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bell hooks

Gloria Jean Watkins (born September 25, 1952),

Gloria Watkins
better known by her pen name bell hooks,[1] is an
American author, professor, feminist, and social
activist. The name "bell hooks" is borrowed from her
maternal great-grandmother, Bell Blair Hooks.[2]

The focus of hooks' writing has been the

intersectionality of race, capitalism, and gender, and
what she describes as their ability to produce and
perpetuate systems of oppression and class
domination. She has published more than 30 books
and numerous scholarly articles, appeared in
documentary films, and participated in public
lectures. She has addressed race, class, and gender
in education, art, history, sexuality, mass media,
and feminism.[3] In 2014, she founded the bell
hooks Institute at Berea College in Berea,
Kentucky.[4]
Gloria Watkins in October 2014
Born Gloria Jean Watkins
Contents September 25, 1952
Hopkinsville, Kentucky, U.S.
Biography
Early life Education Stanford University (BA)
Career University of Wisconsin, Madison
(MA)
Influences
University of California, Santa Cruz
Teaching to Transgress: Education as the
Practice of Freedom (PhD)

Teaching Community: A Pedagogy of Hope Occupation Author, academic, feminist and

social activist
Feminist Theory
Media theory Known for Oppositional gaze
Film theory Notable work Ain't I a Woman?: Black
Women and Feminism (1981)
Criticism
Feminist Theory: From Margin
Filmography to Center (1984)
Awards and nominations All About Love: New Visions (2000)
Select bibliography We Real Cool: Black Men and
Books Masculinity (2004)
Children's books Parent(s) Veodis Watkins
Book chapters Rosa Bell Watkins
See also Website bellhooksinstitute.com (http://bellho
References oksinstitute.com)
Further reading
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External links

Biography

Early life

hooks was born in Hopkinsville, a small, segregated town in Kentucky, to a working-class family.[5]
Her father, Veodis Watkins, was a custodian and her mother, Rosa Bell Watkins, was a homemaker.
She had five sisters and one brother. An avid reader, she was educated in racially segregated public
schools, and wrote of great adversities when making the transition to an integrated school, where
teachers and students were predominantly white. She later graduated from Hopkinsville High School
in Hopkinsville, Kentucky. She obtained her BA in English from Stanford University in 1973, and her
MA in English from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1976.[6]

In 1983, after several years of teaching and writing, she completed her doctorate in literature at the
University of California, Santa Cruz, with a dissertation on author Toni Morrison.

Career

hooks's teaching career began in 1976 as an English professor and senior lecturer in Ethnic Studies at
the University of Southern California.[7] During her three years there, Golemics, a Los Angeles
publisher, released her first published work, a chapbook of poems titled And There We Wept (1978),
written under the name "bell hooks". She adopted her maternal great-grandmother's name as a pen
name because her great-grandmother "was known for her snappy and bold tongue, which [she]
greatly admired". She put the name in lowercase letters "to distinguish [herself from] her great-
grandmother." She said that her unconventional lowercasing of her name signifies what is most
important is her works: the "substance of books, not who I am."[8]

She taught at several post-secondary institutions in the early 1980s and 1990s, including the
University of California, Santa Cruz, San Francisco State University, Yale, Oberlin College and City
College of New York.[9] In 1981 South End Press published her first major work, Ain't I a Woman?:
Black Women and Feminism, though it was written years earlier while she was an undergraduate
student.[10] In the decades since its publication, Ain't I a Woman? has gained widespread recognition
as an influential contribution to feminist thought.[11]

Ain't I a Woman? examines several recurring themes in her later work: the historical impact of
sexism and racism on black women, devaluation of black womanhood, media roles and portrayal, the
education system, the idea of a white-supremacist-capitalist-patriarchy, the marginalization of black
women, and the disregard for issues of race and class within feminism. Since the publication of Ain't I
a Woman?, she has become eminent as a leftist and postmodern political thinker and cultural critic.
She targets and appeals to a broad audience by presenting her work in a variety of media using
various writing and speaking styles. As well as having written books, she has published in numerous
scholarly and mainstream magazines, lectures at widely accessible venues, and appears in various
documentaries.

