence

of ethnic groups in the curriculum makes it difficult for those

students to find areas to connect.

 Students learn best when they can make personal connections

to the content, which further exemplifies the need for a

curriculum that addresses all cultures and ethnicities. The

implementation of multicultural education in schools can lead to

academic success for students of diverse ethnic backgrounds as

well as teach all students to value diversity and work together in

an increasingly diverse society.

 Multicultural Approach in the Classroom (The case of the

Philippine Educational System)

It is clearly evident in many classrooms today the rich and

colorful diversity of todays society in most parts of the world.

Mere educating of the children is no longer enough nowadays

as such the educational setting is even more revolutionized. The

schools and learning environments must work for all the aspects

and must consider the diverse cultures of the communities they

serve.

As such the students of this generation are exemplified with

different learning styles, habits, cultural orientation and socio-

economic background, there must be high observance on the

implementation of multicultural education in every classroom of

the world.

Eventhough there is a limited budget for the education sector,

the Philippines have multicultural education in both schools and

nonschool activities to conform to the changing needs of the

students of the modern generation (Mitchell Salsbury, p. 259).

The Office of the Deputy Minister for Higher Education (now

 Department of Education) is the responsible to ensure that

multicultural education is properly observed inside the

classrooms of the country (Mitchell Salsbury, p. 259).

In the Philippines educational system, the issue of the multicultural

education which is considered as a problem that has plagued many

other countries in the world is properly addressed. For instance, there

are different ethnic groups that can be found inside the classrooms of

the country. These include the Catholics, Muslims, Buddhists,

Protestants, Animists, Chinese, Mestizos, and native Filipinos (Mitchell

Salsbury, p. 259). Albeit their different cultural, social and religious

orientation, these students are receiving equal and fair treatment from

their teachers in terms of the subject content, class discussion, cultural

and religious exploration and the like.

Moreover, in the Philippine school setting, there is no racial

discrimination among gender, social classes, economic status and

religious affiliations. Boys and girls are given fair treatment inside the

four walls of the classroom. The teachers are not speaking about the

color, religion, economic stability and gender of the students. These

things are not big deal inside the school in terms of their treatment to

the students. Though the country is not financially stable with regards

to the program, efforts are still being made to solve the issue on

multicultural education within the context of the countrys educational

system (Mitchell Salsbury, p. 261).

This type of educational scenario was developed due to the pressing

needs of the stakeholders of education to understand and

acknowledge the differences of the students in many ways so that the

plurality in education will be highly observed. The teachers and other

stakeholders of the country realized that there should be a need for the

adaptation of the multicultural education in order to suffice the needs of

the diverse students.

And to conform to the revolution of todays education, the country,

particularly its schools, genuinely adhere to the principles of

multicultural approach. Though this requires ample time, money and

effort, the observance of multicultural education in the classroom is

indeed a great choice for every educational institutions as such it will

bring high degree of success in all the aspects of education.

One of the advantages of observing multicultural education in the

classroom is the elimination of racism and sexism among the students.

Through teaching the culturally different approach, there will be an

attempt to raise the academic achievement of the students of color

through culturally relevant instruction (Sleeter, p. 30). It should be

noted always that eventhough students have differences, there should

be equal opportunities inside the classroom as such education is a

right of everyone. The aim of the schools should be to encourage the

full development of the students regardless of the diverse racial, ethnic

and gender groups of the students (Banks, p3. ). Educators, hence,

must eliminate all structures of education that impede learning of the

ethnic minorities and women. There should be equal opportunities

between the man and woman or between the rich and poor so that

there would be a sense of multiculturally responsive classroom

approach in the schools. This is thus the reason why in the countrys
educational set-up, equal opportunities are given to the students

regardless of gender. For instance, the students whether boys or girls

are given the opportunity to participate in all the activities of the

classroom such as recitation, discussion, project making and the like.

Multicultural education approach, moreover, promotes the idea of

democracy in a pluralistic society. It is through this approach of

education, students learn to value cultural knowledge and differences

(Sleeter, p. 40). This is a good value that the students might learn with

the multicultural approach. As they understand the diversity of the

educational setting, they are implicitly learning also the sense of

democracy and fairness within themselves which will be very helpful to

the students when they are ready to face the realities of the society.

