International Journal of Current Medical And Applied Sciences, vol.4. Issue:1, September: 2014. PP:33-40.

A Study on Awareness and Behaviour of

Adolescents towards Road Traffic Accidents.
S.B. Salve*, R.K. Dase**, V.S. Jadhav**, S.M. Mahajan*** & S.A.Adchitre***.
*Professor, **Assistant Professor & *** Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine,
Mahatma Gandhi Missions Medical College Aurangabad, Maharashtra, INDIA.
Corresponding Email ID: rdase25@gmail.com
Research Article
Subject: Community Medicine
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Abstract: tragically are not often due to ignorance, but are

Fatal road traffic accidents in adolescents
constitute a significant public health problem. So to
assess the knowledge and practices amongst
adolescents, present study was carried out in five
coaching classes in Aurangabad city in urban field
practice area of MGM Medical College Aurangabad,
Maharashtra, India during the period January 2013
to March 2014. A total 599 boys and 452 girls of
tenth, eleventh and tweleveth standard were
included in this study .Data was collected in pre
designed questionnaire. Health Education was
given with the help of slide show to promote
Adolescents for safe driving.
Awareness for vehicle condition, traffic
signal and signs was good amongst boys and girls,
boys were more aware than girls. Awareness
towards road condition was average amongst boys
and girls as well. The percentage of road traffic
accidents was high, i.e., 219 (68.44%) amongst
boys due to risk taking behaviour like driving with
triple seats, performing stunts, over-limit speeding,
etc. Conclusion-knowledge for road signals, signs
and vehicle condition was good.
Key Words: Road Traffic Accident, Adolescent’s
Awareness, Driving Practices.
Introduction:
Accident means Unexpected, unplanned
occurrence which may result in an injury.
According to WHO definition of accident is an
unpremeditated event resulting in recognizable
damage. Occurrence in a sequence of events which
usually produces unintended death or property
damage.
Motor vehicle accident was defined as the
unintended collision of one motor vehicle with
another, a stationary object, or persons, resulting in
injuries, death and/ or loss of property. Accidents
due to carelessness and over confidence. William
Haddon [1] has pointed out that road accidents
were associated with numerous problems each of
which needed to be addressed separately.
More than 1.2 million people are died in
road traffic accidents and about 50 million injured
in road traffic accidents worldwide every year. On
an average 3242 persons die each day around
world in road crashes. In the developed countries,
57% of male deaths and 43% of female deaths are
in age group 10-24yrs due to Road Traffic
Accidents.Emergence of Road Traffic Injuries
(RTIs) a leading cause of Deaths & Disabilities in
India. The magnitude of Road traffic accidents and
fatalities in India is alarming in 2009, 4.22 lakh
Road traffic accidents and 1.27 lakh Road traffic
fatalities were reported. These numbers translate
into one road accidents every minute and one road
accident death every four minutes [2].
The world health organization (WHO)
estimated that 1.17 million deaths occur each year
worldwide due to Road traffic accidents. This
increased rate has been attributed by population
explosion and increased motorisation. This
increased motorisation may be characterised
briefly as the “Automotive revolution” that is the
motorizing of urban population especially in the
developing countries .Statistics indicate that over
90 percent of traffic accident situation in Nigeria
can be attributed to driver’s errors [3, 4].
The motorization of India especially during
the past two decades has resulted in greater
number of deaths and injuries due to absence of
Road safety policies, programmes, and
environmental norms. Road traffic accidents have
been increasing significantly due to rapid
motorization, urbanization and migration of people
along with the lack of a safety environment. Nearly
60% of those killed injured are in the age group of

Copyright @ 2014 Logic Publications, IJCMAAS,E-ISSN:2321-9335,P-ISSN:2321-9327.page I 33