She is frequently cited by feminists[12][13][14] as having provided the best solution to the difficulty of
defining something as diverse as "feminism", addressing the problem that if feminism can mean
everything, it means nothing. She asserts an answer to the question "what is feminism?" that she says
is "rooted in neither fear nor fantasy... 'Feminism is a movement to end sexism, sexist exploitation
and oppression' ".[15]

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She has published more than 30 books, ranging in topics

from black men, patriarchy, and masculinity to self-help,
engaged pedagogy to personal memoirs, and sexuality (in
regards to feminism and politics of aesthetic/visual culture).
A prevalent theme in her most recent writing is the
community and communion, the ability of loving
communities to overcome race, class, and gender
inequalities. In three conventional books and four children's
books, she suggests that communication and literacy (the
ability to read, write, and think critically) are crucial to
developing healthy communities and relationships that are
bell hooks in 2009 not marred by race, class, or gender inequalities.

She has held positions as Professor of African-American

Studies and English at Yale University, Associate Professor of Women's Studies and American
Literature at Oberlin College in Oberlin, Ohio, and as Distinguished Lecturer of English Literature at
the City College of New York.

In 2002, hooks gave a commencement speech at Southwestern University. Eschewing the

congratulatory mode of traditional commencement speeches, she spoke against what she saw as
government-sanctioned violence and oppression, and admonished students who she believed went
along with such practices. This was followed by a controversy described in the Austin Chronicle after
an "irate Arizonian"[16] had criticized the speech in a letter to the editor.[17] The newspaper reported
that many in the audience booed the speech, though "several graduates passed over the provost to
shake her hand or give her a hug".[16]

In 2004, she joined Berea College in Berea, Kentucky, as Distinguished Professor in Residence,[18]
where she participated in a weekly feminist discussion group, "Monday Night Feminism"; a luncheon
lecture series, "Peanut Butter and Gender"; and a seminar, "Building Beloved Community: The
Practice of Impartial Love". Her 2008 book, belonging: a culture of place, includes a candid
interview with author Wendell Berry as well as a discussion of her move back to Kentucky.[19] She has
undertaken three scholar-in-residences at The New School. Mostly recently she did one for a week in
October 2014. She engaged in public dialogues with Gloria Steinem,[20] Laverne Cox,[21] and Cornel
West.

Influences
Those who have influenced hooks include African-American abolitionist and feminist Sojourner
Truth (whose speech Ain't I a Woman? inspired her first major work), Brazilian educator Paulo
Freire (whose perspectives on education she embraces in her theory of engaged pedagogy), Peruvian
theologian and Dominican priest Gustavo Gutiérrez, psychologist Erich Fromm, playwright Lorraine
Hansberry, Buddhist monk Thich Nhat Hanh, African-American writer James Baldwin, Guyanese
historian Walter Rodney, African-American black nationalist leader Malcolm X, and African-
American civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr. (who addresses how the strength of love unites
communities).[22][23] Hooks says of Martin Luther King Jr.'s notion of a beloved community, "He had
a profound awareness that the people involved in oppressive institutions will not change from the
logics and practices of domination without engagement with those who are striving for a better
way."[24]

Teaching to Transgress: Education as the Practice of

Freedom

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In her 1994 book Teaching to Transgress: Education

as the Practice of Freedom, hooks writes about a
transgressive approach in education where educators
can teach students to "transgress" against racial,
sexual, and class boundaries in order to achieve the
gift of freedom. To educate as the practice of freedom,
bell hooks describes it as "a way of teaching that
anyone can learn."[25] Hooks combines her practical
knowledge and personal experiences of the classroom
with feminist thinking and critical pedagogy. Hooks
investigates the classroom as a source of constraint
but also a potential source of liberation. She argues
that teachers' use of control and power over students
A bell hooks quote graffiti (translated to
dulls the students' enthusiasm and teaches obedience
Armenian) on a wall in Yerevan in the days
to authority, "confin[ing] each pupil to a rote,
leading up to Armenia's Velvet Revolution. The
assembly-line approach to learning."[26] She original quote is "To be oppressed means to be
advocates that universities should encourage students deprived of your ability to choose."
and teachers to transgress, and seeks ways to use
collaboration to make learning more relaxing and
exciting. She describes teaching as a performative act and teachers as catalysts that invite everyone to
become more engaged and activated. Performative aspect of learning "offers the space for change,
invention, spontaneous shifts, that can serve as a catalyst drawing out the unique elements in each
classroom."[25] Hooks also dedicated a chapter of the book to Paulo Freire, written in a form of a
playful dialogue between herself, Gloria Watkins and her writing voice, bell hooks.[27] In the last
chapter of the book, hooks raised the critical question of eros or the erotic in classrooms
environment. According to hooks, eros and the erotics do not need to be denied for learning to take
place. She argues that one of the central tenets of feminist pedagogy has been to subvert the mind-
body dualism and allow oneself as a teacher to be whole in the classroom, and as a consequence
wholehearted.[28]