Nevertheless, the practice of multicultural education is not that easy

because there are a lot of considerations which need to be taken. In

the multicultural classroom, there must be a culturally responsive

curriculum to suffice the needs of the different students. The teacher

should prepare a lesson which will consider the subject matter as well

as the diverse culture of the students. For instance, in this set up, the

teacher may present a view of mathematical thinking that incorporates

the ways in which culture and mathematics are related and intertwined

(Nielson, p. 234). In sciences, the study of environments can be done

from the perspectives of the diversity of cultural understanding.

Eventhough this would mean additional and laborious tasks on the part

of the teachers, it is better as compared to monocultural as such there

will be a high manifestation of learning not only in the subject matter

but also in the culture of their respective orientations. While the

students are learning the subject matter that they need to accomplish,

they are likewise acquiring a sense of the understanding the different

cultures that the different students posses in their classroom.

In the teaching and learning process of the multicultural approach,

likewise, there is a need for various teaching strategies to cater the

various learning needs of the different learners inside the classroom. In

this case, the teachers must consider that students are confined with

the multiple intelligences and each type needs different teaching

maxims (Armstrong, p. 29). When teaching a particular subject, the

teacher must not only use devices which are intended for the visual

learners but also to the other types of learners such as auditory, tactile,

and the like. For instance, the teacher may provide visual aid for the

visual learners, recordings and sounds for the auditory and practical

application for the tactile type of learners. Through this, there would be

less discrimination in the different types of learners. The students find

no discrimination as such all of them are being addressed with their

different learning needs.

Along with the diversity of the curriculum and the teaching strategies to

suffice the needs of the diverse culturally responsive learners are the

diverse culturally oriented stakeholders of the education. The change in

the school setting from monocultural to multicultural approach should

be a hand in hand effort of all the stakeholders of the education which

include, aside from the students, teachers, administrators, parents,

community leaders and government. On the case of the Philippine

educational system, the teachers are the ones who observe

multicultural approach of education inside the school through

observance of the anti-discrimination acts not only in the school but as

well as in the whole community. The teacher, furthermore, cannot

alone do all the tasks to maintain fairness and justice inside the school.

The other stakeholders of education also take their parts in maintaining

an education with an environment free from prejudice, racism and

discrimination. Education of today’s generation should incorporate

multitude of voices in multicultural society so that there would be

effective observance of multiculturalism (Banks, p. 3). This means that

education should be treated as a thing tantamount to equality and

fairness. And the country successfully achieved this goal through the

collaborative efforts of the teachers, administrators and the other

stakeholders of education in the community.

Though it requires too much persistence and hard work not only on the

part of the teachers but as well as on the part of the students,

administrators, community leaders and government, multicultural

education is a great revolution in the country as such it will not only

develop and enhance the educational setting itself but also the

perception of the world to justice, fairness and equality. There are tons

of ways that educators can approach multiculturalism in K-12

classrooms but the first step is recognizing its importance.

 E. Filipino Values

a) Definition of Values

Values are shared ideas about what is

acceptable, right or wrong. They represent the

ideals of the culture. They are considered to be

a moral necessity and notion about what

should be or not.

b) Definition of Filipino Values

Philippine values have been derived from

various influences of ancestors such as Aeta,

and diverse colonizers such as Spanish,

Americans, and Japanese (Isabel S. Panopio,

1981) Most of these values are partly good

and partly bad. Here are some of them.

c) Positive Filipino Values

Bayanihan system or
spirit of kinship and
camaraderie
A Filipino community spirit and cooperation, wherein a group of
individuals extends a helping hand without expecting any
remuneration.
https://pixels.com/
Fig.5.32.Bayanihan
Damayan system
This is showing sympathy
for people who lost their
loved ones. In case of the
death of a certain member
of the community, the
whole community
sympathizes with the
Fig.5.33.Damayan
bereaved family.
https://www.philstar.com/

Familism or close family

relations
A Filipino trait of giving the
highest importance to
family above other things.

https://www.liberaldictionary.com/
Fig.5.34.Familinism

Fun-loving trait
A trait found in most
Filipinos which makes
them unique that even in
times of calamities and
other challenges in life,
they always find
something to be happy
about. Fig.5.35.Fun-loving trait
 http://filipinocares.blogspot.com/

Hospitality
A Filipino trait of being
receptive and generous to
guests.

Fig.5.36.Hospitality

https://news.mb.com.ph/
Friendly
A trait in most Filipinos
which describes them
as sincere, loyal, kind
and sociable
individuals.

https://www.madmonkeyhostels.com/
Fig.5.37.Friendly

Flexible
The ability of Filipinos to
ride on or adjust to the
norms of other groups just
to attain smooth and
harmonious relationships.

