Slide Crocoolo CDM M-Sbloccato PDF

o
Analisi dei carichi e
ib
delle strutture
n
U
ti
Prof. Dario Croccolo
en
GRUPPO DI PROGETTAZIONE MECCANICA DIEM – Viale Risorgimento, 2 - Bologna
ED OTTIMIZZAZIONE STRUTTURALE
d
u
st
Teoria membranale:
valida per recipienti in pressione di piccolo spessore
o
at
§ Elementi in cui sono predominanti due

dimensioni
v
§ Elementi in cui lo stato di sollecitazione

è biassiale
er
§ Elementi che devono possedere almeno

una curvatura delle superficie
is
§ Elementi a geometria assial-simmetrica

o a solido di rivoluzione
R

1
Teoria membranale:
valida per recipienti in pressione di piccolo spessaore
o
ib
σy
n
σx
U
pdA
ti
σx σy
s

en
d
u
st
Teoria membranale:
o
dm = R m ⋅ dθ
at
Rm
Rm dt = R t ⋅ dθ
Rmdθ Rm
Rt dθ σm
v
σt dm
er
pdA
dt
σm
is
σt
Rt s
dθ
R
Rt
2
Teoria membranale:
σm σm
o
Rm s +
dθ σt s σt
ib
dθ dθ
dθ
Rm Rt
σt Rt
σm
n
⎛ dθ ⎞ ⎛ dθ ⎞
2 ⋅ σ m ⋅ s ⋅ R t ⋅ dθ ⋅ sen⎜ ⎟ − 2 ⋅ σ t ⋅ s ⋅ −R m ⋅ dθ ⋅ sen⎜ ⎟ + p ⋅ dA = 0
U
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
σ m ⋅ s ⋅ R t ⋅ dθ2 − σ t ⋅ s ⋅ −R m ⋅ dθ2 + p ⋅ R t ⋅ −R m ⋅ dθ2 = 0
σm ⋅ s ⋅ R t + σ t ⋅ s ⋅ R m = p ⋅ R t ⋅ R m
ti
σm ⋅ s ⋅ R t σ t ⋅ s ⋅ R m p ⋅ R t ⋅ R m σm σ t p
+ = + =
R t ⋅ Rm ⋅ s R t ⋅ Rm ⋅ s R t ⋅ Rm ⋅ s Rm R t s
en
d
u
st
Teoria membranale:
valida per recipienti in pressione di piccolo spessaore
o
at
R W
v
σm θ p s
θ σm
er
Rt
is
σ m ⋅ s ⋅ 2 ⋅ π ⋅ R t ⋅ cos (θ ) ⋅ cos (θ ) = p ⋅ π ⋅ R 2 σ m ⋅ s ⋅ 2 ⋅ R t ⋅ cos (θ ) ⋅ cos (θ ) = p ⋅ R 2t ⋅ cos 2 (θ )

p ⋅Rt W
σm = −
2⋅s s ⋅ 2 ⋅ π ⋅ R t ⋅ cos2 (θ)
R

3
Teoria membranale:
condizioni di carico simmetriche (gas)
o
ib
p R σm σ t p
+ = R t = Rm = R
Rm R t s
n
p ⋅R
σm + σ t = σ t = σm = σ
U
s
p ⋅R
σ=
2⋅s
ti
en
d
u
st
Teoria membranale:
condizioni di carico simmetriche (gas)
o
Parte sferica
at
p ⋅R
R
σ=
p 2⋅s
v
Parte cilindrica
σm σ t p R = R R = ∞
er
+ = t m
Rm R t s
p ⋅R
σt =
s
is
R
σm ⋅ s ⋅ 2 ⋅ π ⋅ R = p ⋅ π ⋅ R 2
p ⋅R
σm =
R
2⋅s
4
Teoria membranale:
condizioni di carico asimmetriche (fluidi)
o
ib
+ = t m
Rm R t s
n
p ⋅R γ ⋅h ⋅R
R σt = =
U
s s
σm = 0
p=γh
ti
en
d
u
st
Teoria membranale:
o

at
Parte cilindrica
+ =
v
t m
Rm R t s
p⋅ R γ⋅ h⋅ R
er
σt = =
s s
R
σm ⋅ s⋅ 2⋅ π⋅ R = γ⋅ h⋅ π⋅ R 2
is
σσmm σσm
m
p=γh
γ⋅ h⋅ R
σm =
2⋅ s
R

5
Teoria membranale:
o
Parte sferica
ib
σm σ t p
+ = R t = R m = R t,m
Rm R t s
n
p ⋅ R t,m γ ⋅ h ⋅ R t,m
σm + σ t = =
s s
U
R
Rt,m θ σ m ⋅ s ⋅ cos(θ) ⋅ 2 ⋅ π ⋅ R t,m ⋅ cos(θ) =
θ
σm σm = γ ⋅ h ⋅ π ⋅ R 2t,m ⋅ cos 2 (θ)
ti
p=γh
γ ⋅ h ⋅ R t,m
σm = σ t =
en 2⋅s
d
u
st
Teoria membranale:
o
at
h1
v
R Parte cilindrica
Rt
er
θ σm σ t p R = R R = ∞
σm θ
σm + = t m
Rm R t s
p ⋅R γ ⋅h ⋅R
σt = =
is
s s
p=γh
R

6
Teoria membranale:
o
Parte conica
p ⋅r
h σt = p = γ ⋅ (h1 + h') r = (h2 − h') ⋅ tanθ
ib
s ⋅ cosθ
h1
γ ⋅ (h1 + h') ⋅ (h2 − h') ⋅ tanθ
R σt =
s ⋅ cosθ
n
Rt θ
σm θ γ ⋅ tanθ ⋅ &'h1 ⋅h2 + h' ⋅ (h2 − h1) − h' 2 ()
σm σt =
U
h’ s ⋅ cosθ
h2 dσ t
= h2 -h1-2 ⋅h'=0
dh'
ti
p=γh h2 h1
h'= -
2 2

en
d
u
st
Teoria membranale:
o
Parte conica
at
γ⋅V 1
σm = V= ⋅ π ⋅r 2 ⋅ ( 3⋅h1+h2 +2 ⋅h')
2 ⋅ π ⋅ s ⋅r ⋅ cosθ 3
h1 γ ⋅r ⋅ ( 3⋅h1+h2 +2 ⋅h') γ ⋅ tanθ ⋅ (h2 − h') ⋅ ( 3⋅h1+h2 +2 ⋅h')

v
σm = =
6 ⋅ s ⋅ cosθ 6 ⋅ s ⋅ cosθ
R
er
Rt θ γ ⋅ tanθ ⋅ %&3⋅h1 ⋅h2 +h22 + (h2 -3⋅h1) ⋅h'-2 ⋅h' 2 '(

σm θ σm =
σm 6 ⋅ s ⋅ cosθ
dσ m
=h2 -3⋅h1-4 ⋅h'=0
is
h2
dh'
h2 3⋅h1
h'=
R
p=γh −
4 4

7
Teoria membranale:
A B
o
D θ θ0 C σm σ t p
σm θ σm + = R t = Rm = R
Rm R t s
ib
(
p = γ⋅ h = γ⋅ R⋅ cos (θ0 ) − cos (θ) )
γ⋅ R ⋅ (cos (θ ) − cos (θ))
2
n
0
σm + σt =
s
σm ⋅ s⋅ 2⋅ π⋅ R⋅ sen2 (θ) =
U
= γ⋅ h⋅ π⋅ R 2 ⋅ sen2 (θ) − WABCD
WADD'-BCC'
ti
D’ A W ADD’-BCC’ B C’
σm =
s ⋅ 2 ⋅ π ⋅ R ⋅ sen 2 (θ )
D
C
en
d
u
st
Teoria membranale:
o
R
v at
L
er
∂σ t
σt + ⋅ dt
t ∂t
∂τ
τ+ ⋅ dt
∂t Rm=∞
∂τ
τ+ ⋅ dm
is
σm ∂m
dt dt=R dθ
∂σ m
dm σm + ⋅ dm
τ ∂m dm=dx
R
σt
m
8
Teoria membranale:
o
R
ib
X
n
⎧ ∂σ m ∂τ σm σ t p
⋅ dm ⋅ dt + ⋅ dt ⋅ dm = 0 + =
U
⎪
⎪ ∂m ∂t R m Rt s
⎨
⎪ ∂σ t ⋅ dt ⋅ dm + ∂τ ⋅ dm ⋅ dt = 0 σ = p ⋅ R = γ ⋅ R ⋅ (cos(θ0 ) − cos(θ))
2
⎪
⎩ ∂t ∂m t
s s
∂σ t ∂τ ( ) γ ⋅ R ⋅ sen(θ )
ti
+ =0 γ ⋅ R ⋅ sen θ ∂τ τ =− ⋅ x + C1
=−
R∂θ ∂x s ∂x s
γ ⋅ R ⋅ sen(θ )
τ =−en ⋅x
s
d
u
st
Teoria membranale:
o
at
R
v
L
er
∂σ m γ ⋅ R γ ⋅ x2
− ⋅ cos (θ ) ⋅ x = 0 σm = ⋅ cos(θ) + C2
∂x R ⋅s 2⋅s
is
L
Se aperto σ m=0 per x=±
2
⎛ L2 ⎞
R
γ
σm = ⋅ cos (θ) ⋅ ⎜⎜ x 2 − ⎟⎟
2⋅s ⎝ 4⎠
9
Teoria membranale:
o
ib
n
U
ti
en
d
u
st
Teoria membranale:
o
R
at
X
v
L
er
γ ⋅ x2
σm = ⋅ cos(θ) + C2
2⋅s
Se chiuso σ m=σ’m per
L
x=±
is
2
' 2 γ ⋅ R2
σ ⋅2⋅π⋅R ⋅ s = γ ⋅R ⋅π⋅R
m σ = '
m
2⋅s
R
γ ⎛ L2 ⎞
σm = ⋅ cos(θ) ⋅ ⎜⎜ x 2 − ⎟⎟ + σ m'
2⋅s ⎝ 4⎠
10
Teoria membranale:
o
R
ib
X
n
L
2
1
Se continuo
∫ε dm = 0 εm =⋅ (σ m − υ ⋅ σ t )
U
m
L E
γ ⋅ x2
⋅ cos(θ) + C2 2 γ ⋅ R 2 ⋅ (cos(θ0 ) − cos(θ))
−
σm =
L
2⋅s σt =
2 s
( )
∫ K1⋅ x2 + C2 − ν ⋅ σ t dx = 0 2 ⋅ ⎛⎜ K1 ⋅ L3 + C2 ⋅ L − υ ⋅ σ t ⋅ L ⎞⎟ = 0
ti
−
L ⎜ 3⋅8
⎝ 2 2 ⎟⎠
2
K ⋅L 2
γ ⎛ L ⎞
2
C2 = − 1 + υ ⋅ σt σm =en ⋅ cos(θ) ⋅ ⎜⎜ x 2 − ⎟⎟ + υ ⋅ σ t
12 2 ⋅ s ⎝ 12 ⎠
d
u
st
Teoria membranale:
o
v at
er
is
R