Teaching Community: A Pedagogy of Hope

In 2004, 10 years after the success of Teaching to Transgress, bell hooks published Teaching
Community: A Pedagogy of Hope. In this book, hooks offers advice about how to continue to make
the classroom a place that is life-sustaining and mind expanding, a place of liberating mutuality
where teacher and student together work in partnership.[29] She writes that education as a practice of
freedom enable us to confront feelings of loss and restore our sense of connections and consequently
teaches us how to create community.[29] She locates hope in places of struggle where she witnessed
individuals positively transforming their lives and the world around them. For hooks, educating is
always a vocation rooted in hopefulness.[29]

Feminist Theory
Noting a lack of diverse voices in popular feminist theory, hooks published Feminist Theory: From
Margin to Center in 1984. In this book, she argues that those voices have been marginalized, and
states: "To be in the margin is to be part of the whole but outside the main body."[30] She argues that
if feminism seeks to make women equal to men, then it is impossible because in Western society, not
all men are equal. She claims, "Women in lower class and poor groups, particularly those who are
non-white, would not have defined women's liberation as women gaining social equality with men
since they are continually reminded in their everyday lives that all women do not share a common
social status."[31]

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She used the work as a platform to offer a new, more inclusive feminist theory. Her theory
encouraged the long-standing idea of sisterhood but advocated for women to acknowledge their
differences while still accepting each other. Hooks challenged feminists to consider gender's relation
to race, class, and sex, a concept which came to be known as intersectionality. She also argues for the
importance of male involvement in the equality movement, stating that for change to occur, men
must do their part. Hooks also calls for a restructuring of the cultural framework of power, one that
does not find oppression of others necessary.[32]

Part of this restructuring involves allowing men into the feminist movement, so that there is not a
separationist ideology, so much as an incorporating camaraderie. Additionally, she shows great
appreciation for the movement away from feminist thought as led by bourgeois white women, and
towards a multidimensional gathering of both genders to fight for the raising up of women. This
shifts the original focus of feminism away from victimization, towards harboring understanding,
appreciation, and tolerance for all genders and sexes so that all are in control of their own destinies,
uncontrolled by patriarchal, capitalist tyrants.[33]

Another part of restructuring the movement comes from education: hooks points out that there is an
anti-intellectual stigma among the masses. Poor people do not want to hear from intellectuals
because they are different and have different ideas. As she points out, this stigma against intellectuals
leads to the shunning of poor people who have risen up to graduation from post-secondary education,
because they are no longer like the rest of the masses. In order for us to achieve equality, people must
be able to learn from those who have been able to smash these stereotypes. This separation leads to
further inequality and in order for the feminist movement to succeed, they must be able to bridge the
education gap and relate to those in the lower end of the economic sphere. If they are able to do this,
then there will be more success and less inequality.

In "Rethinking The Nature of Work", hooks goes beyond discussing work and raises a pertinent
question that feminists may need to ask themselves. "Many Women active in feminist movement do
not have radical political perspectives and are unwilling to face these realities, especially when they,
as individuals, gain economic self-sufficiency within the existing structure."[34] In "All About Love,"
hooks discusses how a culture of lovelessness feeds the patriarchal system.[35]

Media theory

In her book Reel to Real, hooks discusses the effect that movies have on any given individual, with
specific emphasis on the black female spectator. She argues that, although we know that movies are
not real life, "no matter how sophisticated our strategies of critique and intervention, [we] are usually
seduced, at least for a time, by the images we see on the screen. They have power over us, and we
have no power over them."[36]

hooks focuses on problematic racial representations. hooks has written a number of essays and
articles, and in Reel to Real she describes her experiences growing up watching mainstream movies
as well as engaging in the media. hooks believes that to engage in film was to engage in the negation
of black female representation in the media.[36] hooks states, "Representation is the 'hot' issue right
now because it's a major realm of power for any system of domination. We keep coming back to the
question of representation because identity is always about representation".[36]

