Organizing Data

U Zaw Myo Lwin

Assistant Lecturer
Department of Economics
Yangon University of Distance Education
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Organizing Data
Words alone don’t tell a story. A writer
organizes words into a story line.
If the words are badly organized, the
story isn’t clear.
Data also need organizing if they are to
tell a clear story.
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How to Organize Your Data?

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The challenge we face in business world is to

examine a large amount of data and reach
conclusion based on those data.
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D  Define the variables

C  Collect the data
O  Organize the data collected
V  Visualize the data
A  Analyze the data
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Learning Objectives
▫ The sources of data used in
business
▫ To construct tables for numerical
Data
▫ To construct tables for categorical
data
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Overview of Organizing Data

▫ Data Collection
▫ Organizing Categorical Data
▫ Organizing Numerical Data
Data Collection
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Example of Data Collection

▫ A marketing analyst who needs to assess the effectiveness of a
new television advertisement
▫ A pharmaceutical manufacturer that needs to determine whether
a new drug is more effective than those currently in use
▫ An operations manger who wants to improve a manufacturing or
service process
▫ An auditor who wants to review the financial transactions of a
company
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Type of Data Source

When we collect
data, we use either

Primary Data Secondary Data

Source Source

You collect your own data for Data for your analysis have been
analysis collected by someone else
Organizing Categorical Data
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“You organize categorical data by tallying

responses by categories and placing the results
in tables.”
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Organizing Categorical Data

Summary Contingency
Table Table

To organize the data for a To organize the data from two or

single categorical variable more categorical variables
 The Summary Table
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A Summary table presents tallied responses as frequencies or

percentages for each category.

From the table, you can concluded that more than half the people pay by
check and 82% pay by either check or by electronic/online forms of payment.
 The Contingency Table
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A contingency table allows you to study patterns that may exist

between the responses of two or more categorical variables.

To look between the type of bond fund and whether the fund charges a fee, you can
construct contingency tables that show cell values as a percentage of the overall total (the
184 mutual funds), the row totals (the 87 intermediate government funds and the 97
short-term corporate bond funds), and the column totals (the 54 funds that charge a fee
and the 130 funds that do not charge a fee).
Organizing Numerical Data
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“You organize numerical data by creating

ordered arrays or distribution.”
 The Ordered Array
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An ordered array arranges the values of a numerical variable in

rank order, from the smallest value to the largest value.
 The Frequency Distribution
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A frequency distribution summarize numerical value by tallying

them into a set of numerically ordered classes. Classes are
groups that represent a range of values, called class interval.
Each value can be in only one class and every value must be
contained in one of the classes.
Determining the Class Interval Width
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Relative Frequency and Percentage Distribution
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 Cumulative Distribution
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The cumulative percentage distribution provides a way of presenting

information about the percentage of values that are less than a specific
amount.
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Any Questions?