Fig.5.38.Flexible
 https://www.slideshare.net/

Religious
Most Filipinos possess
strong conformance of their
religious belief in action and
in words.

Fig.5.39.Religious

https://cnnphilippines.com/life/culture/2019/4/16/holy-week-
filipinos.html

Respect to Elders
A Filipino trait of being
courteous both in words and
in actions to the people of
older people.

Fig.5.40..Respect

https://www.clipart.email/clipart/respect-elders-clipart-146666.html

Debt of Gratitude
The feeling of obligation to repay
someone who extended
assistance to another.

Fig.5.41..Gratitude
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bcBedQCfUwc

Negative Filipino Values

“Whatever will be, will be” or
Bahala na attitude
A Filipino trait characterized by
retreating from certain
undertakings and leaving the
outcome of one’s deeds to
destiny or luck.

Fig.5.42..Bahala na attitude

https://www.expatch.org/2012/05/23/bahala-na/

Colonial complex or blue-

seal mentality
A Filipino value of showing
high admiration and
preference to foreign-
produced goods over local
ones.

Fig.5.43.Colonial mentality

www.google.com

Crab Mentality
A Filipino attitude
characterized by an
attempt to pull down
someone who has
achieved success
beyond the others.
 https://www.pinterest.com/
Fig.5.44.Crab mentality

Filipino Time
A Filipino trait that
disregards the value of
being on time. It
means being late
always.

https://primer.com.ph/tips-guides/2016/02/15/expat-guide-filipino-time/

Gaya-gaya attitude
A Filipino attitude of
imitating or copying Fig.5.45.Filipino Time
other cultures
specifically in the
mode of dressing,
language, fashion or
even haircut.

Fig.5.46.Gaya-gaya

https://www.slideshare.net/ChinChayEspariz/the-filipino-values

Procrastination
A trait of delaying or
setting aside a certain
task assigned to the next
day even though it can
be done today.
 Fig.5.47.Procastination
https://niaailaaguila.wordpress.com/2018/10/13/manana-habit/
Ningas-cogon
A trait of being
enthusiastic only at the
start of a new
undertaking but ends
dismally in
accomplishing nothing.

Fig.5.48.Ningas-cogon

Oversensitive
A trait of having the
tendency to be irritated
easily or get hurt.

Fig.5.49.Oversensitive
https://thedailyroar.com/asia/philippines/filipinos-are-sensitive-people/

Pakikisama
A trait of submitting oneself
to the will of the group for
the sake of camaraderie and
unity.
 Fig.5.50.Pakikisama
https://www.slideshare.net/ChinChayEspariz/the-filipino-values

Lack of Sportsmanship
The tendency of not
accepting defeat in the
competition.

Fig.5.51.Lack of Sportsmanship

www.google.com

d) Filipino Values as Counterproductive culture

◦ Culture of Toleration

The culture of toleration is deeply rooted in

religion. When someone is abused or

maltreated in any form by someone, the

grieved person is usually counseled to leave it

all unto God. This kind of mental and emotional

conditioning negatively impacts the personality

of an individual or group. This weakens one’s

spirit to protect one's rights and human dignity.

 ◦ Culture of Survival

This trait denotes that in order to survive, every

possible thing must be done in order to

maintain one’s existence even if it violates the

common social norms. Survival in any manner

is a radical response to the call of the culture of

life.

e) Positive and Negative Effects of internet

exposure to Filipino Values

The Internet is a double-edged sword. This gives Filipinos the

chance to compare the local values and cultures with those of other

countries. This has been essential in helping people avoid those

unacceptable traits. On the other hand, the Internet also exposes

Filipinos to the wonderful values of other nations. This sounds good,

but this leads to becoming too engrossed in other nation’s way of living

that results in fading culture and weakened nationalism.

According to We Are Social's Global Digital Report 2019, there

are 76 million active Filipino social media users – 71 percent of the

entire population – who spend more or less four hours a day on various

online platforms. That is despite the country’s lackluster internet speed

which averages at 15 Mbps. Facebook takes the lead as the most

visited social media.

 Filipinos are sociable and are known for close familial ties.

Facebook is the most popular means to connect with their loved ones

both domestically and internationally.