Film theory

Asserting that for her, the "gaze" had always been political, bell hooks explains how growing up she
began to grow curious as to how much influence black parents were given as a result of black slaves
being punished for looking at their white owners. She wondered how much had been absorbed and
carried on through the generations to shift not only parenting, but spectatorship as well.[36] In what
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is described as an "oppositional gaze", hooks explains the sometimes overwhelming desire to look
and thus stating that by looking, actually declares a defiantly, "Not only will I stare, I want my look to
change reality."[36] The cinema became a place of critical analysis and a place where black men could
view narratives starring white women without the risk of being lynched or murdered for being
perceived as a threat.[36]

Criticism
Her first book, Ain't I a Woman: Black Women in Feminism, led to some criticism of her being
"ahistorical, unscholarly (there were many complaints about the absence of footnotes), and
homophobic".[37] Hooks does not provide a bibliography for any of her work, making it difficult to
find the editors and publication information for the pieces listed under the "notes" section of her
work.[38] In "Theory as Liberatory Practice," hooks explains that her lack of conventional academic
format was "motivated by the desire to be inclusive, to reach as many readers as possible in as many
different locations as possible".[39]

In "Remembered Rapture: The Writer at Work; By bell hooks; Mother to Mother," Nicole Abraham
criticizes hooks's unconventional format rationalization. Abraham suggests that, if her rationalization
for not providing footnotes and bibliographic information in her writing is that it will help her reach a
broader (presumably a less academic) audience, hooks either assumes the average person has "no
real interest or knowledge about who really wrote what ideas and where we can look for more
thoughts on similar subjects" or "she mean[s] that we are lazy readers who have not the
sophistication to grapple with the complications of an endnote."[40]

Filmography
Black Is... Black Ain't (1994)
Give a Damn Again (1995)
Cultural Criticism and Transformation (1997)
My Feminism (1997)
Voices of Power (1999)
BaadAsssss Cinema (2002)
I Am a Man: Black Masculinity in America (2004)
Writing About a Revolution: A Talk (2004)
Happy to Be Nappy and Other Stories of Me (2004)
Is Feminism Dead? (2004)
Fierce Light: When Spirit Meets Action (2008)
Occupy Love (2012)
Hillbilly (2019)

Awards and nominations

Yearning: Race, Gender, and Cultural Politics: The American Book Awards/ Before Columbus
Foundation Award (1991)
Ain't I a Woman?: Black Women and Feminism: "One of the twenty most influential women's
books in the last 20 years" by Publishers Weekly (1992)
bell hooks: The Writer's Award from the Lila Wallace–Reader's Digest Fund (1994)
Happy to Be Nappy: NAACP Image Award nominee (2001)
Homemade Love: The Bank Street College Children's Book of the Year (2002)
Salvation: Black People and Love: Hurston Wright Legacy Award nominee (2002)
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bell hooks: Utne Reader's "100 Visionaries Who Could Change Your Life"
bell hooks: The Atlantic Monthly's "One of our nation's leading public intellectuals"

Select bibliography

Books
hooks, bell (1978). And there we wept: poems. OCLC 6230231 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62
30231).
hooks, bell (1981). Ain't I a Woman?: Black women and feminism. ISBN 978-0-89608-129-1.
hooks, bell (1984). Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center. ISBN 978-0-89608-613-5.

Throughout the book the author explores various manifestations of her central contentions -
that early feminist theory and practice was limited in scope, and that true feminist movement
has the potential to vastly improve the lives of men and women alike.