11
Teoria dei gusci
§ Elementi in cui tutte le dimensioni sono
o
importanti
ib
§ Elementi in cui lo stato di sollecitazione
è triassiale
n
§ Elementi a geometria assial-simmetrica
o a solido di rivoluzione
U
§ Alberi, mozzi e relativi accoppiamenti
§ Tubi di forte spessore
ti
§ Dischi rotanti en
d
u
st
Teoria dei gusci

o
dl = 1 dFc = ω2 ⋅ r ⋅ dm = ρ ⋅ ω2 ⋅ r 2 ⋅ dr ⋅ dθ
(σr + dσr )⋅ (r + dr)⋅ dθ +
at
σr +dσr
⎛ dθ ⎞
dr − σ r ⋅ r ⋅ dθ − 2 ⋅ σ t ⋅ dr ⋅ sen⎜ ⎟+
σt σr σt ⎝ 2 ⎠
r
+ ρ ⋅ ω2 ⋅ r2 ⋅ dr ⋅ dθ = 0
v
dθ
z
⎧σ r ⋅ dr ⋅ dθ + dσ r ⋅ r ⋅ dθ + dσ r ⋅ dr ⋅ dθ
er
ri ⎨ 2 2
⎩- σ t ⋅ dr ⋅ dθ + ρ ⋅ ω ⋅ r ⋅ dr ⋅ dθ = 0
ω
re
σ r ⋅ dr + r ⋅ dσ r - σ t ⋅ dr = −ρ ⋅ ω2 ⋅ r 2 ⋅ dr
dσ
is
σ r + r ⋅ r - σ t = −ρ ⋅ ω 2 ⋅ r 2
dr
d(σ r ⋅ r )
- σ t = −ρ ⋅ ω2 ⋅ r 2
R
dr

12
Teoria dei gusci
dl = 1 dz 2 ⋅ π ⋅ (r + z ) − 2 ⋅ π ⋅ r z
εr = εt = =
o
dr 2⋅π⋅r r
σr +dσr
⎧ 1
⎪ε r = E ⋅ [σ r − υ ⋅ (σ t + σ l )]
ib
σt dr σt ⎪
σr
⎪ 1
⎨ε t = ⋅ [σ t − υ ⋅ (σ r + σ l )]
r
dθ
n
z ⎪ E
⎪ 1
ri ⎪ε l = E ⋅ [σ l − υ ⋅ (σ r + σ t )]
U
ω
⎩
re ⎧σ r = E ⋅ ε r + υ ⋅ σ t + υ ⋅ σ l
⎪
⎨σ t = E ⋅ ε t + υ ⋅ σ r + υ ⋅ σ l
ti
⎪σ = E ⋅ ε + υ ⋅ σ + υ ⋅ σ
⎩ l l r t

en
d
u
st
Teoria dei gusci

o
dl = 1 d(σ r ⋅ r ) dz z
- σ t = −ρ ⋅ ω2 ⋅ r 2 ε r = εt =
dr dr r
at
σr +dσr
⎧σ r = E ⋅ εr + υ ⋅ σ t + υ ⋅ σ l
⎨
⎩υ ⋅ σ t = υ ⋅ E ⋅ ε t + υ ⋅ σ r + υ ⋅ σ l
2 2
σt dr σt
σr
r
σ r + υ ⋅ σ t = E ⋅ (εr + υ ⋅ ε t ) + υ ⋅ σ t +
v
dθ
z
+ υ ⋅ σ l ⋅ (1 + υ ) + υ 2 ⋅ σ r
er
ri
ω
( )
σ r ⋅ 1 − υ 2 = E ⋅ (ε r + υ ⋅ ε t ) + υ ⋅ σ l ⋅ (1 + υ )
E υ
re σr = ⋅ (ε r + υ ⋅ ε t ) + ⋅σ
( ) (1 − υ ) l
is
1−υ 2
E υ
σt =
(1 − υ 2 ) ⋅ (ε t + υ ⋅ εr ) + (1 − υ ) ⋅ σ l
R

13
Teoria dei gusci
d(σ r ⋅ r ) dz z
o
E ⎛z dz ⎞ υ
- σ t = −ρ ⋅ ω2 ⋅ r 2 ε r = εt =
dr dr r
σt =
(1 − υ ) ⋅ ⎜⎝ r + υ ⋅ dr ⎟⎠ + (1 − υ ) ⋅ σ
2 l
ib
E ⎛ dz z⎞ υ E ⎛ dz z ⎞ υ
σr =
(1 − υ ) ⋅ ⎜⎝ dr + υ ⋅ r ⎟⎠ + (1 − υ ) ⋅ σ
2 l σr ⋅ r =
(1 − υ ) ⋅ ⎜⎝ dr ⋅ r + υ ⋅ r ⋅ r ⎟⎠ + (1 − υ ) ⋅ σ ⋅ r
2 l
d(σ r ⋅ r ) E ⎛ d2z dz dz ⎞ υ
n
= ⋅ ⎜⎜ 2 ⋅ r + + υ ⋅ ⎟⎟ + ⋅ σl
dr (
1−υ2 ) ⎝ dr dr dr ⎠ (1 − υ )
U
E ⎛d z 2
dz dz ⎞ υ E ⎛z dz ⎞ υ
⎜ 2 ⋅r + + υ ⋅ ⎟⎟ + ⋅ σl − ⋅⎜ +υ ⋅ ⎟ − ⋅ σ l = −ρ ⋅ ω2 ⋅ r 2
(1 − υ ) ⋅ ⎜⎝ dr
2
dr dr ⎠ (1 − υ ) 1−υ2 ⎝ r( )
dr ⎠ (1 − υ )
E ⎛ d2z dz z ⎞ d2z dz 1 z 1−υ2 ( )
ti
⋅ ⎜⎜ 2 ⋅ r + − ⎟⎟ = -ρ ⋅ ω2 ⋅ r 2 + ⋅ − = - ⋅ ρ ⋅ ω2 ⋅ r
(1−υ2 ) ⎝ dr dr r ⎠ dr 2
dr r r 2
E

en
d
u
st
Teoria dei gusci

o
d2z dz 1 z 1−υ2 ( ) d2 z d ⎛ z ⎞
+ ⎜ ⎟ = -
1−υ2 (
⋅ ρ ⋅ ω2 ⋅ r
)
+ ⋅ − 2 =- ⋅ ρ ⋅ ω2 ⋅ r
at
dr 2
dr r r E dr 2 dr ⎝ r ⎠ E
d ⎛ dz z ⎞
⎜ + ⎟=-
1−υ2
⋅ ρ ⋅ ω2 ⋅ r
( ) d ⎡1 ⎛ dz
⋅ ⎜r ⋅
⎞⎤
+ z ⎟⎥ = -
1−υ2
⋅ ρ ⋅ ω2 ⋅ r
( )
⎢
dr ⎣ r ⎝ dr E
dr ⎝ dr r ⎠ E ⎠⎦
v
d ⎡1 ⎛ d(z ⋅ r ) ⎞⎤ 1−υ2 ( )
1 ⎛ d(z ⋅ r ) ⎞ 1−υ2 2 r
2
( )
er
⋅ ⎜ ⎟ = - ⋅ ρ ⋅ ω 2
⋅ r ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ = - ⋅ ρ ⋅ ω ⋅ + C1
dr ⎢⎣ r ⎝ dr ⎠⎥⎦ E r ⎝ dr ⎠ E 2
d(z ⋅ r )
=-
1−υ2 ( r3)
⋅ ρ ⋅ ω2 ⋅ + C1 ⋅ r z ⋅ r = -
(1 − υ 2 ) ⋅ ρ ⋅ ω2 ⋅ r 4 + C ⋅ r 2 + C
is
1 2
dr E 2 E 8 2
z=-
(1 − υ 2 ) ⋅ ρ ⋅ ω2 ⋅ r 3 + C ⋅ r + C 2
R
1
E 8 2 r