 S.B. Salve, R.K. Dase, V.S. Jadhav, S.M. Mahajan & S.A.Adchitre
16 to 45 years with a male to female ration of 4:1
[5].
Accidents impose significant costs 3% GDP
for India (1999-2000) 1% GNP for low income
countries 1.5 % GNP for middle income countries
2% GNP for high income countries. Traffic crashes
also impact on the economy of developing
countries at an estimated cost 1:2 % of a countries
GNP per annum, as a result of morbidity, mortality
and property related cost [6] .
Road accidents occur due to different
reasons like: Defects in vehicle, Error of driver,
Environment around the road, Defects in roads etc.
Human error is estimated to account for between
64 to 95 % of all causes of Traffic Crashes in
developing countries [3].
The accidents are increased in and around
Aurangabad city, Maharashtra State India, due to
various reasons: 1) Rapid Urbanization, 2)
Industrialization, 3) Increase in educational
institutes and expansion of residential area
towards out-skirts of the city, migration of
population for jobs from nearby places but no
residential area nearby to accumulate more and
more migrants which compel them to reside on
out-skirt area. So distance from residential area to
work place, schools and colleges has increased to
and fro and moreover busy parent which leads to
increased vehicle use by adolescents.
The reasons for higher rate of Road traffic
accidents amongst young drivers are minimal
information about Road safety and limited practice,
immaturity and inexperience particularly in the
necessary driving skills and capabilities [7] .
So this present study was carried out with
an Aim -to assess the awareness and practices
followed by adolescents while driving a vehicle and
Observations & Results:
Table 1: Adolescents Gender & Age-group:
Age Group (In Boys
years) N %
< 15 25 4.17%
-17 478 79.79%
-19 96 16.03%
Total 599 100%
Out of 1051 adolescents , 81.45% were in
age-group 15-17 years, 13.04 percent were in age
–group 17-19 years & only 5.51 percent below 15
Copyright @ 2014 Logic Publications, IJCMAAS,E-ISSN:2321-9335,P-ISSN:2321-9327 . Page | 34
to motivate them to follow traffic rules to prevent
Road traffic accidents.
Objectives:-
• To assess awareness about road traffic
rules amongst adolescents
• To study their behavieral pattern while
driving the vehicle.
• To know the causes of accidents
• To compare male and female adolescents’
awareness and behavieral pattern.
Material Methods:
This present cross sectional study was
carried out amongst adolescents attending
academic coaching classes in Aurangabad city
during the period January 2013 to March 2014. A
predesigned and pretested questioner was used for
collection of information from the adolescents.
Questions like presence of road divider,
street lights, signals and signs boards, condition of
roads, stray animals on road were included to
assess their awareness towards road conditions,
questions were also included to know their
awareness towards vehicles conditions and driving
practices. Based on these questions grading score
was given to ascertain the level of traffic safety
awareness amongst adolescences. For answering
five to six questions correctly Grade -I that is good
SCORE, for 3-4 correct answers Grade-II that is
average score and for less than three correct
answers Grade-3 that is “poor” score was given.
Health education was given with the help of power
point presentation and by question answer session
for motivation of adolescents to prevent road
traffic accidents.
Girls Total Percentage
N %
33 7.30% 58 5.51%
378 83.63% 856 81.45%
041 9.07 137 13.04%
452 100% 1051 100%
years. Out of 1051, 599 (56.99%) were boys & 452
(43.01%) were girls.
 Logic Publications @2014, IJCMAAS, E-ISSN: 2321-9335,P-ISSN:2321-9327.

Table 2: Use of Vehicle by adolescents for travelling from home to coaching classes:
Vehicles Boys (%) Girls (%) TOTAL
Four wheeler 17(2.83%) 17(3.76%) 34(3.24%)
Two wheeler with gear 206(34.39%) 22(4.87%) 228(21.68%)
Two wheeler without gear 159 (26.58%) 374 (82.74%) 533 (50.71%)
Both 217 (36.20%) 39 (8.63%) 256 (24.37%)
Total 599 (100%) 452 (100%) 1051 (100%)

Table 2 shows out of 1051, 533 (50.71%)
adolescents were using Two wheeler without gear,
amongst these 533, 374 (70.17%) were girls,
whereas 159 (29.83%) were boys. and 228
(21.68%) were using Two Wheeler with gear,
amongst these maximum were boys i.e. 206
(90.35%) and 22 (09.65%) were girls. Only 34
(3.24%) were using Four Wheeler and in this boys
to girls ratio was 50-50%.