hooks, bell (1989). Talking back: Thinking feminist, thinking Black. ISBN 978-0-921284-09-3.
hooks, bell (1990). Yearning: race, gender, and cultural politics. ISBN 978-0-921284-35-2.
With Cornel West, hooks, bell; West, Cornel (1991). Breaking bread: insurgent Black intellectual
life (https://archive.org/details/breakingbreadins00hook). ISBN 978-0-89608-414-8.
hooks, bell (1992). Black looks: race and representation. ISBN 978-0-89608-434-6.
hooks, bell (1993). Sisters of the yam: Black women and self-recovery. ISBN 978-1138821682.
hooks, bell (1994). Teaching to transgress: education as the practice of freedom (https://archive.o
rg/details/teachingtotransg0000hook). ISBN 978-0-415-90808-5.
hooks, bell (1994). Outlaw culture: resisting representations. ISBN 978-0-415-90811-5.
hooks, bell (1995). Killing rage: ending racism (https://archive.org/details/killingrageendin00hook).
ISBN 978-0-8050-5027-1.
hooks, bell (1995). Art on my mind: visual politics (https://archive.org/details/artonmymindvisua00
00hook). ISBN 978-1-56584-263-2.
hooks, bell (1996). Reel to real: race, sex, and class at the movies. ISBN 978-0-415-91824-4.
hooks, bell (1996). Bone Black: Memories of Girlhood. ISBN 978-0-8050-4146-0.
hooks, bell (1997). Wounds of passion: a writing life (https://archive.org/details/woundsofpassion0
0bell). ISBN 978-0-8050-5722-5.
hooks, bell (1999). Remembered rapture: the writer at work. ISBN 978-0-8050-5910-6.
hooks, bell (2000). Justice: childhood love lessons (https://archive.org/details/allaboutlove00bell).
ISBN 978-0-688-16844-5.
hooks, bell (2000). All About Love: New Visions. ISBN 978-0-06-095947-0.
hooks, bell (2000). Feminism is for everybody: passionate politics (https://archive.org/details/femi
nismisforeve00hook). ISBN 978-0-89608-628-9.
hooks, bell (2000). Where we stand: class matters (http://carbonfarm.us/amap/hooks_class.pdf)
(PDF). ISBN 978-0-415-92913-4.
hooks, bell (2001). Salvation: Black people and love (https://archive.org/details/salvation00bell).
ISBN 978-0-06-095949-4.
hooks, bell (2002). Communion: the female search for love (https://archive.org/details/communion
females0000hook). ISBN 978-0-06-093829-1.
hooks, bell (2003). Teaching community: a pedagogy of hope (https://archive.org/details/teaching
communit00bell). New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-96818-8.
hooks, bell (2003). Rock my soul: Black people and self-esteem (https://archive.org/details/rockm
ysoulblackp00hook). New York: Atria Books. ISBN 978-0-7434-5605-0.

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hooks, bell (2004). The will to change: men, masculinity, and love (https://archive.org/details/willto
changemenm00hook). New York: Atria Books. ISBN 978-0-7434-5607-4.
hooks, bell (2004). Space.[41]
hooks, bell (2004). We Real Cool: Black Men and Masculinity. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-
203-64220-7.
hooks, bell (2005). Soul sister: women, friendship, and fulfillment. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
South End Press. ISBN 978-0-89608-735-4.
hooks, bell (2006). Witness.[41]
With Amalia Mesa-Bains, Homegrown: engaged cultural criticism. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
South End Press. 2006. ISBN 978-0-89608-759-0.
hooks, bell (2009). Belonging: a culture of place. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-88801-8.
hooks, bell (2010). Teaching critical thinking: practical wisdom. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-
0-415-96820-1.
hooks, bell (2012). Appalachian elegy: poetry and place. Kentucky Voices Series. Lexington:
University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-3669-1.
hooks, bell (2013). Writing beyond race: living theory and practice. New York: Routledge.
ISBN 978-0-415-53914-2.

Children's books
Happy to be nappy. Chris Raschka (illustrator). 1999. ISBN 978-0-7868-2377-2.
Homemade Love. New York: Hyperion Books for Children. 2002. ISBN 9780786825530.
Be boy buzz (https://archive.org/details/beboybuzz00hook). New York: Hyperion Books for
Children. 2002. ISBN 9780786816439.
Skin again. Chris Raschka (illustrator). New York: Hyperion Books for Children. 2004.
ISBN 9780786808250.
Grump groan growl (https://archive.org/details/grumpgroangrowl00hook). Chris Raschka
(illustrator). New York: Hyperion Books for Children. 2008. ISBN 9780786808168.