14
Teoria dei gusci
d(σ r ⋅ r ) E ⎛ dz z⎞ υ
o
dr
- σ t = −ρ ⋅ ω2 ⋅ r 2 σr =
(1 − υ ) ⋅ ⎜⎝ dr + υ ⋅ r ⎟⎠ + (1 − υ ) ⋅ σ
2 l
dz z E ⎛z dz ⎞ υ
εr =
ib
εt =
dr r
σt =
(1 − υ ) ⋅ ⎜⎝ r + υ ⋅ dr ⎟⎠ + (1 − υ ) ⋅ σ
2 l
z=-
(1 − υ ) ⋅ ρ ⋅ ω
2
2 r3
⋅
r C
+ C1 ⋅ + 2
z
=-
1−υ2 ( r2 )
1 C
⋅ ρ ⋅ ω2 ⋅ + C1 ⋅ + 22
n
E 8 2 r r E 8 2 r
dz
= -3 ⋅
1−υ2 ( ) r 2
1
⋅ ρ ⋅ ω2 ⋅ + C1 ⋅ − 22
C
U
dr E 8 2 r
σr =
E ⎛
⋅ ⎜⎜ - 3 ⋅
1−υ2 ( )r2 1 C
⋅ ρ ⋅ ω2 ⋅ + C1 ⋅ − 22 - υ ⋅
1−υ2 ( )
r2 1 C ⎞
⋅ ρ ⋅ ω2 ⋅ + υ ⋅ C1 ⋅ + υ ⋅ 22 ⎟⎟ +
υ
⋅ σl
(
1−υ2 )⎝ E 8 2 r E 8 2 r ⎠ (1 − υ )
( )
ti
E ⎛ 1−υ 2
3 +υ C2 1 ⎞ υ
σr = ⋅ ⎜- ⋅ ρ ⋅ ω2 ⋅ r 2 − 2 ⋅ (1 − υ ) + C1 ⋅ ⋅ (1 + υ )⎟⎟ + ⋅ σl
(
1 − υ 2 ⎜⎝ )E 8 r 2 ⎠ (1 − υ)
3 +υ C2 E 1 E υ
σ r = -ρ ⋅ ω2 ⋅ r 2 − 2 ⋅ + C1 ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ σl
8 r (1 + υ )
en 2 (1 − υ ) (1 − υ )

d
u
st
Teoria dei gusci

o
d(σ r ⋅ r ) E ⎛ dz z⎞ υ
dr
- σ t = −ρ ⋅ ω2 ⋅ r 2 σr =
(1 − υ ) ⋅ ⎜⎝ dr + υ ⋅ r ⎟⎠ + (1 − υ ) ⋅ σ
2 l
at
dz z E ⎛z dz ⎞ υ
εr = εt =
dr r
σt =
(1 − υ ) ⋅ ⎜⎝ r + υ ⋅ dr ⎟⎠ + (1 − υ ) ⋅ σ
2 l
(1 − υ ) ⋅ ρ ⋅ ω
2
r3 r C z 1−υ2 (r2 )
1 C
v
2
z=- ⋅+ C1 ⋅ + 2 =- ⋅ ρ ⋅ ω2 ⋅ + C1 ⋅ + 22
E 8 2 r r E 8 2 r
(
1−υ2)
er
2
dz 2 r 1 C2
= -3 ⋅ ⋅ ρ ⋅ ω ⋅ + C1 ⋅ − 2
dr E 8 2 r
σt =
E ⎛ 1−υ2
⋅ ⎜⎜ -
( r2 ) 1 C
⋅ ρ ⋅ ω2 ⋅ + C1 ⋅ + 22 - υ ⋅ 3 ⋅
1−υ2 ( r2 ) 1 C ⎞
⋅ ρ ⋅ ω2 ⋅ + υ ⋅ C1 ⋅ − υ ⋅ 22 ⎟⎟ +
υ
⋅ σl
(
1−υ2 ) E 8 2 r E 8 2 r ⎠ (1 − υ )
is
⎝
σt =
E ⎛ 1−υ
⋅ ⎜-
2
(
⋅ ρ ⋅ ω2 ⋅ r 2
)
1 + 3 ⋅υ C 2 1 ⎞
+ 2 ⋅ (1 − υ ) + C1 ⋅ ⋅ (1 + υ )⎟⎟ +
υ
⋅ σl
(
1 − υ 2 ⎜⎝ )
E 8 r 2 ⎠ (1 − υ)
1 + 3 ⋅υ C 2 E 1 E υ
R
σ t = -ρ ⋅ ω2 ⋅ r 2 + 2 ⋅ + C1 ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ σl
8 r (1 + υ ) 2 (1 − υ ) (1 − υ )

15
Teoria dei gusci
o
3+ ν C2 E 1 E ν
σ r = -ρ ⋅ ω2 ⋅r 2 − 2 ⋅ + C1 ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ σl
C’ 8 r (1+ ν) 2 (1− ν) (1− ν)
ib
1+ 3 ⋅ ν C 2 E 1 E ν
σ t = -ρ ⋅ ω2 ⋅r 2 + 2 ⋅ + C1 ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ σl
8 r (1+ ν) 2 (1− ν) (1− ν)
n
D’
B’ A
U
⎧ B' ⎧ B' r 2e r 2e 2
C
⎪⎪ σ r = A − 2
− C'⋅r 2 ⎪σ r = A − 2 ⋅ 2 − C'⋅ 2 ⋅ r
r ⎪ r re re
⎨ ⎨ B D
⎪σ = A + B' − D'⋅r 2
ti
2 2
B' r r
⎪σ = A + ⋅ e − D'⋅ e ⋅ r 2
⎪⎩ t r2 ⎪ t
⎩ r 2 re2 re2

en
d
u
st
Teoria dei gusci

o
dl = 1
$ B 2
&&σ r = A − Q2 − C ⋅ Q
at
σr +dσr
dr %
&σ = A + B -D ⋅ Q2
σt σr σt
r
v
dθ
z
&' t Q2
r d
er
Q= =
ri re de
ω
3+ ν
re C = ρ ⋅ ω2 ⋅re2
8
is
1+ 3⋅ ν
D = ρ ⋅ ω2 ⋅re2
8
R

16
Mozzi o tubi con pressione interna
ω=0
B rHi dHi σ r = 0 per Q = 1
o
⎧
⎪σ r = A − Q 2 QH = r = d 0 = A −B ⇒ A = B
⎪ He He
⎨
H ⎪σ = A + B
ib
A
σ r = −p per Q = QH -p = A − 2
⎪ t
⎩ Q2 QH
# 1 & ) # Q2 & # 1 &
p -p = A ⋅ %1− 2 (
n
$ QH ' +σ r = p ⋅ % H2 ( ⋅ %1- 2 (
+ $ 1-QH ' $ Q '
r Hi *
" Q %2
# QH2 & # 1&
U
A = B = p ⋅ $ H2 ' +
+ σ t = p ⋅ % ⋅ 1+ 2 (
2 ( %
r He # 1-Q H& , $ 1-QH ' $ Q '
# 1+ QH2 & # Q2 &
ti
σ ti = p ⋅ % 2 (
σ te = 2⋅p ⋅ % H2 (
$ 1-QH ' $ 1-QH '
σ ti − σ ts = p

en
d
u
st

ω=0
o
at
σt
v
p
er
r Hi
σr
is
r He
R

17
Alberi o tubi con pressione esterna
ω=0
o
⎧ B r d σ r = 0 per Q = QH
p ⎪σ r = A − Q = Si = Si
Q 2 S rSe dSe 0 = A − B ⇒ B = A ⋅ Q2
⎪
⎨ QS2
S
ib
⎪σ = A + B
2
⎪
⎩
t
Q2 σ r = −p per Q = 1 -p = A − A ⋅ QS
) # Q2 & # 1 1 &
n
p +σ r =-p ⋅ % S 2 ( ⋅ % 2 - 2 (
A=−
1-QS2 + $ 1-QS ' $ QS Q '
r Si *
Q2 # QS2 & # 1 1 &
U
+
B = −p ⋅ S 2 +σ t =-p ⋅ % 1-Q2 ( ⋅ % Q2 + Q2 (
r Se 1-QS , $ S' $ S '
2⋅p $ 1+ QS2 '
ti
σ ti = − σ te = −p ⋅ & 2 )
1-Q2S % 1-QS (
en σ ti − σ te = −p

d
u
st

ω=0
o
at
S p
v
er
r Si
-p
σr
is
r Se
σt
R
-p

18
ω=0
⎧ B
o
⎪σ r = A − Q 2 rSi
p ⎪ QS =
rSe
=0⇒B=0
⎨
s ⎪σ = A + B
ib
σ r = −p per Q = 1 ⇒ −p = A
⎪⎩ t Q2
⎧σ r = −p
n
⎨
⎩σ t = −p
U
r Ia
2⋅p
σ ti = −
1-QS2
ti
σ ti = −2 ⋅ p

en
d
u
st

ed esterna ω=0
o
⎧ B σ r = -pe per Q = 1
pe ⎪σ r = A − Q 2
⎪
at
-pe =A-B ⇒ A=B-pe

⎨
⎪σ = A + B σ r = −pi per Q = QS,H -pi = B − pe − B2
S,H ⎩⎪
t
Q2 QH,S
# 1 & *
-pi = B⋅ %%1− 2 (( − pa ,σ r = −pe + (pi − pe ) ⋅ $& QS,H ') ⋅ $&1− 1 ')
v
pi $ QS,H ' ,
+
& 1-Q2 ) % Q2 (
% S,H (
# 1 & ,
er
$ Q2 ' $ 1 '
r S,Hi pe -pi = B ⋅ %%1− 2 (( ,σ t = −pe + (pi − pe ) ⋅ && S,H2 )) ⋅ &1+ 2 )
$ Q S,H ' - % 1-Q S,H ( % Q (
# Q2 & $ 1+ Q2 '
r S,He B = (pi − pe ) ⋅ %% I,A2 (( σ ti = −pe + (pi − pe ) ⋅ && S,H
))
$ 1-Q S,H ' % 1-QS,H (
2
is
# Q2 & $ 2⋅ Q2 '
A = (pi − pe ) ⋅ %% S,H 2 (
( − pa σ te = −pe + (pi − pe ) ⋅ && 2
S,H
))
$ 1-QS,H ' % 1-QS,H (
R
# Q2 &
B = (pi − pe ) ⋅ %% S,H 2 (
( σ ti − σ te = pi − pe
$ 1-QS,H '
19
Accoppiamento albero-mozzo
ω=0
H H
o
ZHi
S rF
ib
rF r Hi
r Si
n
r He r He
ZSe
U
rF
S
r Se
ti
r Si

en
d
u
st
ω=0
o
H ZSe
ZHi
at
rF
rF S
r Hi r Se
r Si
v
er
r He
ZHi =rF -rHi ZSe =rF -rSe

is
Z TOT =rSe -rHi =ZHi -ZSe
Z 1 rHi $ 1+ QH2 ' rSe # 1+QS2 &

= εt = ⋅ ( σ t − ν ⋅ σ r ) ZHi = ⋅p ⋅ & + νH ) ZSe =- ⋅p ⋅ % -νS (
R
2
r E EH % 1− QH ( ES 2
$ 1-QS '