Table 3: Awareness of signals amongst adolescents:

Signal Boys Girls Total Chi- p-
square value
Don’t Know Total Don’t Know Total Don’t Know
value
Know Know Know
RED 0 599 599 0 452 452 0 1051
(0%) (100%) (100%) (0%) (100%) (100%) (0%) (100%) 335 P=0.0
YELLOW 92 507 599 67 385 452 159 892 00
(15.4%) (84.6%) (100%) (14.8%) (85.2%) (100%) (13.1%) (86.9) S
GREEN 0 599 599 0 452 452 0 831
(0%) (100%) (100%) (0%) (100%) (100%) (0%) (100%)

Out of 1051 adolescents , all were aware about Green signals colour was more compared to Yellow
RED and GREEN colour Road traffic signals , about colour signal & this difference was statistically
YELLOW colour , only 892 (86.9% ) were aware and significant (p=0.000).
159 (13.1% ) were not aware.. Awareness for Red &

Table 4: Awareness about Road Condition, vehicle & sign amongst Adolescents.
Score BOYS GIRLS TOTAL Chi-square p-value
(599) (452) (1051) test
Awareness about Road GOOD 88 085 173
Condition’ (5-7) (14.69%) (18.80%) (16.46%) 5.50 P=0.064
AVERAGE 320 211 531 NS
(3-4) (53.42%) (46.68%) (50.52%)
POOR 191 156 347
(1-2) (31.88%) (34.51%) (33.01%)
GOOD 410 255 665
(5-7) (68.45%) (56.42%) (63.27%)
Awareness about AVERAGE 084 135 219
Condition of vehicle (3-4) (14.02%) (29.87%) (20.84%) 37.6 P=0.0000
POOR 105 062 167 S
(1-2) (17.53%) (13.71 %) (18.89%)
Awareness about Road GOOD 298 150 448(42.63%)
Traffic signs (5-7) (49.75%) (33.18%)
AVERAGE 249 198 447(42.53%)
(3-4) (41.57%) (43.80%) 52.5 P=0.0000
POOR 052 104 156(14.84%) S
(1-2) (8.68%) (23.00%)

International Journal of Current Medical And Applied Sciences [IJCMAAS] volume 4, Issue 1.
 S.B. Salve, R.K. Dase, V.S. Jadhav, S.M. Mahajan & S.A.Adchitre

Above Table shows, score of awareness (61.45%) were the boys and 255 (38.35%) were
about road condition by which they travel daily. girls.. It means boys awareness towards vehicle
Out of 1051 adolescents, average score was condition was more compared to girls and this
observed in 531 (50.52%), poor in 347 (33.01%) difference shows statistical significance (p=0.000).
and only 173 (16.46%) with Good score. Out of 173 The awareness about road traffic signs was
with Good score 88 (50.87%) were boys & good amongst 448 (42.63%) adolescents, average
85(49.48%) were girls. Out of 347 with poor score, amongst 447(42.53%) and poor amongst 156
191(55.04%) were boys and 156(44.96%) were (14.84%) adolescents. Amongst these 448 students
girls. But this difference was not statistically having good awareness, 298 (66.52%) were boys
significant (p=0.064). It means that Boys as well as and 150 (33.48%) were girls and out of 156
girls were less aware about the road condition. adolescents, with poor awareness 052 (33.33%)
Out of 1051 students 665 (63.27%) had were boys and 104 (66.67%) were girls. It means
Good awareness, 219 (20.84%) had Average & 167 boys had good awareness towards Road Traffic
(15.89%) had poor awareness about their vehicle Sign compared to girls and this shows statistical
condition. Amongst these 665 adolescents with significant difference in their level of awareness.
good awareness about vehicle condition, 410
Table 5: Behaviour of Adolescents while driving Vehicle:
BOYS GIRLS TOTAL Chi- P-value
square
value
1.LICENSE
Learning 120 (20.00%) 85 (18.80%) 205(19.51%)
Permanent 79 (13.20%) 52 (11.50%) 131(12.46%) 1.11 P=0.575
Do not have 400 (66.80%) 315 (69.70%) 715(68.03%) NS
2.ACCESSORIES
Working 399 (66.61%) 320 (70.80%) 719(68.41%) 2.09 P=0.148
NS
Not Working 200 (33.39%) 132 (29.20%) 332(31.59%)
3.HELMET
Yes 130 (21.70%) 78 (17.26%) 208(19.79%) 3.89 P=0.043
No 469 (78.30%) 374 (82.74%) 843(80.21%) S
4.SIGN
Follow 213 (35.56%) 141 (31.20%) 354(33.68%) 2.03 P=0.154
Not Follow 386 (64.44%) 311 (68.80%) 697(66.32%) NS
5.SIGNALS
Follow 412 (68.78%) 307 (67.92%) 719(68.41%) 0.088 P=0.766
Not Follow 187 (31.22%) 145 (32.08%) 332(31.51%) NS
6. LANE DISCIPLINE
Follow 469 (78.30%) 306 (67.70%) 775(43.74%) 14.9 P=0.000
Not Follow 130 (21.70%) 146 (32.30%) 276(26.26%) S
7.TAKE EXTRA SEATS
Yes 212 (35.40%) 70 (15.49%) 282(26.83%) 52.0 P=0.000
No 387 (64.60%) 382 (84.51%) 769(73.17%) S
8.PERFORM STUNT
Yes 105 (17.53%) 30 (6.64%) 135(12.84%) 27.3 P=0.000
No 494 (82.47%) 422 (93.36%) 916(87.15%) S
9.MUSIC
Yes 208 (34.7%) 167 (36.90%) 375(35.68%) 0.554 P=0.457
No 391 (65.3%) 285 (63.10%) 676(64.32%) NS
10.MOBILE
Yes 217 (36.20%) 128 (28.30%) 345(32.83%) 7.31 P=0.007
No 382 (63.80%) 324 (71.70%) 706(67.14%) S
11.DRINK AND DRIVE
Yes 57 (9.50%) 10 (2.20%) 67(6.47%) 23.0 P=0.000
No 542 (90.50%) 442 (97.80%) 984(93.63%) S