Students nowadays turn to the Internet to get information

instead of going to the library. This has changed the way people do

research. Also, the youth have turned to social media to express

apathy and discontentment. Nowadays, it can be observed that youth

activism – as young people have the strongest presence in Philippine

social media – have taken on to both actual and cyber streets.

With all the false and factual information being fed to users over

the internet, the Philippines has turned into a hotbed of misinformation.

Thus, certain groups have started the advocacy of teaching students

media literacy to protect them from being misled.

Internet usage in the Philippines will continue to grow and

become part of every Filipino's daily life. Virtual contents will continue

to play an integral part of local culture. Media literacy and the ability to

discern a fact from a lie can result in positive experience online.

F. LGBTQ in Education

 Introduction to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender and

Queen (LGBT) Students

The LGBTQ+ is a community of lesbians, gays, bisexuals,

transsexuals, queer, or simply the homosexuals. For the longest period

of time this community had been persecuted, exploited and worse,

stripped off their basic human rights simply because of their true
identity. But as years passed by, and as many of these individuals

fought for their freedom, they are at least accepted, recognized, and is

considered to be part of the society.

Before 1960’s being part of this society was taught to be a sickness,

only then on the latter part of late 60’s that the said belief was

corrected. During this time, many activists for human rights alongside

and their allies finally realized that these group of people exist, and that

they will never be silent anymore simply because they manifest the

truest version of themselves.

From about 1988, activists began to use the initials LGBT in the United

States. Not until the 1990s within the movement did gay, lesbian,

bisexual, and transgender people gain equal respect. This spurred

some organizations to adopt new names, such as the GLBT Historical

Society did in 1999. Although the LGBT community has seen much

controversy regarding universal acceptance of different member

groups (bisexual and transgender individuals, in particular, have

sometimes been marginalized by the larger LGBT community), the

term LGBT has been a positive symbol of inclusion.

Overall, the use of the term LGBTQ has, over time, largely aided in

bringing otherwise marginalized individuals into the general community.

Challenges of the LGBTQ+ community

There are many challenges that this community is facing even up to

this time. But now more than ever, this community have been strong
enough to keep its flag at high and be able to rise from the piles of

criticism out of nothing but pure hate. Through time the community had

learned to identify the sources of those various challenges of which all

boils down to hate and misconception about the existence of the said

group. But indeed, in this new era of time, we are very fortunate that

the world has slowly come into its senses of realization, tolerance and

most importantly understanding of the complexity and the beauty that

lies in the colorful spectrum of their community.

The major impacts of the LGBTQ+ in the field of education in this 21 st

century

 Give importance towards the beauty that lay down in the sea of

diversity

 Challenges the existing norms and traditions

Highlighted the goal of education which is all about attaining an

inclusive education

 Supported the goal of the UNHR (United Nations on Human

Rights) which is the declaration of everyone’s basic human

rights

 Questions the predetermine notion of what is accepted or not

Expanded the horizon of learning

Allies for pursuing the inclusion of LGBTQ education in the Philippines

UCCP (United Church of Christ in the Philippines):

“Let grace be total”

“LGBTQ should not be discriminated but should be unconditionally

accepted in the fellowship and membership of the church”

--Bishop

Reul Marigza

HRW (Human Rights Watch)

ATP (Association of Transgender People in the Philippines)

Photos from Photobucket.com

Fig.5.52
LGBTQ IN EDUCATION

In recent years the Philippines has become a more inclusive and open

place for all people; as a nation we’ve been challenged to grow in our

understanding and appreciation of difference in many areas of life. The

Fig.5.53.LGBTQ
past two decades in particular have
brought about unprecedented change for our country’s lesbian, gay,

Bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) population.

Fig.5.56.LGBTQ
But what does really LGBTQ mean? LGBTQ is an acronym for lesbian,

gay, bisexual, transgender and queer or questioning. These terms are

used to describe a person’s sexual orientation or gender identity.

LESBIAN - A woman whose enduring physical, romantic, and/or

emotional attraction is to other women. Some lesbians may prefer to

identify as gay or as gay women.

GAY - The adjective used to describe people whose enduring physical,

romantic, and/or emotional attractions are to people of the same sex.

Sometimes lesbian is the preferred term for women.