20
ω=0
o
rHi $ 1+ QH2 ' rSe # 1+QS2 &
ZHi = ⋅p ⋅ & 2
+ νH) ZSe =- ⋅p ⋅ % 2
-ν S(
EH % 1− QH ( ES $ 1-QS '
ib
Z TOT = ZHi − ZSe
n
rHi $ 1+ QH2 ' rSe $ 1+ QS2 '
Z TOT = ⋅p ⋅ & 2
+ νH ) + ⋅p ⋅ & 2
− ν S)
EH % 1− QH ( ES % 1− QS (
U
Z TOT 1 $ 1+ QH2 ' 1 $ 1+ QS2 '
= ⋅p ⋅ & + ν ) + ⋅p ⋅ & − ν S)
ti
2 H 2
rF EH % 1− QH ( ES % 1− QS (

en
d
u
st
ω=0
o
Z TOT Z TOT_D % 1+ QH2 ( 1 % 1+ QS2 (

at
1
ξ= = = ⋅p ⋅ ' 2
+ νH * + ⋅p ⋅ ' 2
− ν S *
rF DF EA & 1− QH ) ES & 1− QS )
ξ
p=
v
1 % 1+ Q2
H
( 1 % 1+ QS2 (
⋅' + νH * + ⋅ ' − ν *
er
2 2 S
EH & 1− QH ) ES & 1− QS )
EH = ES = E νH = νS = ν QS2 = 0
is
p = 0,5⋅E⋅ ξ ⋅ (1− QH2 )

R

21
§ Per attrito
o
§accoppiamenti bloccati alla pressa
§per serraggio con forza dirompente
ib
§accoppiamenti conici
§accoppiamenti ad anelli
n
§ Di forma
U
§accoppiamenti con linguette
§accoppiamenti con alberi scanalati
ti
§ Misti
§accoppiamenti con chiavette
en
d
u
st
Accoppiamenti per attrito

o
v at
er
is
R

22
ACCOPPIAMENTI PER SERRAGGIO:
PRECARICO DELLE VITI E PRESSIONE DI ACCOPPIAMENTO
Mozzo a fessura Mozzo in due metà
o
ib
n
U
Accoppiamento iniziale con gioco e presenza
dell ’ occhiello nella parte posteriore
ti
Fis ⋅L2 F FB
FB = pm = B FB =2⋅Fis pm =
L1 DF ⋅LF en DF ⋅LF
d
u
st

o
2 ⋅ Mt
at
Fru ≥ Fu =
DF
Fru = p ⋅ π ⋅ DF ⋅ LF ⋅ μru
v
2 ⋅ Mt
er
Fs = F = p ⋅ DF ⋅ LF ≥
DF ⋅ π ⋅ μru
Fru
Fs = F = F = Fs ⋅ 2 ⋅ μru
2 ⋅ μru ru
is
Mt
Fs = F = p ⋅ DF ⋅ LF ≥
DF ⋅ μru
R

23
Accoppiamento per attrito
o
ib
rF p
LF
n
U
DF p = 0,5 ⋅E⋅ ξ ⋅ (1− QH2 )
Mt = p⋅ π⋅ DF ⋅ LF ⋅ µru ⋅
ti
2
Mt = 0,25⋅ π ⋅DF2 ⋅LF ⋅µru ⋅E⋅ ξ ⋅ (1− QH2 )

en
d
u
st

o
Mt = 0,25 ⋅ π ⋅DF2 ⋅LF ⋅µru ⋅E⋅ ξ ⋅ (1− QH2 ) ⇒ ξ min

at
4⋅Mt
ξmin =
π ⋅D ⋅LF ⋅µru ⋅E⋅ (1− QH2 )
2
F
v
Z TOT_D_min
ξ min = ⇒ Z TOT_D_MIN = ξ min ⋅ DF
DF
er
4⋅Mt
Z TOT_D_MIN =
π ⋅DF ⋅LF ⋅µru ⋅E⋅ (1− QH2 )
is
UTOT_D_min = Z TOT_D_min + 3⋅ (RaH +RaS )

R
UTOT_D_min = Z TOT_D_min + 0,8⋅ (R ZH +R ZS )

24
1+ QH2 2⋅p
o
σ t − σr ≤ R s p⋅ + p ≤ Rs
1− QH2
≤ Rs
1− QH2
ib
p = 0,5 ⋅E⋅ ξ ⋅ (1− QH2 )
Rs ZTOT_D_max
n
E ⋅ ξ max ≤ R s ξmax = ξmax =
E DF
R
U
⇒ ZTOT_D_max = ξmax ⋅ DF = S ⋅ DF
E
UTOT_D_max = Z TOT_D_max + 3⋅ (RaH +RaS )
ti
UTOT_D_max = Z TOT_D_max + 0,8⋅ (R ZH +R ZS )

en
d
u
st
Coefficiente di Attrito
o
μ12 1. Tipologia dell’attrito: scorrimento (r) o primo distacco (l)

2. Direzione dell’attrito: longitudinale (l) o tangenziale (u)
at
µru Coefficiente di attrito di scorrimento in senso tangenziale

v
µrl Coefficiente di attrito di scorrimento in senso longitudinale

er
µlu Coefficiente di attrito di primo distacco in senso tangenziale
µll Coefficiente di attrito di primo distacco in senso longitudinale

is
μe Coefficiente di attrito di inserimento a forza

R

25
Coefficiente di Attrito
Fonte Niemann
o
Accoppiamento longitudinale stabile
Albero St 50
ib
Mozzo St 50 GG Mg-Al
μe 0.05 fino a 0.22 0.07 fino a 0.13 0.02 fino a 0.08
0.08 0.09 0.03
n
μlu , μll fino a fino a fino a
0.25 0.17 0.09
U
μru , μrl 0.04 0.07 0.02
fino a fino a fino a
0.17 0.12 0.06
ti
μll = 0,08 fino a 0,25

en
olio a secco
d
u
st
Mozzi o alberi rotanti

ω≠0
o
⎧ B 2 2 2 3 +ν 1
⎪σ r = A − Q 2 − C ⋅ Q C = ρ ⋅ ω ⋅re 8 ⋅ 1012
⎪
at
⎨
S,H ⎪σ = A + B - D ⋅ Q 2 D = ρ ⋅ ω 2 ⋅r 2 1+ 3⋅ ν ⋅ 1
t
⎩⎪
e
Q2 8 1012
σ r = 0 per Q = QS,H σr = 0 per Q = 1
v
B
0 = A − B - C ⇒ A = B + C 0 = B + C − 2 − C ⋅ QS,H 2
er
r S;Hi QS,H
# 1 &
(
0 = B ⋅ %%1− 2 (( + C ⋅ 1− QS,H 2
) 2
B = C⋅ QS,H
r S,He $ QS,H ' A = C ⋅ (1+ QS,H
2
)
* $ 2
QS,H '
is
2 2
,σ r = C ⋅ &1+ QS,H − 2 − Q )
, % Q (
+
, $ QS,H D 2 '
2
R
2
,σ t = C ⋅ &1+ QS,H + Q2 − C ⋅ Q )
- % (

26
ω≠0
* $ '
o
2 Q2
,σ r = C ⋅ &1+ QS,H − S,H2
− Q2 )
, % Q (
+
ib
, $ QS,H D 2 '
2
S,H - %
2
,σ t = C ⋅ &1+ QS,H + Q2 − C ⋅ Q )
(
n
# 2 D 2 &
σ ti = C ⋅ %1+ QS,H +1- ⋅ QS,H (
$ C '
r S,Hi % 1+ 3⋅ ν 2 (
U
2
σ ti = C ⋅ ' 2 + QS,H − ⋅ QS,H *
& 3+ ν )
r S,He % 1+ 3 ⋅ ν ( σ ti − σ te = C ⋅ (1− QS,H
4+ 4⋅ ν
2
σ te = C ⋅ '1+ 2⋅ QS,H − *
2
)⋅ 3+ ν
& 3+ ν )
ti
2
dσ r Q
= 2⋅ S,H − 2⋅ Q = 0 Q4 = QS,H 2
⇒ Q = QS,H
dQ Q3
2
en ⇒ r = ri ⋅re σ r_max = C ⋅ (1− QS,H )
d
u
st

ω≠0
o
σt
at
4+ 4⋅ ν
σ ti − σ te = C ⋅ (1− QS,H
2
)⋅ 3+ ν
S,H σr
v
2
σ r_max = C ⋅ (1− QS,H )
er
r S,Hi
r S,He
is
R

