Balancing

-rotating elements

Asymmetric structure
Non-uniform
Material defects mass imbalance
Production tolerance

Static balance
Balance
Dynamic balance
Balancing
◼ Static balance D
-single-plane balance: the masses generating the
B
inertia forces are nearly in the same plane.

- devices which are short in the axial

direction compared to the radial 作者：潘存云教授

direction, such as a bicycle or ω

motorcycle tire and wheel. ω
ω

Balancing procedure: The imbalance can be compensated for

by adding or removing material in the correct locations.
Determine the amount and location of imbalance
Static balance
- the sum of all forces on the moving system (including
inertial forces) : Fi

F2 Fb F3
If not balanced， 作者：潘存云教授
r2
∑Fi≠0 m2 r 1 r 3 m3
imbalance
After adding balance mass， ω
m1
F1
F = Fb＋∑Fi = 0
Given the imbalance mass mi，imbalance distance ri ,
and the rotating speed ω

Fi = miω2ri => ∑Fi= ∑ miω2ri

The inertial force due to balance mass Pb
P2 P3
Fb=mbω2rb r2 rb
m2 r1 r3 m3
作者：潘存云教授

The requirement for static balance：

m1 ω
F = Fb +∑Fi = 0 P1

mω2e = mbω2rb + m1ω2r1 + m2ω2r2+ m3ω2r3 =0

me = mbrb + m1r1 + m2r2+ m3r3 = 0

？ √ √ √ mbrb
m3r3
？ √ √ √

m1r1
- Graphical method m2r2
 Dynamic balance
F2
Ex: Two equal masses are at ω
identical radii, but separated along the 作者：潘存云教授
shaft length.
L
- A summation of forces due to their F1
rotation will be always zero.
F1+F2 = 0

- The inertia forces form a couple which rotates with the

masses about the shaft.
M=F1L=F2L≠0
- It is possible for an object to be statically balanced but not
be dynamically balanced.
Dynamic balance
- Any rotating object or assembly which is relatively
long in the axial direction compared to the radial
direction requires dynamic balancing for complete
balance.

- Some examples of devices which require dynamic

balancing are: rollers, crankshafts, camshafts, axles, motor
rotors.
Dynamic balance
- To correct dynamic imbalance requires either adding or
removing the right amount of mass at the proper angular
locations in two correction planes.
 Correction planes II
Dynamic balance
F2 F2II
I m2
r
2
作者：潘存云教授
F1II
F2I r1 r3 F3II
F1I m3
m1 F l3
1 F3
F3I l2
l1
L
L
l1
作者：潘存云教授

l1 rI=r=rII
FI = F
L
L − l1 FI FII
FII = F
L F
Dynamic balance II

F2 F2II
I m2
r2 F1II
F2I r1 作者：潘存云教授
3 r F3II
F1I m3
m1 F l3
1 F3
F3I l2
l1
L

l1 l2 l3
F1I = F1 F2 I = F2 F3 I = F3
L L L
L − l1 L − l2 L − l3
F1II = F1 F2 II = F2 F3 II = F3
L L L
 II
Dynamic balance: to determine the amount
and location of imbalanceF2 m2II
I m2 m1II
r2
作者：潘存云教授
3 r m3II
m2I r1
m1I m3
m1 F l3
1 F3
m3I l2
l1
L

l1 l2 l3
m1I = m1 m2 I = m2 m3 I = m3
L L L
L − l1 L − l2 L − l3
m1II = m1 m2 II = m2 m3 II = m3
L L L
Dynamic balance: to determine the amountIIF2II
m2II FbII
and location of imbalance F2 mbII
rbII
I m2
F2I r2 m1II
作者：潘存云教授 r m3II F1II
r1 3
m2I F3II
m1I m3
m1 F l3
rbI F1I 1 F3
m3I mbI l2
FbI
F3I l1
m3Ir3 L
m2Ir2
m2IIr2
m3IIr3
mbIrbI m1Ir1

m1IIr1
mbIrbI + m1Ir1 + m2Ir2+ m3Ir3 = 0 mbIIrbII
mbIIrbII + m1IIr1 + m2IIr2+ m3IIr3 = 0
 Dynamic balance is sometimes called two-plane
balance. It requires that two criteria be met. The sum of
the forces must be zero (static balance) plus the sum of the
moments must also be zero.
9.3 Engine Dynamics

S = 2r ?

In a slider-crank linkage of single-cylinder engine, the piston bore B,

conrod/crank ratio l/r, bore/stroke ratio B/S, rotation speed n2, the
position of center of gravity for crank and conrod, CG2 and CG3, and
the four-stroke gas pressure are given. Calculate the gas force, gas
torque, shaking force, shaking torque and total engine torque.
13 X.L.Wang
9.3 Engine Dynamics

1. Gas force
- due to the gas pressure from
the exploding fuel-air mixture
impinging on the top of the
piston surface.

Gas pressure is a function of crank angle.

14 X.L.Wang
9.3 Engine Dynamics
2. Gas torque
- due to the gas force acting at
a moment arm about the
crank center O2

15 X.L.Wang
Shaking force

➢For fourbar linkage, there are only two points at which the
dynamic forces can be delivered to the ground.

➢ Shaking force: the sum of all the forces acting on the ground

16 X.L.Wang
9.3 Engine Dynamics
3. Shaking force
- the sum of all the forces
acting on the ground plane

- The net effect of the dynamic

forces which can set up
vibrations in the structure that
supports the machine.

17 X.L.Wang
9.3 Engine Dynamics
3. Shaking force

mA, mB ?
18 X.L.Wang
9.3 Engine Dynamics
Equivalent Masses

19 X.L.Wang
 Shaking moment

M s = T 21 + ( R 1  F41 )
➢ Shaking moment: the reaction moment felt by the ground.

➢Shaking force: tend to move the ground back and forth;

Shaking torque: tend to rock the ground plane about the
driveline axis.

20 X.L.Wang
9.3 Engine Dynamics
4. Shaking torque
- the reaction moment felt by
the ground plane

- will tend to rock the ground

plane about the driveline axis

- is equal to the inertia torque

21 X.L.Wang
9.3 Engine Dynamics
5. Total engine torque
- the sum of the gas torque and
the inertia torque

22 X.L.Wang
 THANK YOU

2020/4/22 23