PHD Thesis Proposal – Medieval History

Alicia Cuche

Women in the 14th century: a comparison between four towns in

Western Europe

General Idea:
The history of women in the medieval era can be compared to a detective research, collecting little
pieces of information, sometimes on the common lives of women, more often on the exception. The
reason behind it is simple: women are rarely writers, rarely independent owners, and often cannot file
a legal suit or stand alone at court. Therefore, the information concerning women are scares, but,
given a sufficient number of sources, can still allow the historian to understand the conditions of their
lives.
After having done a first research on the history of the women in Fribourg (Switzerland), considering
the marital status, their legal rights, the way they were named, their economic influence and their
social geography within the city, I would like to enlarge my study to more sources from Fribourg, but
also do a comparison with other European cities, which presents similar characteristics, such as their
geographic location, their legal system or their economic activities. For this reason, I would like to
study the city of Lausanne (or maybe Bern) in Switzerland, which knows a different political and legal
situation, but lies only 65 km to the South, and enjoys regular commercial exchanges with Fribourg.
Secondly, I would like to understand the situation of two other cities either knowing the rule of custom,
the supervision of some sort of council, or a city also known for its drapery and tannery industry.
Though I need to do further researches on the available sources in each city, I was thinking of a city in
the South of modern Germany, such as Freiburg-im-Brisgau (also founded by the Zaerhingen family),
one or two towns in today’s United Kingdom, which would show similarities in their economic
development, and/or their internal political system, or which have suffered from the Black Death in the
second half of the 14th century. Maybe can I even add in Belgium or France, thus covering somewhat
the “Northwest Europe”.
Though two cities are in Switzerland, my interests for studying in Britain are multiple. The University of
Fribourg has a different approach to history than Lausanne, and allows less “local” history of the
common people. Then, I would like to move away from the University of Lausanne, though a shared
supervision between your university and Lausanne (or with the Archives in Fribourg) can be
considered, and benefits from the knowledge and inputs from different historians. Thirdly, I particularly
appreciate the possibility of a transdisciplinary approach (notably with Literature, Art History or
Archaeology) in historical studies, which is much harder to do at the University of Lausanne, where a
double supervision with professors from different departments is the exception. Furthermore, as I
know already some of the context in the Romandie region (the French-speaking part of Switzerland),
working on my thesis in a British university would help me to access the sources and secondary
literature more easily, as well as grasp faster the characteristics of the late Medieval Times in the
British Isles.
Having excellent knowledge of English, and very good knowledge in German (though I would need to
work on the old German), I believe a comparison between cities located in different linguistic regions
would not present a major impediment for me.
In French literature, several researches on gender history date already back to the sixties and
eighties. More recently, articles and books have been written on specific aspects of women’s lives and
their society: gynaecology, reading, commerce, testament, power. In addition to be very specific in
their topics, they are often focused on one city, offering few comparisons with other regions. Broader
studies tend to give to the reader a "general history" with few details on each region, which makes it
hard to understand the realities of a town, compared to other towns. In American and British scientific
works though, more comparisons have been conducted (between France and England, or the
Northwest Europe).
I would like to propose a study focused on mainly three topics: the anthroponomy of women, their
legal status, and their access to commerce. Having already studied those aspects in the bilingual city
of Fribourg, in Switzerland, governed by a council and regulated by common law, I would like to
extend my research to further documents, as well as study the living condition of women in other
cities, which bear certain similarities with Fribourg. This choice is not yet fixed, and may vary
according to available sources or best options for comparison, as well as a reduction of the
possibilities. In this study I will focus on the "common women", thus excluding the nuns, and the
nobility, while taking the relationships of common women with those orders into account.

Background research:
1) Master Thesis at the University of Lausanne, 09.2017, “Les Femmes de Fribourg durant la
second moitié du XIVe siècle” (Women in Fribourg (CH) during the second half of the 14th
century)

Extract of the article “Between (in)dependence and guardianship: The Women of Fribourg in the
second half of the 14th century” – published in Les Annales Fribourgeoises, 2018, vo. 80, pp. 108 –
120.