27
ω≠0
o
⎧ B σ r = -pi per Q=QS,H
σ r = A − 2 − C ⋅ Q2
pe ⎪⎪ Q
⎨ σ r = -pe per Q = 1
ib
⎪σ = A + B - D ⋅ Q2
⎪⎩ t Q2 -pe =A-B-C ⇒ A = B + C − pe
S,H " 1 %
n
B 2 pe -pi =B ⋅ $$1- 2 '' +C ⋅ (1-QS,H
2
)
-pi =B+C- 2
-C⋅ QS,H -pe # QS,H &
QS,H
pi 2
QS,H 2
QS,H
U
2
B= (pi -pe ) ⋅ +C ⋅ QS,H A=-pe + (pi -pe ) ⋅ +C⋅ (1+QS,H
2
)
r S,Hi (1-QS,H
2
) (1-Q )
2
S,H
* $ Q2 ' 2
QS,H $ 1'
r S,He 2
,σ r = C ⋅ &1+ QS,H − S,H − Q2 ) − pe + (pi − pe ) ⋅ ⋅ &1−
ti
)
, % Q2 ( (1− QS,H
2
) % Q2 (
+
, $ 2
2
QS,H D 2'
2
QS,H $ 1'
,σ t = C ⋅ &1+ QS,H + Q2 − C ⋅ Q ) − pe + (pi − pe ) ⋅ 1− Q2 ⋅ &1+ Q2 )
- en % ( ( S,H ) % (

d
u
st

ω≠0
o
* $ Q2 ' 2
QS,H $ 1'
pe %
2
,σ r = C ⋅ &1+ QS,H − S,H
Q 2
− Q2 ) − pe + (pi -pe ) ⋅
( ( S,H )
1− Q 2
⋅ &1− 2 )
% Q (
at
,
+
, $ 2
2
QS,H D 2 ' 2
QS,H $ 1'
S,H ,σ t = C ⋅ &1+ QS,H + Q2 − C ⋅ Q ) − pe + (pi -pe ) ⋅ 1− Q2 ⋅ &1+ Q2 )
- % ( ( S,H ) % (
(1+ QS,H )
v
2
% 2 1+ 3 ⋅ ν 2 (
σ ti = C ⋅ ' 2 + QS,H − ⋅ QS,H * − pe + (pi − pe ) ⋅
pi 3+ ν ( S,H )
2
& ) 1− Q
er
r S,Hi % 2
σ te = C ⋅ '1+ 2⋅ QS,H −
1+ 3 ⋅ ν (
* -pe + (pi -pe ) ⋅
(2⋅ QS,H
2
)
& 3+ ν ) (1− QS,H
2
)
r S,He 4+ 4⋅ ν
σ ti − σ te = C ⋅ (1− QS,H
2
)⋅ +pi -pe
is
3+ ν
dσ r Q2 $ Q2 ' p -p ! Q2 $ (pi -pe )
= 2⋅ S,H − 2⋅ Q + 2⋅ && S,H2 )
) ⋅ i e3 = 0Q4 = QS,H
2
+ ## S,H2 &
&⋅
dQ Q3 % 1-QS,H ( C⋅ Q " 1-QS,H % C
R
1
" " Q 2 % (p -p ) % 4
2
⇒ Q = $$ QS,H + $$ S,H ' ⋅ i e ''
2 '
# # 1-QS,H & C &
28
ω≠0
o
ZHi_ω = Z TOT + ZSe_ω
rF
ZSe,Hi =
H
⋅ (σ t − ν ⋅ σ r )
ib
E
2⋅p0
Z TOT = rF ⋅
(
E⋅ 1− QH2 )
S
n
rF & 1+ 3⋅ ν 2 )
σ t_Hi_ω = C⋅ ( 2 + QH2 − ⋅ QH +
' 3+ ν *
U
% D' ( % 1+ 3 ⋅ ν (
σ t_Se_ω = C' ⋅ '1− ' * = C' ⋅ '1− *
r Se & C) & 3+ ν )
rF % 1+ 3⋅ ν 2 (
ti
ZHi_ω = ⋅ C⋅ ' 2 + QH2 − ⋅ QH *
E & 3+ ν )
r % 1+ 3⋅ ν (
en ZSe_ω = F ⋅ C' ⋅ '1− *
E & 3+ ν )
d
u
st

ω≠0
o
r % 1+ 3⋅ ν ( 2⋅p0
ZHi_ω = Z TOT + ZSe_ω ZSe_ω = F ⋅ C' ⋅ '1− * Z TOT = rF ⋅
E & 3+ ν ) E⋅ (1− QH2 )
at
r % 1+ 3⋅ ν 2 (
ZHi_ω = F ⋅ C⋅ ' 2 + QH2 − ⋅ QH *
E & 3+ ν )
2
rF ρ ⋅ ωlim 2 2
rF ρ ⋅ ωlim ⋅ rIa2 rF 2 ⋅ p0
⋅ [(3 + υ) − (1 + 3 ⋅ υ)]= ⋅
⋅rHe
⋅ &'(3 + ν) ⋅ ( 2 + QH2 ) − (1+ 3 ⋅ ν) ⋅ QH2 ()
⋅ − ⋅
(
E 1 − Q2A )
v
E 8 E 8
2 2
ρ⋅ ωlim ⋅rHe 2⋅p0
⋅ &'6 + 3⋅ QH2 + 2⋅ ν + ν ⋅ QH2 − QH2 − 3⋅ ν ⋅ QH2 − 2⋅ QH2 + 2⋅ ν ⋅ QH2 () =
er
8
2 2
(1− QH2 )
ρ ⋅ ωlim ⋅rHe 2⋅p0
⋅ 2⋅ (3 + ν) =
8 (1− QH2 )
is
2
ρ ⋅ ωlim 2
⋅DHe
⋅
(3 + ν ) = p0 30 30 8 4⋅p0 ⋅1012
nlim = ⋅ ωlim = ⋅ ⋅
4 8 (1− QH2 ) π π (3 + ν ) ρ ⋅DHe
2
⋅ (1− QH2 )
R
⎡ ⎛ n ⎞2 ⎤
Mt_n = Mt_0 ⋅ ⎢1 − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ nlim ⎠ ⎥⎦
29
ω≠0
o
)σ = C ⋅ (1-Q2 )
+ r,(S+H)
* # D &
+σ t,(S+H) = C ⋅ %1- ⋅ Q2 (
H
ib
, $ C '
σ r_r=RF =C ⋅ (1-QH2 ) =p0 =0,5 ⋅ ξ ⋅E⋅ (1-QH2 )

S
n
rF
(3 + ν) ⋅ρ ⋅ ω2 2
⋅rHe ⋅ (1− QH2 ) =p0
lim
8
U
30 30 8 4⋅p0 ⋅1012
r He nlim = ⋅ ωlim = ⋅ ⋅
π π (3 + ν ) ρ ⋅DHe
2
⋅ (1− QH2 )
ti
30 30 8 2⋅ ξ ⋅E⋅1012
nlim = ⋅ ωlim = ⋅ ⋅ 2
π π (3 + ν ) ρ ⋅DHe

en
d
u
st

ω≠0
o
Sola interferenza:
H Z tot /rF
at
p=
S 1 # 1+QH2
⋅% 2
& 1 # 1+QS2
+νH ( + ⋅ % 2
&
-νS (
EH $ 1-QH ' ES $ 1-QS '
rF
v
Velocità di rotazione:
Z 1
= ε t = ⋅ (σ t − ν ⋅ σ r )
er
r He Z tot_eff. =ZHi_ω − ZSe_ω

r E
rF * $ 1+QH2 ' $ 2 1+3 ⋅ νH 2

'-
ZHi_ω = ⋅ ,peff. ⋅ & +ν ) +C ⋅ & 2+Q - ⋅ Q )/
is
2 H H H H
EH + % 1-QH ( % 3+νH (.
rF + $ 1+QS2 ' $ 1+ 3⋅ νS '.

R
2
ZSe_ω = ⋅ --peff. ⋅ & 2
-ν S ) + C S ⋅ &1+ 2⋅ Q S − )0
ES , % 1-QS ( % 3 + νS (/
30
ω≠0
o
* r # 2 1+3⋅ νH
& r # 1+ 3⋅ νS &-
,Z tot - F ⋅ CH ⋅ % 2+QH - ⋅ QH2 ( + F ⋅ CS ⋅ %1+ 2⋅ QS2 − (/
+ EH $ 3+νH ' ES $ 3 + νS '.
peff. =
rF # 1+QH2 & r # 1+QS2 &
ib
⋅% 2
+νH ( + F ⋅ % 2
-νS (
EH $ 1-QH ' ES $ 1-QS '
Stesso materiale, albero pieno:
n
)Z C # D & C # D &,
peffettiva = 0, 5 ⋅E⋅ + tot − H ⋅ % 2 + QH2 − H ⋅ QH2 ( + S ⋅ %1− S (.(1-QH2 )
U
* rF E $ CH ' E $ CS '-
DF
Mt effettivo = peffettiva ⋅ π ⋅ DF ⋅ L F ⋅ μru ⋅
ti
2
Croccolo D., Vincenzi N. - Generalized theory for shaft-hub couplings - Proc. IMechE Vol. 223 Part C:
J. Mechanical Engineering Science pagg. 2231-2239 – http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062JMES1437
en
d
u
st
Elementi ortotropi
soluzione analitica
o
v at
0 1 0 1 0 1
σ✓ S11 S12 S13 ✏✓
er
@σr A = @S21 S22 S23 A · @✏r A

σz S31 S32 S33 ✏z
is
C12 · C23 C13 · C22 C12 · C13 C23 · C11

S13 = S31 = , S23 = S32 =
(C) (C)
2 2 2
(C) = C11 · C22 · C33 + 2 · C12 · C13 · C23 C23 · C11 C13 · C22 C12 · C33
R
Dario Croccolo and Massimiliano De Agostinis, Analytical solution of stress and strain distributions in press fitted orthotropic
cylinders, I nt. J. Mech. Sci., Volume 71 (2013), 21-29, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2013.03.002 I SSN: 0020-7403