Book chapters
hooks, bell (1993), "Black women and feminism", in Richardson, Laurel; Taylor, Verta A. (eds.),
Feminist frontiers III (https://archive.org/details/feministfrontier0000unse_l0n5/page/444), New
York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 444–449 (https://archive.org/details/feministfrontier0000unse_l0n5/page/4
44), ISBN 9780075570011.
hooks, bell (1996), "Continued devaluation of Black womanhood", in Jackson, Stevi; Scott, Sue
(eds.), Feminism and sexuality: a reader, New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 216–223,
ISBN 9780231107082.
hooks, bell (1997), "Sisterhood: political solidarity between women", in McClintock, Anne; Mufti,
Aamir; Shohat, Ella (eds.), Dangerous liaisons: gender, nation, and postcolonial perspectives (htt
ps://archive.org/details/dangerousliaison0000unse/page/396), Minnesota, Minneapolis: University
of Minnesota Press, pp. 396–414 (https://archive.org/details/dangerousliaison0000unse/page/39
6), ISBN 9780816626496.
hooks, bell (2004), "Selling hot pussy: representations of Black female sexuality in the cultural
marketplace", in Richardson, Laurel; Taylor, Verta A.; Whittier, Nancy (eds.), Feminist frontiers
(5th ed.), Boston: McGraw-Hill, pp. 119–127, ISBN 9780072824230. Pdf. (https://web.archive.org/
web/20160304064830/http://www.feminish.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/bell-hooks-Selling-H
ot-Pussy-representation-of-black-womens-sexuality.pdf)
hooks, bell (2005), "Black women: shaping feminist theory", in Cudd, Ann E.; Andreasen, Robin
O. (eds.), Feminist theory: a philosophical anthology, Oxford, UK; Malden, Massachusetts:
Blackwell Publishing, pp. 60–68, ISBN 9781405116619.

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See also
Biography portal

References
1. Dinitia Smith (September 28, 2006). "Tough arbiter on the web has guidance for writers" (https://w
ww.nytimes.com/2006/09/28/books/28chic.html). The New York Times. p. E3. "But the Chicago
Manual says it is not all right to capitalize the name of the writer bell hooks because she insists
that it be lower case."
2. hooks, bell, "Inspired Eccentricity: Sarah and Gus Oldham" in Sharon Sloan Fiffer and Steve
Fiffer (eds),Family: American Writers Remember Their Own, New York: Vintage Books, 1996,
p. 152.

hooks, bell, Talking Back, Routledge, 2014 [1989], p. 161.

3. "Bell Hooks Biography - life, childhood, children, name, school, mother, young, book, information,
born" (http://www.notablebiographies.com/He-Ho/Hooks-Bell.html). www.notablebiographies.com.
Retrieved April 23, 2016.
4. "About the bell hooks institute | bell hooks institute" (http://www.bellhooksinstitute.com). bell
hooks institute. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
5. "Bell Hooks Biography" (http://www.notablebiographies.com/He-Ho/Hooks-Bell.html).
6. Scanlon, Jennifer (1999). Significant Contemporary American Feminists: A Biographical
Sourcebook (https://archive.org/details/significantconte00scan/page/125). Westport, CT:
Greenwood Press. pp. 125–132 (https://archive.org/details/significantconte00scan/page/125).
ISBN 978-0313301254.
7. Anderson, Gary L.; Anderson, Kathryn G (2007). hooks, bell (1952– ) (vol. 2 ed.). SAGE
Reference. pp. 704–706.
8. Heather Williams (March 26, 2013). "bell hooks Speaks Up" (https://issuu.com/thesandspur/docs/
112-17). The Sandspur – via Issuu.
9. "bell hooks." Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2010. Literature Resource Center. Accessed
June 12, 2018.
10. Teaching to Transgress, p. 52.
11. Google Scholar shows 894 citations of Ain't I a Woman (as of August 30, 2006).
12. Adams, Lauren (February 7, 2012). "Book Review: Feminism is for Everybody by bell hooks" (htt
p://underneathabook.blogspot.com/2012/02/book-review-feminism-is-for-everybody.html).
Underneath a Book. Retrieved December 14, 2013.
13. "10 Years of "Feminism is for Everybody" " (http://msmagazine.com/blog/2010/09/07/10-years-of-f
eminism-is-for-everybody/). Ms. Magazine Blog. September 7, 2010. Retrieved December 14,
2013.
14. "Feminism is for Everybody: Further Discussion" (http://feministclassics.wordpress.com/2012/02/
08/feminism-is-for-everybody-further-discussion/). A Year of Feminist Classics. February 8, 2012.
Retrieved December 14, 2013.
15. bell hooks, Feminism is for Everybody: Passionate Politics, Pluto Press, 2000.
16. Apple, Lauri (May 24, 2002). "bell hooks Digs In" (http://www.austinchronicle.com/news/2002-05-
24/93217/). The Austin Chronicle. Retrieved December 11, 2013.
17. "Postmarks - Southwestern Graduation Debacle" (http://www.austinchronicle.com/columns/2002-
05-24/93184/). The Austin Chronicle. May 24, 2002. Retrieved December 11, 2013.
18. Berea.edu (http://www.berea.edu/appalachiancenter/people/default.asp) Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20100528042644/http://www.berea.edu/appalachiancenter/people/default.asp) May
28, 2010, at the Wayback Machine