BISEXUAL - A person who has the capacity to form enduring physical,

romantic, and/or emotional attractions to those of the same gender or

to those of another gender. People may experience this attraction in

differing ways and degrees over their lifetime. Bisexual people need

not have had specific sexual experiences to be bisexual; in fact, they

need not have had any sexual experience at all to identify as bisexual.
TRANSGENDER - An umbrella term for people whose gender identity

and/or gender expression differs from what is typically associated with

the sex they were assigned at birth. People under the transgender

umbrella may describe themselves using one or more of a wide variety

of terms— including transgender. Many transgender people are

prescribed hormones by their doctors to bring their bodies into

alignment with their gender identity. Some undergo surgery as well. But

not all transgender people can or will take those steps, and a

transgender identity is not dependent upon physical appearance or

medical procedures.

QUEER - An adjective used by some people, particularly younger

people, whose sexual orientation is not exclusively heterosexual.

Typically, for those who identify as queer, the terms lesbian, gay, and

bisexual are perceived to be too limiting and/or fraught with cultural

connotations they feel don’t apply to them. Some people may use

queer, or more commonly genderqueer, to describe their gender

identity and/or gender expression. Once considered a pejorative term,

queer has been reclaimed by some LGBT people to describe

themselves; however, it is not a universally accepted term even within

the LGBT community.

QUESTIONING - Sometimes, when the Q is seen at the end of LGBT,

it can also mean questioning. This term describes someone who is

questioning their sexual orientation or gender identity.

 1. Experiences of School among LGBTQ young people

Research conducted among schools in the Philippines reveals that

many young LGBTQ people, or those perceived to be LGBTQ, have a

negative experience in school due to homophobic and transphobic

bullying and harassment, which affects their life chances and often has

negative mental health impacts.

A major research study done about LGBTQ carried out by Higgins et al

(2016) confirmed the findings that the most common age of realization

of LGBTQ identity is 12 years. Higgins et al (2016) found that people

are coming out at a younger age and the gap between ‘knowing and

telling’ is narrowing. The age of realization of trans identity is generally

much younger than sexual orientation identity. Kennedy & Hellen

(2010) found that the majority of transgender respondents were aware

that they were trans before they left primary school.

‘Coming out’ is the term used to describe the process through which a

person realizes that they are lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender and

begins to disclose their sexual orientation or gender identity to others.

The process also involves developing a positive identity as an LGBTQ

person.

It was further found out that found that the period between initial

awareness of one’s sexual orientation or gender identity and coming

out was generally experienced as difficult, daunting and traumatic;

many people attributed this to fear of rejection, isolation and/or

harassment in school. Consequently, if a young person comes out

whilst still at school it is important that they receive support,

understanding and respect.

2. Awareness of LGBTQ come out

1. Schools should communicate a message to all students that

diversity is welcomed and respected. It is critical that a young

LGBTQ person discovering their sexual orientation or gender

identity feels supported and valued, regardless of whether or not

they come out.

2. Only if school authorities have legitimate cause for concern for

the student’s safety should engagement with the student’s

parents/guardians be made without consulting the student .

Often a young person experiences intense fear of rejection by

his/her family and consequently finds it easier to come out to

others first. A positive experience of coming out to others, where

they are met with acceptance, is critical to safeguarding the

young person’s mental health and well-being; it can also lessen

the young person’s fear of disclosing to his/her family and

friends.

3. The school should also consider other aspects of identity that

might be relevant to a student coming out, for example culture,

religion or disability.
4. Individual teachers have a significant role in responding to a

student who comes out to them. It presents an opportunity to

engage in awareness raising educational activities that build

understanding and empathy.

a) Practical Arrangements

1. Curriculum - In line with the Department of Education Anti-

Bullying Procedures, the school should provide education and

awareness-raising opportunities to broaden understanding of

gender and transgender identity, and to ensure clarity on the

distinction between the concepts of sexual orientation (being

heterosexual, bisexual, gay or lesbian) and gender (being male

or female). Education and awareness-raising strategies should

be aimed at increasing understanding and respect for difference;

central to this is the use of correct terminology and appropriate

language.

2. Single-gender activities - To the extent possible, best practice

suggests schools should reduce or eliminate the separation of

students by gender during school activities. In situations where

this is necessary, such as for certain Physical Education

classes, transgender students should be included in the group

that corresponds with their preferred gender identity.

3. School Uniforms - Many schools require students to wear a

school uniform. All students, including transgender students,

should be expected to follow the school uniform policy and to

comply with set policies on use of make-up, appropriate dress,

 jewelry, etc. Students who are transgender or intersex should be

permitted to wear a uniform that is consistent with their gender

identity. For some schools this will present more of a challenge

than others. For many schools, variation in the uniform is

available (i.e. trousers, skirts and tracksuits). Any special

accommodations should be worked out with the student and

his/her parents/guardians. At a minimum a gender-neutral option

should be offered. The main consideration is that each student

should feel safe and supported to express themselves through

their clothing whilst maintaining school uniform/dress code

regulations.