GRUPPO DI
GRUPPO DI PROGETTAZIONE MECCANICA
PROGETTAZIONE MECCANICA DIEM – Viale Risorgimento, 2
DIEM – Viale Risorgimento, 2 - Bologna - Bologna
31
Elementi ortotropi
soluzione analitica
d(σr · r) u du dw
o
σ✓ + ⇢ · ! 2 · r 2 = 0 ✏ ✓ = ✏r = ✏z = = ✏0
dr r dr dz
q q
ib
S11 S11 S13 S23 ⇢ · ! 2 · r3
u = C1 · r S22
+ C2 · r S22
+ · ✏0 · r
S22 S11 9 · S22 S11
8 ⇣ q ⌘ q
S11
>
> σ✓ (Q) = A · S11 + SS11 · S · Q S12 1
+
>
> 12
n
12
>
> ⇣ q ⌘ q h i
>
> S11
S11
1 S13 S23
>
> +B · S11 S12 · S 12 · Q S12
+ ✏ 0 · S22 S11 · (S11 S12 ) + S13
>
> ⇣ q ⌘ q
>
U
>
<σr (Q) = A · S12 + S
S11
1
S12 · S22 · Q +
11 S 12
⇣ q ⌘ q
S11 h i
>
> S11 1
>+B · S12
> S12 · S22 · Q
S12
+ ✏0 · SS13 S23
S11 · (S12 S23 ) + S23
>
> ⇣ q ⌘ q S11 22
ti
>
>σ (Q) = A · S + S11 · S 1
>
> z 13 23 · Q
S12
+
>
> ⇣ q
S12
⌘ q h i
>
> S11
:+B · S S11
· S · Q S12 1
+ ✏ · S13 S23
· (S13 S23 ) + S33
13 S12 23

en 0 S22 S11
GRUPPO DI
d
u
st
Elementi ortotropi
soluzione analitica
o
0 1 0 1 0 h
1
σ✓ (Q) SQ11 SQ12 SQ13 A·Q
at
@σr (Q)A = @SQ21 SQ22 SQ23 A · @B · Q i A

σz (Q) SQ31 SQ32 SQ33 ✏0
v
r r
er
S11 S11 S13 S23

SQ11 = S11 + · S12 SQ12 = S11 · S12 SQ13 = · (S11 S12 ) + S13
S S S22 S11
r 12 r 12
S11 S11 S13 S23
SQ21 = S12 + · S22 SQ22 = S12 · S22 SQ23 = · (S12 S22 ) + S23
S S S22 S11
r 22 r 12
is
S11 S11 S13 S23

SQ31 = S13 + · S23 SQ32 = S13 · S23 SQ33 = · (S13 S23 ) + S33
S12 S12 S22 S11
R

GRUPPO DI
32
Elementi ortotropi
soluzione analitica
o
1
Fz = 2 · ⇡ · re2 · σz · QdQ
QT
ib
σr (QT ) = pi = A · SQ21 · QhT + B · SQ22 · QT i + ✏0 · SQ23
σr (1) = pe = A · SQ21 + B · SQ22 + ✏0 · SQ23
n
8
U
>
<A = pe · Ae + pi · Ai + Fz · Az
B = pe · Be + pi · Bi + Fz · Bz
>
ti
:
✏0 = pe · ✏0e + pi · ✏0i + Fz · ✏0z
en
GRUPPO DI
d
u
st
Elementi ortotropi
soluzione analitica
SQ22 · QT i
o
SQi
Ae =
K
SQ22 SQi
Ai =
K
at
SQ22 · SQ23 · 1 QT i
Az =
SQ33 · ⇡ · re2 · (1 Q2T ) · K
SQ21 · QhT SQh
8
Be =
K
SQh SQ21
>
<A = pe · Ae + pi · Ai + Fz · Az
v
Bi =
K
SQ21 · SQ23 · QhT 1 B = pe · Be + pi · Bi + Fz · Bz
Bz =
SQ33 · ⇡ · re2 · (1 Q2T ) · K >
:
er
✏0e =
SQ22 · QT i · SQh SQ21 · QhT · SQi
SQ23 · K
✏0 = pe · ✏0e + pi · ✏0i + Fz · ✏0z
SQ21 · SQi SQ22 · SQh
✏0i =
SQ23 · K

is
SQ21 · SQ22 · QT i QhT

✏0z =
SQ33 · ⇡ · re2 · 1 QhT · K

2 · 1 Q2T i · SQ23 · SQ32
SQi =
(2 i) · (1 Q2T ) · SQ33
R

2 · 1 Q2+h T · SQ23 · SQ31
SQh = K = SQ21 · SQ22 · QT i QhT SQ21 · SQi · 1 QhT + SQ22 · SQh · 1 QT i
(2 + h) · (1 Q2T ) · SQ33

GRUPPO DI
33
Elementi ortotropi
soluzione analitica
o
utot
rC peH · SpeH + piS · SpiS FzH · SFzH + FzS · SFzS
ib
pC =
(C11H · S✓iH C12H + C13H · SziH C11S · S✓ES + C12S C13S · SzeS )
n
U
SpeH = C11H · S✓eH + C13H · SzeH SpiS = C11S · S✓iS + C13S · SziS
SFzH = C11H · S✓zH + C13H · SzzH SFzS = C11S · S✓zS + C13S · SzzS
ti
en
GRUPPO DI
d
u
st
Elementi ortotropi
soluzione analitica
o
iH
S✓eH = SQ11H · AeH · QhH
H + SQ12H · BeH · QH + SQ13H · ✏0eH
iH
S✓iH = SQ11H · AiH · QhH
H + SQ12H · BiH · QH + SQ13H · ✏0iH
iH
S✓zH = SQ11H · AzH · QhH
H + SQ12H · BzH · QH + SQ13H · ✏0zH
at
iH
SreH = SQ21H · AeH · QhH
H + SQ22H · BeH · QH + SQ23H · ✏0eH = 0
iH
SriH = SQ21H · AiH · QhH
H + SQ22H · BiH · QH + SQ23H · ✏0iH = 1
iH
SrzH = SQ21H · AzH · QhH
H + SQ22H · BzH · QH + SQ23H · ✏0zH = 0
v
iH
SzeH = SQ31H · AeH · QhH
H + SQ32H · BeH · QH + SQ33H · ✏0eH
iH
SziH = SQ31H · AiH · QhH
H + SQ32H · BiH · QH + SQ33H · ✏0iH
er
iH
SzzH = SQ31H · AzH · QhH
H + SQ32H · BzH · QH + SQ33H · ✏0zH
S✓eS = SQ11S · AeS + SQ12S · BeS + SQ13S · ✏0eS
S✓iS = SQ11S · AiS + SQ12S · BiS + SQ13S · ✏0iS
S✓zS = SQ11S · AzS + SQ12S · BzS + SQ13S · ✏0zS
is
SreS = SQ21S · AeS + SQ22S · BeS + SQ23S · ✏0eS = 1

SriS = SQ21S · AiS + SQ22S · BiS + SQ23S · ✏0iS = 0
SrzS = SQ21S · AzS + SQ22S · BzS + SQ23S · ✏0zS = 0
R
SzeS = SQ31S · AeS + SQ32S · BeS + SQ33S · ✏0eS

SziS = SQ31H · AiS + SQ32S · BiS + SQ33S · ✏0iS
SzzS = SQ31H · AzS + SQ32S · BzS + SQ33S · ✏0zS
GRUPPO DI
34
Elementi ortotropi
soluzione analitica vs numerica
o
σθ σr σz
ib
n
U
εθ εr εz
ti
en
GRUPPO DI
d
u
st
Elementi non simmetrici

assialmente
o
v at
er
is
R

35
assialmente
o
Mesh del modello
Tensione radiale σr
ib
Tensione tangenziale σt
n
U
ti
en
d
u
st

assialmente
o
at
Fll = µll ⋅p ⋅ π ⋅DF ⋅LF Z TOT = Z Ai − Z Ia

rHi $ 1+ QH2 ' rSe $ 1+ QS2 '
ZHi = ⋅p ⋅ & 2
+ νH) ZSe = − ⋅p ⋅ & − ν S)
EH % 1− QH ES % 1− QS
2
v
( (
EH ES
er
ZHi ⋅ = pteorica = preale = ZSe ⋅

$ 1+ QH2 ' $ 1+ QS2 '
rHi ⋅ & 2
+ ν H ) rSe &⋅ − νS )
% 1− QH ( % 1-QS
2
(
is
p E E
βr = reale ZHi ⋅ H
⋅βr = preale = ZSe ⋅ S
p teorica $ 1+ Q 2 ' $ 1+ QS2 '

rHi ⋅ & H
+ νH ) r ⋅ & − ν )
R
2
% 1− QH ( Se
% 1-QS
2 S
(
36
assialmente
o
ξ
preale =
1 & 1+ Q 2 ) 1 & 1+ QS2 )
ib
H
⋅( + νH + + ⋅ ( − ν S +
EH ⋅βr ' 1− Q 2
H * ES ' 1− QS
2
*
preale σ
n
βr = βt = tHi_reale
p teorica σ tHi_teorica
U
σ rHi_reale = preale = βr ⋅ σ rHi_teorica = βr ⋅pteorica
1+ QH2 preale 1+ QH2
σ tHi_reale = σ tHi_teorica ⋅βt = pteorica ⋅βt ⋅ = ⋅β t ⋅
ti
n 1− QH2 βr 1− QH2
n n ∑p i
Ftot = ∑ pi ⋅ A i = A i ⋅ ∑ pi = A i ⋅ n ⋅
en 1
= A tot ⋅ pmedia
1 1 n
d
u
st

assialmente
o
v at
er
is
(βr )i = a 0 ⋅ Di_trap + a1 ⋅ s + a 2 ;i = 1,..,15

R

37
assialmente
o
ib
n
U
L_s ⎛ Di_t ⎞ s
k= ⋅ ⎜ P_s − ⎟ L_s = L_acc k = βt = 0,831 + 0,003 ⋅ Di_t + 0,007 ⋅ s
ti
L_acc ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
s
j= βr = 2,0008 + 0,0022 ⋅ Di_t − 0,0714 ⋅ s + 0,0372 ⋅ k − 0,4597 ⋅ j
L_d
Croccolo D., Cuppini R., Vincenzi N. - The design and optimization of fork-pin compression coupling in front motorbike
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.finel.2007.06.016.
en
suspensions – Finite Elements in Analysis and Design - Vol 43/13 pp 977-988 (September 2007)

d
u
st

o
Fu ≥ Fk
at
Fu = 2 ⋅ F' ⋅ μrl
a
F' = Fk ⋅
LF
v
a
Fu = 2 ⋅ Fk ⋅ ⋅ μrl
er
LF
a
2 ⋅ Fk ⋅ ⋅ μrl ≥ Fk
LF
is
a 1
≥
LF 2 ⋅ μrl
R

