國 立 成 功 大 學

水 利 與 海 洋 工 程 學 系
中等水文學(HE421R)

平時作業

作業一
Calculate the precipitable water with different surface

temperature.

授課老師：張駿暉 老師

學號：N86084131

系級：水利碩一

姓名：韓宇翔

民 國 2 年 04 月 30 日
 一、 說明
3.2.5 Calculate the precipitable water (mm) in a 10-km-high saturated atmospheric column if the surface conditions are temperature
= 20 0, pressure = 101.3 kPa, and the lapse rate is 6.5 0/km.
3.2.6 Solve Prob. 3.2.5 for surface temperatures of 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 0 and plot a graph showing the variation of precipitable water depth with
surface temperature.
1. Calculate the precipitable water
(1) T=0 0
T=0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Vapor The specific The average value The air Incremental Total % of total
2 Elevation Temperature Temperature Pressure Density
pressure humidity of specific humidity density mass mass mass
3 z T T P ρ e qv qv ρair Δm m
3 3
4 km 0 K kPa kg/m kPa kg/kg kg/kg kg/m kg kg %
0 0 0 273.15 101.3 1.291965 0.611 0.003752 0
1 2 -13 260.15 78.39757 1.049835 1.170900 0.224564 0.001782 0.002767 6.478966 6.478966 65.13692
2 4 -26 247.15 59.88094 0.844054 0.946945 0.072971 0.000758 0.001270 2.404901 8.883868 24.17791
3 6 -39 234.15 45.07654 0.670654 0.757354 0.020462 0.000282 0.000520 0.787892 9.671760 7.921151
4 8 -52 221.15 33.38608 0.525922 0.598288 0.004800 8.94E-05 0.000186 0.222434 9.894194 2.236266
5 10 -65 208.15 24.28170 0.406392 0.466157 0.000905 2.32E-05 5.63E-05 0.052494 9.946689 0.527758

Equivalent depth of liquid water=9.632778 mm

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 (2) T=10 0

T=00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Vapor The specific The average value The air Incremental Total % of total
2 Elevation Temperature Temperature Pressure Density
pressure humidity of specific humidity density mass mass mass
3 z T T P ρ e qv qv ρair Δm m
4 km 0 K kPa kg/m3 kPa kg/kg kg/kg kg/m3 kg kg %
0 0 10 283.15 101.3 1.246337 1.228365 0.007542 0
1 2 -3 270.15 79.12751 1.020387 1.133362 0.489787 0.003850 0.005696 12.91178 12.91178 62.20083
2 4 -16 257.15 61.05955 0.827198 0.923793 0.175296 0.001786 0.002818 5.206293 18.11807 25.08065
3 6 -29 244.15 46.48775 0.663322 0.745260 0.055187 0.000738 0.001262 1.881107 19.99918 9.061991
4 8 -42 231.15 34.86925 0.525522 0.594422 0.014896 0.000266 0.000502 0.59687 20.59605 2.875344
5 10 -55 218.15 25.72264 0.410774 0.468148 0.003336 8.07E-05 0.000173 0.16216 20.75821 0.781187

Equivalent depth of liquid water=20.22845 mm

2
 (3) T=20 0

T=20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Vapor The specific The average value The air Incremental Total % of total
2 Elevation Temperature Temperature Pressure Density
pressure humidity of specific humidity density mass mass mass
3 z T T P ρ e qv qv ρair Δm m
4 km 0 K kPa kg/m3 kPa kg/kg kg/kg kg/m3 kg kg %
0 0 20 293.15 101.3 1.203821 2.339047 0.014362 0
1 2 7 280.15 79.81259 0.992483 1.098152 1.002186 0.007810 0.011086 24.34874 24.34874 59.41479
2 4 -6 267.15 62.17458 0.810775 0.901629 0.390375 0.003905 0.005858 10.56316 34.91190 25.77579
3 6 -19 254.15 47.83467 0.655685 0.73323 0.135909 0.001767 0.002836 4.159303 39.07120 10.14936
4 8 -32 241.15 36.29882 0.524382 0.590033 0.041398 0.000709 0.001238 1.461283 40.53249 3.565763
5 10 -45 228.15 27.12683 0.41421 0.469296 0.010738 0.000246 0.000478 0.448452 40.98094 1.094293

Equivalent depth of liquid water=40.13378 mm

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 (4) T=30 0

T=30 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Vapor The specific The average value The air Incremental Total % of total
2 Elevation Temperature Temperature Pressure Density
pressure humidity of specific humidity density mass mass mass
3 z T T P ρ e qv qv ρair Δm m
4 km 0 K kPa kg/m3 kPa kg/kg kg/kg kg/m3 kg kg %
0 0 30 303.15 101.3 1.164111 4.244454 0.026062 0
1 2 17 290.15 80.45681 0.966012 1.065062 1.938364 0.014985 0.020523 43.71749 43.71749 56.78825
2 4 4 277.15 63.23089 0.794798 0.880405 0.813527 0.008003 0.011494 20.23863 63.95612 26.28962
3 6 -9 264.15 49.12110 0.647828 0.721313 0.309291 0.003916 0.005960 8.597377 72.55350 11.16784
4 8 -22 251.15 37.67659 0.522614 0.585221 0.104626 0.001727 0.002822 3.302807 75.85630 4.290289
5 10 -35 238.15 28.49384 0.416815 0.469714 0.030791 0.000672 0.00120 1.127035 76.98334 1.463999