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19. Hooks, bell (January 1, 2009). Belonging: a culture of place. ISBN 9780415968157.
OCLC 228676700 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/228676700).
20. Vagianos, Alanna (October 7, 2014). "Gloria Steinem On The Great Part Of Feminism: 'We Have
Each Other's Backs' " (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/10/07/gloria-steinem-bell-hooks-the-n
ew-school_n_5945588.html). Retrieved October 11, 2014.
21. Scherker, Amanda (October 10, 2014). "Laverne Cox And bell hooks Talk How To Survive The
Patriarchy" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/10/08/bell-hooks-laverne-cox_n_5952780.html?i
r=Women). Retrieved October 11, 2014.
22. Notes on IAPL 2001 Keynote Speaker, bell hooks (http://www.iapl.info/CONFERENCE_HISTOR
Y/IAPL_2001/iapl_2001_keynote_speaker.htm) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/200701311
75411/http://www.iapl.info/CONFERENCE_HISTORY/IAPL_2001/iapl_2001_keynote_speaker.ht
m) January 31, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
23. Building a Community of Love, bell hooks & Thich Nhat Hanh (http://www.shambhalasun.com/ind
ex.php?option=content&task=view&id=1844)
24. Brosi, George; Hooks, Bell (January 1, 2012). "The Beloved Community: A Conversation between
bell hooks and George Brosi". Appalachian Heritage. 40 (4): 76–86. doi:10.1353/aph.2012.0109
(https://doi.org/10.1353%2Faph.2012.0109). ISSN 1940-5081 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/194
0-5081).
25. 1952-, hooks, bell (March 18, 2014). Teaching to transgress : education as the practice of
freedom. New York. p. 11. ISBN 9781135200015. OCLC 877868009 (https://www.worldcat.org/ocl
c/877868009).
26. hooks, Teaching to Transgress, p. 12.
27. 1952-, hooks, bell (1994). Teaching to transgress : education as the practice of freedom (https://ar
chive.org/details/teachingtotransg0000hook/page/45). New York: Routledge. pp. 45–59 (https://ar
chive.org/details/teachingtotransg0000hook/page/45). ISBN 978-0415908085. OCLC 30668295
(https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30668295).
28. hooks (1994). Teaching to transgress (https://archive.org/details/teachingtotransg0000hook/page/
193). New York: Routledge. p. 193 (https://archive.org/details/teachingtotransg0000hook/page/19
3).
29. hooks, bell (2003). Teaching community : a pedagogy of hope. Abingdon, England: Routledge.
pp. XV. ISBN 9781135457921. OCLC 846494699 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/846494699).
30. hooks, Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center, p. xvi.
31. hooks, Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center.
32. hooks, p. 92.
33. hooks, p. 74.
34. hooks, bell (1984). Feminist Theory : From Margin to Center. London: Pluto Press. p. 102.
ISBN 978-0-89608-614-2.
35. "All About Love - bell hooks - Paperback" (https://www.harpercollins.com/9780060959470/all-abo
ut-love/). HarperCollins Publishers: World-Leading Book Publisher. Retrieved March 9, 2020.
36. hooks 1996.
37. Bell-Scott, Patricia (1985). "The Centrality of Marginality". The Women's Review of Books. 2 (5):
3–4. doi:10.2307/4019632 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4019632). JSTOR 4019632 (https://www.js
tor.org/stable/4019632).
38. Pettis, Joyce (1986). "A Review of Feminist Theory: From Margin To Center". Journal of Women
in Culture and Society. 11 (4): 788–789. doi:10.1086/494279
(https://doi.org/10.1086%2F494279).
39. Haley, Shelly (1995). "Practicing Freedom". The Women's Review of Books. 7 (6): 10–11.
40. Abraham, Nicole (1999). "Remembered Rapture: The Writer at Work; by bell hooks; Mother to
Mother; by Sindiwe Magona". Southern African Feminist Review. 3 (2): 101.
41. "bell hooks" (https://www.berea.edu/appalachian-center/home/faculty-and-staff/bell-hooks/). Loyal
Jones Appalachian Center. "This may be a working title. See talk page."