38
Accoppiamento CONICO
o
F
μeF
ib
F
α
n
Fe
U
Fe
μeF μeF
α
ti
μeF

en
d
u
st
o
at
F
μeF
F
α
v
er
Fe
μeF μeF
is
Fe
α
μeF
R

39
Dimensionamento teorico considerandolo come un accoppiamento cilindrico
o
con diametro nominale DFm (diametro medio dell’accoppiamento conico)
ib
Fe = 2 ⋅ μe ⋅ F ⋅ cosα + 2 ⋅ F ⋅ sinα = 2 ⋅ F ⋅ cosα ⋅ (μe + tanα)
2 ⋅ F = pm⋅ π ⋅ DFm⋅ LF
n
0,5 ⋅E⋅ Z ⋅(1-QH2 )
pm =
DFm
U
Fe = pm ⋅ π⋅ D Fm ⋅ L F ⋅ cosα⋅ (µ e + tanα) =
= 0,5 ⋅E⋅ Z ⋅ π ⋅LF ⋅ cosα ⋅ (µ e + tanα) ⋅ (1-QH2 )
ti
Fs =0,5⋅E⋅ Z ⋅ π ⋅LF ⋅ cosα ⋅ (µll -tanα) ⋅ (1-QH2 )

en
d
u
st
o
Ne consegue che, dato il momento torcente di progetto Mt,

sarà necessario realizzare all’interfaccia una forza longitudinale F e
at
Mt
Fru = 2 ⋅ = π ⋅ DFm⋅ LF ⋅ pm⋅ µru
DFm
v
Mt = 0, 5 ⋅ π ⋅ D2Fm⋅ LF ⋅ pm⋅ µru

Δe α
er
Zr
2 ⋅ Mt
pm =
α π ⋅ D2Fm⋅ LF ⋅ µru
2 ⋅ Mt ⋅ cosα ⋅ (μe + tanα)
is
Fe =
DFm ⋅ μru
R
ZD + 3⋅ (RaH +RaS )
Δe =
2⋅ tanα
40
o
F ⎧ Dmax − Dmin
μeF ⎪D(x) = Dmin + LF
⋅x
⎪
ib
⎨
α ⎪p(x) = p + pmax − pmin ⋅ x
min
⎪
⎩ LF
n
Fe ⎧D(x) = Dmin + K 1 ⋅ x
⎨
⎩p(x) = pmin + K 2 ⋅ x
U
Dmax − Dmin
K1 =
LF
α
ti
pmax − pmin
μeF K2 =
LF
D(x)
F
en dMt = π ⋅ D(x) ⋅ dx ⋅ p(x) ⋅ μru ⋅
2
d
u
st
o
⎧D(x) = DO + K1 ⋅ x ⎧D2(x) = Dmin

2
+ K12 ⋅ x 2 + 2 ⋅ Dmin ⋅ K1 ⋅ x
at
⎨ ⎨
⎩p(x) = pO + K 2 ⋅ x ⎩p(x) = pmin + K 2 ⋅ x
D2(x) ⋅ p(x) = Dmin
2 2
⋅ pmin + 2 ⋅ Dmin ⋅ K1 ⋅ pmin ⋅ x + Dmin ⋅ K 2 ⋅ x + K12 ⋅ pmin ⋅ x 2 + 2 ⋅ Dmin ⋅ K1 ⋅ K 2 ⋅ x 2 + K12 ⋅ K 2 ⋅ x 3
v
LF LF
er
Mt = ∫ 0,5 ⋅ π ⋅ D (x) ⋅ p(x) ⋅ μru ⋅ dx = 0,5 ⋅ π ⋅ μru ∫ D2 (x) ⋅ p(x)dx

2
0 0
⎡ 2 2 L2
Mt = 0,5 ⋅ π ⋅ μru ⋅ ⎢Dmin ⋅ pmin ⋅ L F + (2 ⋅ Dmin ⋅ K1 ⋅ pmin + Dmin ⋅ K 2) ⋅ F +
2
is
⎣
L3
L ⎤
4
+ (K 12 ⋅ pmin + 2 ⋅ Dmin ⋅ K1 ⋅ K 2) ⋅ F + K12 ⋅ K 2 ⋅ F ⎥
3 4⎦
R

41
o
Confronto tra le due procedure di calcolo
ib
•Diametro medio di accoppiamento DFm=99.13 mm
•Lunghezza assiale di accoppiamento LF=25 mm
•Angolo di semi-apertura del cono α=2°
•Diametro esterno del mozzo DHe=141.6 mm
n
U
DFm
QA = = 0,7
DHe
ti
en
d
u
st
o
v at
er
is
R

42
o
ib
•μru=0,197
•p min=15MPa
n
•p max =67,75MPa
•p Fm=41,53MPa
U
ti
en
d
u
st
o
Mt _ Fm = 0, 5 ⋅ π ⋅ D2Fm⋅ LF ⋅ pm⋅ µru = 3.157Nm

at
Mt_ = 3.155Nm
v
∫
er
Mt_Fm − Mt 3.157 − 3.155

ε% = = = 0,06%
Mt 3.155
is
R

43
Elementi conici
o
Fe = F0 + F1 ⋅ p
ib
Mt = C ⋅ Mh ⋅ p
n
Ft = C ⋅ Fh ⋅ p
U
n 1 2 3 4
C 1 1,55 1,88 2
ti
en
d
u
st
Linguette e chiavette
o
2 ⋅ Mt
at
p=
DF ⋅ L u ⋅ (h − t1 )
2⋅ Mt
v
p= ≤ pamm
D F ⋅ (lf − b)⋅ (h − t1 )
er
Ghisa
pamm = 50MPa
is
Acciaio
pamm = 90MPa
R

44
Alberi scanalati
o
ib
Mt = 0,75 ⋅ i ⋅ h ⋅ rm ⋅ L ⋅ p
d1 + d2
n
rm =
4
U
d2 − d1
h=
2
ti
en
d
u
st
Perni e spine
o
at
§ Elementi di riferimento relativo tra due

parti
§lieve trasmissione di forze e di coppie
v
er
§ Elementi di collegamento tra due parti

§trasmissione di forze e di coppie più
is
elevate
R

45
Perni e spine
o
da Mb = F ⋅
(l + b) a Mb = F ⋅
l
4 F
12
ib
q=
l
F
l+b l
l
Mb = F ⋅
n
8
p=
F Mb =σ b ⋅Wb
U
d⋅l
2⋅ τab ⋅ π⋅ d2
F
M=
F ⋅l
l F=
4
2 12
F
p1 =
F ⋅l F b b 1 2
F = p⋅ d⋅l
ti
+ ⋅ = p2 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ b ⋅ d
2⋅b⋅d
F
12 2 2
F ⋅l
2 2 3
3⋅F 2 ⋅ pmax ⋅ d ⋅ b
pmax = + + F = 2⋅p ⋅ d⋅b F=
2 ⋅ b ⋅ d 2 ⋅ b2 ⋅ d 2 ⋅ b ⋅ d ⎛ l⎞
pmax =
F ⎛ l⎞
⋅ ⎜4 + ⎟
⎜4 + ⎟
2⋅b⋅d ⎝ b⎠
en ⎝ b⎠
d
u
st
Perni e spine
o
π ⋅ d3
Mb = F ⋅h = σ b ⋅
at
32
pmax p1 p2
s +
v
er
F ⎛ s⎞ s 1 2
p1 = F ⋅ ⎜ h + ⎟ = p2 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ s ⋅ d
s⋅d ⎝ 2⎠ 2 2 3
F F 6 ⎛ s⎞
is
pmax = + ⋅ ⋅ ⎜h + ⎟
s⋅d s⋅d s ⎝ 2⎠
F ⎛ h ⎞
R
pmax = ⋅ ⎜6 ⋅ + 4 ⎟
s⋅d ⎝ s ⎠

46
Perni e spine
d DN
o
= 0,2 ÷ 0,3 = 2 ÷ 2,5
pmozzo D D
π ⋅ d2
Mt = F ⋅D = τ ab ⋅
ib
pmax ⋅D
4
D 1 2
Mt = pmax ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅D ⋅ d
2 2 3
n
6 ⋅ Mt Mt
pmax = pmozzo =
D2 ⋅ d s ⋅ d ⋅ (D + s )
U
Mt $ π ⋅D4 1 ' 2
τ = Wt = & − ⋅ d⋅D ⋅ (d2 +D2 )) ⋅
Wt % 32 12 ( D
π ⋅ D3 1
( ) π ⋅ D3 ⎡ 16 d ⎛ d2 ⎞⎤
ti
Wt = − ⋅ d d2 + D2 = ⋅ ⎢1 − ⋅ ⎜ + 1⎟⎟⎥
16 6 16 ⎣ 6 ⋅ π D ⎜⎝ D2 ⎠⎦
π ⋅D3 $ d'
Wt = ⋅ &1− 0,9 ⋅ )
en 16 % D(

d
u
st
Perni e spine
o
d
= 0,12 ÷ 0,2 L = D ÷ 1,5 ⋅ D
at
d D D
Mt = p ⋅L ⋅ ⋅ = τ ab ⋅L ⋅ d⋅
v
2 2 2
er
is
R

47
Elementi elastici:
impiego
o
§ Accumulatori di lavoro
ib
§ Elementi di richiamo
§ Elementi di distribuzione delle forze
n
§ Elementi di riduzione della rigidezza
Elementi di limitazione della forza
U
§
§ Elementi di regolazione
§ Misuratori di forze
ti
§ Mantenimento del contatto
en
d
u
st
Elementi elastici:
o
curva caratteristica
v at
er
F
is
R