To question the women of Fribourg during the 14th century, while the number of sources
and their typologies are still limited, quickly resembles a treasure hunt, where a partial
information leads you to the next one, in an attempt to gather the pieces of a necessarily
incomplete puzzle. I will focus here on the state of their rights and independence as
evidenced by notarial and administrative sources. Indeed, while the 15th and 16th
centuries see a decrease in women's rights, what is the situation in the middle and end of
the 14th century? Were their rights more extensive, or on the contrary more restricted
than in the following centuries?
To try and see more clearly, my study is based above all on two sources, one notarial and
the other administrative: the Registrum Lombardorum and the First Book of the Bourgeois
de Fribourg. The Registrum Lombardorum is a notarial register containing family and
commercial matters of a part of the population of Fribourg between 1 February 1356 and
21 March 1359. On the other side of this register is kept a second account, that of the
transactions of Lombard bankers. Using the generic term Registrum Lombardorum, I mean
here the first register and not the Lombard register. The First Book of the Bourgeois
records the entries into the bourgeoisie of Fribourg between 1341 and 1416. The
instruments are quite similar and mention, in addition to the names of the bourgeois (men
and women), those of their family members and neighbours.
Until the beginning of the 14th century, Latin remained the official language of the
notarial profession, although incursions of French and German were also made, especially
for the names of persons and places. However, registers and ordinances could be written in
the vulgar language (Franco-Provençal) from the middle of the 14th century, such as the
First Collection of Laws begun in 1363. Some documents in French even date from the end
of the 13th century.
Although men predominate in notarial, administrative and judicial sources, women still
appear regularly. The First Book of the Bourgeois and the Registrum Lombardorum,
respectively, contain a proportion of women that amounts to just under 20% for the first
and nearly 12% for the second. The First Book of the Bourgeois thus falls within the
average presence of women observed by Monique Bourin and Pascal Chareille in various
sources, while the Registrum Lombardorum is significantly richer. I found a fairly similar
number of women in both sources, but a larger proportion of them are protagonists of the
acts in which they appear in the notarial register, and not simply mentioned for their
family ties or as neighbours. I counted 401 mentions of women in the 963 instruments in
the Registrum Lombardorum. In the entire First Book of the Bourgeois and the beginning
of the Second Book, meaning the complete years from 1341 to 1416, Kathrin Utz Tremp
lists 472 women out of the 3985 persons counted by Urs Portmann, author of a study
devoted to the First Book of the Bourgeois. Similarly, of the 1462 people who entered the
bourgeoisie between 1341 and 1399, only ten are women.
The total of 996 women does not correspond to the sum of the above-mentioned figures
but to the actual number of women recorded in these two sources, following the
comparison of the names and information collected, as well as the identification of the
persons appearing on several occasions. Due to the limited information on each woman,
variants in the names and a possible omission, the result is not exhaustive. Indeed, some
people may have been counted twice (if the information about them did not allow for a
convincing convergence between two mentions) or, on the contrary, two people might have
been grouped under the same name by mistake. In all cases, the total number gives, at
best, a relatively accurate and representative assessment of the presence of women in the
sources. However, it does not make it possible to estimate the population of female
residents or travellers in Fribourg, since only women registered in the administrative and
notarial sources, among those that have been preserved and that I have read, are
included.
My research was limited to the "common" women of Fribourg. I did not include the nobility,
neither nuns, nor prostitutes. The logic is triple: first, the near absence, in the studies
sources, of nobles and prostitutes; second, differences in law between the three orders;
and finally, because the houses of the nobles and the convents of nuns (such as the
Maigrauge) are not located within the walls of the city. However, anyone who comes to the
city to do business, and lives in the surroundings, is registered in my databases.
Bibliography:

GENERAL HISTORY:
BEATTIE, Cordelia, (ed.) Women in the Medieval World, Abingdon & New York: Routledge, 2017.
ENNEN Edith, Frauen im Mittelalter, München, 1985.
MAZO KARRAS Ruth, Unmarriages: Women, Men, and Sexual Unions in the Middle Ages,
Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.
MAZO KARRAS Ruth, Common Women: Prostitution and Sexuality in Medieval England, Oxford:
OUP, 1996.
SCHAUS Margaret C., Women and Gender in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia, London:
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WARD Jennifer, Women in Medieval Europe 1200 – 1500, London: Routledge, 2016.

Sources:
• Cocharelli, Treatise on the Vices and Virtues (fragment), c. 1330 – 1340, Latin, Genoa (Italy),
Add MS 27695, British Library.