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Further reading
hooks, bell (1996). Reel to Real: Race, Sex, and Class at the Movies. New York: Routledge.
ISBN 978-0-415-91824-4.
hooks, bell; Trend, David (1996), "Representation and democracy an interview", in Trend, David
(ed.), Radical democracy: identity, citizenship, and the state, New York: Routledge, pp. 228–236,
ISBN 9780415912471
Florence, Namulundah (1998). bell hooks' Engaged Pedagogy. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey.
ISBN 978-0-89789-564-4. OCLC 38239473 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38239473).
Leitch et al., eds. "bell hooks." The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. New York: W.W.
Norton & Company, 2001. pp. 2475–2484. ISBN 0-393-97429-4
South End Press Collective, ed. (1998). "Critical Consciousness for Political Resistance" (https://a
rchive.org/details/talkingaboutrevo00sout/page/39). Talking About a Revolution. Cambridge:
South End Press. pp. 39–52 (https://archive.org/details/talkingaboutrevo00sout/page/39).
ISBN 978-0-89608-587-9. OCLC 38566253 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38566253).
Stanley, Sandra Kumamoto, ed. (1998). Other Sisterhoods: Literary Theory and U.S. Women of
Color. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-02361-3. OCLC 36446785 (https://w
ww.worldcat.org/oclc/36446785).
Wallace, Michele (1998). Black Popular Culture. New York: The New Press. ISBN 978-1-56584-
459-9. OCLC 40548914 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40548914).
Whitson, Kathy J. (2004). Encyclopedia of Feminist Literature (https://archive.org/details/encyclop
ediaoffe0000whit). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32731-5. OCLC 54529420
(https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54529420).

External links
Ejournal website (http://www.synaptic.bc.ca/ejournal/hooks.htm) (several critical resources for bell
hooks)
Real Change News (https://web.archive.org/web/20060902050318/http://www.realchangenews.or
g/archive3/2005_03_09/current/interview.html) (interview with hooks by Rosette Royale)
bell hooks articles (http://www.lionsroar.com/author/bell-hooks/) published in Lion's Roar
magazine.
South End Press (https://web.archive.org/web/20070927203415/http://www.southendpress.org/au
thors/46) (books by hooks published by South End Press)
University of California, Santa Barbara (https://web.archive.org/web/20060222215043/http://www.
library.ucsb.edu/libwaves/mar00/hooks.html) (biographical sketch of hooks)
"Postmodern Blackness" (http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Articles_Gen/Postmodern_B
lackness_18270.html) (article by hooks)
Whole Terrain (https://web.archive.org/web/20070730222132/http://www.wholeterrain.org/bio.cf
m?Contributor_ID=198) (articles by hooks published in Whole Terrain)
Challenging Capitalism & Patriarchy (https://web.archive.org/web/20070119143606/http://www.so
aw.org/new//article.php?id=910) (interviews with hooks by Third World Viewpoint)
Ingredients of Love (https://web.archive.org/web/20110707174919/http://ascentmagazine.com/arti
cles.aspx?articleID=133&page=read&subpage=past&issueID=24) (an interview with ascent
magazine)
bell hooks (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0393654/) on IMDb
Appearances (https://www.c-span.org/person/?bellhooks) on C-SPAN
In Depth interview with hooks, May 5, 2002 (https://www.c-span.org/video/?169843-1/depth-b
ell-hooks)
Interview (http://bombmagazine.org/article/1789/bell-hooks) in BOMB magazine

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