4. Toilets and changing rooms - All students should feel safe and

supported when accessing toilet and changing facilities. LGBTQ

students should be able to access toilet and changing facilities

that correspond with their gender identity. Being able to access

gender neutral toilets may be particularly important during

transition; gender neutral toilets might be provided by re-naming

a disability toilet as a unisex toilet/changing facility. Other

students and their families may feel uncomfortable with a

transgender student using the same gender-specific facilities.

This discomfort may be rooted in an unfounded assumption of

inappropriate behavior on the part of the student who is

transgender and consequently it is not a reason to deny access

to the transgender student. However, it is important to address

this discomfort and to foster understanding of gender identity in

 order to create a school culture that respects and values all

students and prevents transphobic bullying.

3. Roles in support of LGBTQ students

a)The role of Principals and other School Leaders

Role of Principals and other school leaders

There are several requirements on principals and school leaders,

particularly in relation to addressing homophobic and transphobic

bullying. They play a key role in creating a positive school climate

within which bullying is unacceptable.

The principals and school leaders must help promote the Anti-Bullying

Policy. The anti-bullying policy must be regularly highlighted and

promoted on a school-wide basis, with particular attention being given

to informing incoming students and their parents guardians.

The support of principals and school management can make a

significant difference to LGBTQ teachers. Such support can be

demonstrated by reference to LGBTQ people in all policy and staffing

issues, for example by the inclusion of a statement such as ‘staff will

not be discriminated against in employment and promotions on any

ground, including sexual orientation or gender identity’. Where a

Dignity at Work policy exists, this may provide a very relevant

framework for such a statement.

 b)The role of Teachers

All teachers play an important role in supporting the holistic

development of young people in schools and promoting a positive

school climate and culture that is welcoming of difference and diversity.

 Investigate and deal with all reports of bullying, including

anonymous reports

 Keep appropriate written records for each case where bullying

has occurred, according to the procedures outlined in the

school’s anti-bullying policy

 The relevant teacher should explore with the school community

how students can report bullying, including through anonymous

reporting

 Recognize that there are LGBTQ people in their school and

encourage students to seek support where relevant.

c)The role of Guidance Counsellors

Guidance counsellors are core members of student support teams or

equivalent. The guidance counsellor is often the person a student may

choose to tell that they are lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender. The

guidance counsellor should consider the following points and

responses:
  Willingness to talk about LGBTQ issues can be demonstrated by

displaying posters and LGBT related information. Most LGBTQ

students will see this as an indication that you are positively

disposed to LGBTQ people.

 Guidance counsellors should be aware of bias and its potential

impact and provide support sensitively should the following

forms of bias are challenged.

 Guidance counsellors must ensure that they have up-to-date

contacts and information available for the LGBTQ students

which will enable them to provide constructive and meaningful

support.

4. LGBTQ People in School Policies: Creating a positive

School Climate and Culture.

a) Current Issues

SOGIE BILL

The Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Expression (SOGIE])

Equality Bill, also known as the Anti-Discrimination Bill is a proposed

legislation of the Congress of the Philippines. It is intended to prevent

various economic and public accommodation-related acts of

discrimination against people based on their sexual orientation, gender

identity or expression. The current versions of the bill are championed

by Kaka Bag-ao, Geraldine Roman, and Tom Villarin in the House of

Representatives and Risa Hontiveros in the Senate. The version in the

House of Representative passed its third reading most recently on

September 20, 2017, but died in the Senate. It has been refiled for the

18th Congress. The passed house version of the bill would have

penalized discrimination with a fine of not less than ₱100,000 but not

more than ₱500,000, or imprisonment of not less than one year but not

more than six years or both, depending on the court's decision.

SOGIE Bill does not give special treatment or special rights. What it's

trying to do is correct an imbalance in the law, pointing to the

provisions in the bill that state that under the law, LGBTQ+ individuals

will gain protection against hate speech and SOGIE-based

discrimination in private and government workplaces, schools

(including parents/legal guardians), and in obtaining assistance and

services. The bill also prohibits forced medical or psychological

evaluations and harassment in handling of criminal cases.

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