48
Elementi elastici:
caratteristiche
o
dF
§ Rigidezza k=
df
ib
f
§ Lavoro elastico L = ∫ Fdf
n
0
2
σ max
L = ηA ⋅ V ⋅
U
§ Coefficiente di utilizzazione 2⋅E
τ2
L = ηA ⋅ V ⋅ max
' 2⋅ G
L
ηL =
§ Rendimento e smorzamento
ti
L
L − L' 1 − ηL
δ= =
L + L' 1 + ηL

en
d
u
st
Elementi elastici:
o
progettazione
at
§ Statica
v
σ ≤ σ amm
er
§ Dinamica σ m ± σ a ≤ σ m_amm ± σ a_amm

is
R

49
Elementi elastici:
progettazione
o
σ amm
Fu
ib
σ m_amm
f − fu
σ a_amm
n
F - Fu f − fu σ o − σ u 2 ⋅ σ a
U
= = =
F f σo σo
ti
σo σo
f = (f − fu ) ⋅ F = Fu ⋅
2 ⋅ σa σu

en
d
u
st
Molle a trazione e
compressione
o
at
F E⋅ A
F = σ amm ⋅ A f= ⋅L k =
E⋅ A L
v
L f F
F⋅ f σ2
= ηA ⋅ V ⋅ max
er
2 2⋅E
is
F⋅ f A ⋅ f ⋅E
ηA = 2
= =1
F F ⋅L
2⋅ A ⋅L ⋅
R
2
A ⋅ 2⋅E
50
Molle a flessione
o
σ ⋅W F ⋅L3 3 ⋅E⋅I
F = amm f f= k=
L 3⋅E⋅I L3
ib
L F F⋅ f σ2
n
= ηA ⋅ V ⋅ max
f 2 2⋅E
U
F ⋅L3
F⋅ 2
ηA = 3 ⋅E⋅I = W
ti
F2 ⋅L2 3 ⋅ A ⋅I
A ⋅L ⋅ 2
W ⋅E

en
d
u
st
Molle a flessione
o
σ ⋅b ⋅h2 4⋅F ⋅L3 E⋅ b⋅ h3

at
F = amm f= k=
6 ⋅L E⋅b ⋅h3 4⋅ l3
v
2
L F F⋅ f σ max
= ηA ⋅ V ⋅
2 2⋅E
er
4⋅F ⋅L3
F⋅
is
E⋅b ⋅h3 1
ηA = 2 2
=
F ⋅L ⋅ 36 9
2⋅b ⋅h⋅L ⋅ 2 4
R
b ⋅h ⋅ 2⋅E

51
Molle a flessione
o
σamm ⋅ π⋅ d3 64⋅ F⋅ l3 3⋅ E⋅ π⋅ d4
F⋅ l = f= k=
32 3⋅ E⋅ π⋅ d4 64⋅ l3
ib
2
l F F⋅ f σ max
n
= ηA ⋅ V ⋅
f 2 2⋅E
U
64⋅ F⋅ l3
F⋅ 1
ηA = 3⋅ E⋅ π⋅ d4
2 =
ti
2 2 2
π⋅ d F ⋅ l ⋅ 32 12
⋅ l⋅ 2 6
4 π ⋅d ⋅E

en
d
u
st
Molle a flessione
o
v at
er
is
R

52
Molle a flessione
o
ib
n
U
ti
en
d
u
st
Molle a flessione
o
σ amm ⋅b ⋅h2 4⋅F ⋅L3

F= f = q1 ⋅
6⋅L E⋅b ⋅h3
at
L F
E⋅b ⋅h3 4 q1
f k= ηA = ⋅
4⋅L3 ⋅ q1 9 #1+ b0 & ⋅ #1+ h0 &
% ( % (
v
$ b' $ h'
er
is
R

53
Molle a flessione
o
ib
n
σ amm ⋅ Wf f = R ⋅ θtot
F=
R
U
F ⋅R F ⋅R 2
θtot = ⋅L f= ⋅ π ⋅D ⋅if
E⋅I E⋅I
F ⋅R 2
ti
F⋅ ⋅ π ⋅D⋅if
E⋅I W2
ηA = 2 2
=
F ⋅R A ⋅I
A ⋅ π ⋅D⋅if ⋅ 2
en W ⋅E
d
u
st
Molle ad anelli
o
F = σe ⋅ Ae ⋅ π⋅ tan( α + ρ&)
at
= σi ⋅ Ai ⋅ π⋅ tan( α + ρ&)
tan( α − ρ")
F" = F⋅
v
tan( α + ρ")
er
tan( α − ρ%)
ηL =
tan( α + ρ%)
is
f = fo ⋅ z
re ⋅ σ e + ri ⋅ σ i tan( α + ρ$)
fo =
R
ηA =
E ⋅ tan(α) tan( α)
54
Molle ad anelli
o
(
F = C ⋅ tan α + ρ' )
ib
e→i α+ρ’
C h
R C = p ⋅ 2⋅ π ⋅ri ⋅
2
n
μN
N
Ai h
2 ⋅ σi ⋅ = p ⋅ 2 ⋅ ri ⋅
U
2 2
F
σi ⋅ Ai = p ⋅ ri ⋅ h
ti
F = σ i ⋅ A i ⋅ π ⋅ tan (α + ρ' )

en
d
u
st
Molle ad anelli
o
se
e→i ze α
f oe
at
si
v
zi α
f oi
er
zi + z e r ⋅ σt
fo = foi − foe = z=
tan(α) E
is
re ⋅ σ e + ri ⋅ σ i
fo =
R
E ⋅ tan(α)
55
Molle ad anelli
o
ib
1 σ2 σ i ⋅ (re + ri )
⋅ F ⋅ fo = ηA ⋅ V ⋅ i,e F = σ i ⋅ Ai ⋅ π ⋅ tan α + ρ' ( ) fo =
2 2 ⋅E E ⋅ tan(α)
n
(
σ i ⋅ A i ⋅ π ⋅ tan α + ρ' ⋅
(r + r ) =
) σE ⋅⋅ tan
i e i σ i2
ηA ⋅ A i ⋅ π ⋅ dm
U
(α) E
(
tan α + ρ' )
⋅ (re + ri ) = ηA ⋅ 2 ⋅ rm ηA =
tan α + ρ' ( )
ti
tan(α) tan(α)

en
d
u
st
Molle elicoidali di torsione

o
T = F ⋅ cos(α) N = F ⋅ sen(α)
at
D D
Mt = F ⋅ cos (α) ⋅ Mf = F ⋅ sen(α) ⋅
α 2 2
2 ⋅ τ amm ⋅ Wt 2 ⋅ τ amm ⋅ Wt
Fstatica = Fdinamica =
v
D D ⋅ k1
er
D Mt D F ⋅D D π ⋅ if ⋅ F ⋅ D 3
f = θ tot ⋅ = ⋅L ⋅ = ⋅ π ⋅ D ⋅ if ⋅ =
2 G ⋅ It 2 2 ⋅ G ⋅ It 2 4 ⋅ G ⋅ It
4 ⋅ G ⋅ It
is
k=
π ⋅ if ⋅ D 3
R
D/d 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15
k1 2,05 1,55 1,38 1,29 1,23 1,20 1,17 1,15 1,13 1,11 1,09

56
Molle elicoidali di torsione
o
ib
n
U
ti
en
d
u
st
Molle elicoidali di torsione:

sezione circolare
o
at
3
τamm ⋅ π ⋅ d3 F τamm ⋅ π ⋅ d
Fstatica = dinamica =
8 ⋅D 8 ⋅ D ⋅ k1
α
F ⋅ 8 ⋅ D d = 3 Fdinamica ⋅ 8 ⋅ D ⋅ k1
d = 3 statica
v
τ amm ⋅ π τ amm ⋅ π
4
f ⋅G⋅d
er
8 ⋅ if ⋅ F ⋅ D 3 f ⋅G⋅d
f= if = 3 =
G⋅d 4
8 ⋅F ⋅D π ⋅ τ amm ⋅ D2
f ⋅G⋅d G ⋅ d4
if_d = ⋅ k k =
is
1
π ⋅ τ amm ⋅ D2 8 ⋅ if ⋅ D 3
L o = f + S a + L BL LBL = (if + 2) ⋅ d
R
D/d 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15
S a = 0,1 ÷ 0,3 ⋅ if ⋅ d
k1 2,05 1,55 1,38 1,29 1,23 1,20 1,17 1,15 1,13 1,11 1,09

57
tensioni statiche ammissibili
o
ib
n
U
Molle di compressione foggiate a freddo (UNI 3545-3823) Molle di compressione foggiate a
1.Filo per molle trafilato patentato di classe A caldo
2.Classe B
ti
3.Classe C
4.Classe D τmax ≤ τamm
5.Filo per molle bonificato
6.Filo per molle di valvola bonificato en
7.Filo in acciaio inossidabile per molle
d
u
st

tensioni dinamiche ammissibili
o
at
Molle di compressione foggiate a caldo,

d=13..50mm, τh_amm= 80-120MPa
v
Se da barre rettificate avvolte a caldo e

er
con provvedimenti speciali (bonifica,

decarburazione,…) τh_amm= 200-320MPa
is
Molle di compressione foggiate a freddo

d<5mm, N>107 cicli
Si entra con la tensione tangenziale minima τu
(moltiplicata per k!) e si esce con la tensione tangenziale
τh (k!) ≤ τh _ amm
R
massima ammissibile τo ovvero con la τh_amm

58

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Analisi dei carichi e

§ Elementi in cui sono predominanti due

§ Elementi in cui lo stato di sollecitazione

§ Elementi che devono possedere almeno

§ Elementi a geometria assial-simmetrica

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Prof. Dario Croccolo

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Rt θ γ ⋅ tanθ ⋅ %&3⋅h1 ⋅h2 +h22 + (h2 -3⋅h1) ⋅h'-2 ⋅h' 2 '(

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# 1+ QH2 & # Q2 &

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Mozzi o tubi con pressione interna

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2⋅p $ 1+ QS2 '

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Alberi o tubi con pressione esterna

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-pe =A-B ⇒ A=B-pe

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ZHi =rF -rHi ZSe =rF -rSe

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Z 1 rHi $ 1+ QH2 ' rSe # 1+QS2 &

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Z TOT Z TOT_D % 1+ QH2 ( 1 % 1+ QS2 (

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