ENGLAND

BUBENICEK Michelle and PARTINGTON Richard, “Justice, law and lawyers”, in FLETCHER
Christopher, GENET Jean-Philippe, and WATTS John, Government and Political Life in
England and France c. 1300 – 1500, CUP, 2015, pp. 150 – 182.
BEATTIE Cordelia and STEVENS Matthew Frank (eds.), Married Women and the law in Premodern
Northwest Europe, The Boydell Press, 2013.
BEATTIE, Cordelia, “Married Women, Contracts and Coverture in Late Medieval England", in Married
Women and the Law in Premodern Northwest Europe, Boydell and Brewer, 2013.
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Medieval England", in Beattie, C., Maslakovic, A. and Jones, S. (eds.) The Medieval
Household in Christian Europe, c. 850-1550: Managing Power, Wealth and the Body. Brepols
Publishers, 2003, pp. 199-220.
DONAHUE Charles Jr., Law, Marriage, and Society in the Later Middle Ages: Argument About
Marriage in Five Courts, CUP, 2007.
GOLDBERG Jeremy, “Home Work: The Bourgeois Wife in Later Medieval England", in Goldberg, P. J.
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SWITZERLAND/ FRIBOURG (Bibliography from my Master Thesis)

Sources manuscrites :
CH AEF, RN 9/1; en ligne : http://www (=RN 9/1)
CH AEF, Affaires de la ville (= Aff. ville)
CH AEF, Fonds de l’Hôpital (= HB)

Sources éditées et regestes :

AMMANN DOUBLIEZ Chantal (éd.), Les sources du droit du canton de Fribourg, Première section :
Le droit des villes, Deuxième série : Le Droit de la ville de Fribourg, Tome 6 : La « Première
collection des lois » de Fribourg en Nuithonie, Bâle : Schwabe Verlag, 2009 (= SDS FR I/2/6).
BEAUMANOIR Philippe de, Coutumes de Beauvaisis, t. II, Paris : Alphonse Picard et fils, 1900,
consultable sur Gallica.fr : http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k220827p/f234.image.
BERTEA Jean, L’Abbaye de la Maigrauge (Fribourg) durant les deux premiers siècles de son
existence : 1255-1457, mémoire de licence, Université de Neuchâtel, 1973 (inédit) (= Bertea).
DORTHE Lionel et UTZ TREMP Kathrin (éd.), Les sources du droit du canton de Fribourg, Première
section : Le droit des villes, Troisième série : Registres de notaires et formulaires notariaux,
Tome 7 : Le premier registre notarial des Archives de l’État de Fribourg (1356-1359), Bâle :
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und Beiträge zum gleichnamigen Kolloquium 1999, Fribourg: Universitätsverland, 2003.
GUMY Justin, Regeste de l’Abbaye de Hauterive de l’Ordre de Cîteaux depuis sa fondation en 1138
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(=Gumy).
LESPINASSE René et BONNARDOT François (éd.), Les métiers et corporations de la ville de Paris :
XIIIe siècle. Le livre des métiers d’Étienne Boileau, Paris : Imprimerie nationale, 1879,
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ROY Maurice (ed.), Œuvres poétiques de Christine de Pisan, t. II, Paris : Société de textes anciens,
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VEVEY Bernard de et BONFILS Yves (éd.), Le Premier Livre des Bourgeois de Fribourg (1341-1416),
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VOGRIN Marjan, Der mittelalterliche Urkundenfonds des Klosterarchivs der Franziskaner von Freiburg
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Dictionnaires
Dictionnaire historique de la Suisse, Marco Jorio (dir.), Hauterive : Attinger, 13 vol., 2002-2014 (=
DHS), consultable en ligne : http://www:hls-dhs-dss:ch.
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Généralité
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Gender Studies
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Histoire des femmes

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Notariat à Fribourg
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Droit médiéval
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Fribourg
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zum Ersten Bürgerbuch 1341 – 1416, Fribourg: Universitätsverlag, 1986.
UTZ TREMP Kathrin, Waldenser, Wiedergänger, Hexen und Rebellen: Biographien zu den
Waldenserprozessen von Freiburg im Üchtland (1399 – 1430), Fribourg: Üniversitätsverlang,
1999.
UTZ TREMP Kathrin, « Fribourg et sa région », in A. PARAVICINI et alii (dir.), Les pays romands au
Moyen Âge, Lausanne, 1997, p. 50-51
UTZ TREMP Kathrin, Gens du cuir, gens du drap à Fribourg au Moyen Âge, PORTMANN Maria et
STEINAUER Jean (trad.), Fribourg : Société d’histoire du canton de Fribourg, 2013.
UTZ TREMP Kathrin, La Lettre des Bannerets a six cents ans : 24 juin 1404 – 24 juin 2004,
STEINAUER Jean (trad.), Fribourg : Archives de l’Etat, 2004.