Equivalent depth of liquid water=75.69278 mm

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 (5) T=40 0

T=40 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Vapor The specific The average value The air Incremental Total % of total
2 Elevation Temperature Temperature Pressure Density
pressure humidity of specific humidity density mass mass mass
3 z T T P ρ e qv qv ρair Δm m
4 km 0 K kPa kg/m3 kPa kg/kg kg/kg kg/m3 kg kg %
0 0 40 313.15 101.3 1.126937 7.378029 0.045302 0
1 2 27 300.15 81.06369 0.940872 1.033904 3.566508 0.027366 0.036334 75.13190 75.1319 54.32575
2 4 14 287.15 64.23286 0.779275 0.860074 1.599128 0.015485 0.021425 36.85495 111.9868 26.64877
3 6 1 274.15 50.35063 0.639822 0.709549 0.656924 0.008115 0.011800 16.74564 128.7325 12.10830
4 8 -12 261.15 39.00444 0.520315 0.580069 0.243534 0.003884 0.005999 6.960151 135.6926 5.032688
5 10 -25 248.15 29.82358 0.418686 0.469500 0.079951 0.001667 0.002776 2.606233 138.2989 1.884493

Equivalent depth of liquid water=136.4176 mm

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 2. Total mass of precipitable water
Total mass of Equivalent depth Equivalent depth
T Density Density Density Density
precipitable water of liquid water of liquid water
0 kg m mm kg/m3 kg/m3 kg/m3 kg/m3
0 9.632778 0.009633 9.632778 999.8395 999.8428 - 999.8676
10 20.22845 0.020228 20.22845 999.6994 999.7027 1000.730 999.7281
20 40.13378 0.040134 40.13378 998.2031 998.2067 998.4023 998.2336
30 75.69278 0.075693 75.69278 995.6450 995.6488 995.4400 995.6783
40 136.4176 0.136418 136.4176 992.2119 992.2152 991.8611 992.2473
二、 結論

14 Total mass of precipitable water

f(x) = 0 x² − 0.03 x + 13.4
12 R² = 1

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

f(x) = − 0 x² − 0.01 x + 1002.46

R² = 1
1000.05 Density of water

f(x) = − 0 x² + 0 x + 1000.01
1000 R² = 1
f(x) =
f(x) =−− 00 x²
x² +
+ 00 xx +
+ 999.98
999.99
R² =
R² = 11

999.95

999.9

999.85

999.8

999.75
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

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三、 附錄
1. 密度(Density, ρ)經驗公式
T is temperature in 0., ρ is density in kg/m3., S is salinity in ppt.
(1) Spieweck & Bettin
ρ (Spieweck/Bettin)=(i=0,m=5)
=
a0=9.9983952*103 kg/m3/0
a1=1.6952577*10 kg/m3/02
a2=-7.9905127*10-3 kg/m3/03
a3=-4.6241757*10-5 kg/m3/04
a4=1.0584601*10-7 kg/m3/05
a5=-2.8103006*10-10 kg/m3/0
b=1.6887236*10-3 0-1
(2) CIPM
ρ (CIPM)= a5*
=999.97495*

a1=-3.983035 0
a2=301.797 0
a3=522528.9 02
a4=69.34881 0
a5=999.97495 kg/m3
(3) Density with salinity (seawater)

ρ (w Sal.)=103*(0.5*(4.032219*0.5+0.115313 S1+3.26*10-4 S2)

+ T1*(-0.108199*0.5+1.571*10-3 S1-4.23*10-4 S2)
+ T2*(-0.012247*0.5+1.74*10-3 S1-9*10-6 S2)
+(4 T13-3 T1)*(6.92*10-4*0.5-8.7*10-5 S1-5.3*10-5 S2))

S2=2S12-1, S1=, 0NSN160

T2=2T12-1, T1=, 10NTN180
(4) Density without salinity (pure water)

ρ (w/o Sal.)= a5*

=1000*
a1=-3.9863 0
a2=288.9414 0
a3=508929.2 02

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 a4=68.12963 0
a5=1000 kg/m3
2. 飽和蒸氣壓(Vapor pressure at saturation, psat)經驗公式
psat= *EXP (A T2+ B T + C + )
A=1.23788*10-5 0
B=-0.019121316 0
C=33.93711047 03
D=-6343.1645 0
E=1 Pa