Béguines
KREBBER Werner, « Die Geschichte der Beginen : Frauenbewegung, Sozialbewegung und
Beginnenmystik », in KREBBER Werner et HOFMANN Gertrud, Die Beginen: Geschichte und
Gegenwart, Kevelaer: Butzon & Bercker, 2004, pp. 70 – 99.
LERNER Robert E., The Heresy of the Free Spirit in the Later Middle Ages, Berkeley; Los Angeles;
Londres: University of California Press, 1972.
McDONNELL Ernest, The Beguines and Beghards in Medieval Culture, with special emphasis on the
Belgian scene, New York: Octagon Books, 1969.
SCHMITT Jean-Claude, Mort d’une hérésie : L’Église et les clercs face aux béguines et aux béghards
du Rhin supérieur du XIVe au XVe siècle, Paris : EHESS, 1978.
SOMMER-RAMER Cécile, « Vorwort », in Die Beginen und Begarden in der Schweiz, Basel; Frankfurt
am Main: Helbing & Liechtenbahn, 1995.
UTZ TREMP Kathrin, « Kanton Freiburg: [Die Beginen] », in Die Beginen und Begarden in der
Schweiz, Basel; Frankfurt am Main: Helbing & Liechtenbahn, 1995, pp. 313 – 343.
UTZ TREMP Kathrin, Von der Häresie zur Hexerei: « Wirkliche » und imaginäre Sekten im
Spätmittelalter, Hannover: Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 2008.
UTZ TREMP, Quellen zur Geschichte der Waldenser von Freiburg im Üchtland: (1399 – 1439),
Hannover: Hahn, 2000.

FREIBURG-IM-BREISGAU (first ideas)

Same books as those listed in “Béguines”.

KRIEG Heinz, REGNATH R. Johanna, WIDMANN Hans-Peter, and ZUMBRINK Stephanie (Hg.), Auf
Jahr und Tag: Leben im mittelalterlichen Freiburg, Freiburg (DE): Rombach Verlag,
Schlaglichter regionaler Geschichte, Band 3, 2017.
BAKE Rita, DÖRING Werner, KAMMEIER Andrea, PIEZONKA Beatrix, REILING Heidi, RIEGLIER
Claudia, WOHLAUF Gabriele, Zur Stellung der Frauen im mittelalterlichen Handwerk, in:
Feministische Studien2, Jg., November 1983.
BAKE Rita, BARTELT Julia, BETHA Tanja, GELHAR Eva, HOFFMANN Stephanie, MARIS Ulrike,
Frauen ohne Geschichte – Geschichte ohne Frauen? Auf der Suche nach den Frauen in
Hamburgs Gechichte, Hamburg, 1995.
HÄNDLER-LACHMANN Barbara, "Die Berufstätigkeit der Frau in den deutschen Städten des
Spätmittelalters und der beginnenden Neuzeit”, in Hessisches Jahrbuch für
Landesgeschichte, 30, 1980, pp. 131 – 175.
KETSCH Peter, Frauen im Mittelalter. Vol. 2. Frauenbild und Frauenrechte in Kirche und Gesellschaft.
Quellen und Materialien, Düsseldorf, 1984.
KRIEG Heinz, REGNATH R. Johanna, WIDMANN Hans-Peter, and ZUMBRINK Stephanie (Hg.), Auf
Jahr und Tag: Leben im mittelalterlichen Freiburg, Freiburg (DE): Rombach Verlag,
Schlaglichter regionaler Geschichte, Band 3, 2017.
NOLTE Cordula, Frauen un Männer im Mittelalter: Eine Kultur- und Sozialgeschichte: in der
Gesellschaft des Mittelalters, Wissenschanftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt, 2011.
ROSSIAUD Jacques, Dame Venus. Prostitution im Mittelalter, München: Beck, 1994.
SCHNEIDER Rolf, Alltag im Mittelalter: Das Leben in Deutschland vor 1000 Jahren, München,
Bassermann Verlag, 2012.
SCHUSTER Peter, Das Frauenhaus. Städtische Bordelle in Deutschland (1350 – 1600), Paderborn:
Schöningh, 1992.
UITZ Erika, Die Frau in der mittelalterlichen Stadt, Stuttgart, 1988.