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 S.B. Salve, R.K. Dase, V.S. Jadhav, S.M. Mahajan & S.A.Adchitre

Table no.5 shows, 131(12.46%) students
having permanent driving licenses while 205
(19.51% ) were driving with learning licenses.
Maximum 715 (68.03% ) students do not have
license and amongst these , 400 ( 55.94%) were
boys and 315 ( 29.97%) were girls. Difference is
not statistically significant ( P=0.575).
Use of safety measures like helmet while
driving was very less i.e. 208 ( 19.79% ) amongst
these 130 (62.5%) were boys and 78 ( 37.5% )
were girls .Amongst 843 (80.21%) non user of
helmet , 469 ( 55.63%) were boys and 374 (
44.37%) were girls. Percentage of using helmet
was more amongst boys compared to girls and this
shows statistical difference. When inquired about
following traffic signs and signals.
Similarly the percentage of driving with
triple seats perform stunts, using cell phone while
driving, driving in drunken state was significantly
higher among boys 212 (75.18%) , 105 (77.78%),
217 (62.90%)and 57 (85.09%) respectively as
compared to girls i.e. 70( 24.82%), 30(22.22%),
128( 37.10%), 10(14.93%) respectively and
difference was statistically significant.
Vehicle accessories in working conditions
were recorded in 719(68.41%) students. Signals
and lane discipline followed by maximum students
719(68.41%) and 775 (73.74%) respectively but
traffic signs are not followed by 697(66.32%)
students. Boys drive the vehicle with risk taking
behavior i.e. performs stunt, drive with triple seat
drink and drive. This percentage was higher among
boys compared to girls.

Table 6: Accidents amongst Adolescents’:

Accident Boys Girls Total Chi- p-value

square
value
Yes 219(36.56%) 101 (22.35%) 320 (30.45%) P=0.000
No 380(63.44%) 351 (77.65%) 731 (69.55%) 24.6 S
Total 599(100%) 452 (100%) 1051 (100%)

According to table no.6 the total prevalence 219(68.44%) as compared to girls i.e. 101(31.56%)
of accident among adolescent’s drivers was 320 and this difference is statistically significant
(30.45%) it was more amongst boy’s i.e.
.

Graph 1: Reasons of the Accidents among Adolecents

60
50
No.of Accidents

40
30
20
10
0

BOYS

GIRLS

Copyright @ 2014 Logic Publications, IJCMAAS,E-ISSN:2321-9335,P-ISSN:2321-9327.page I 33

 S.B. Salve, R.K. Dase, V.S. Jadhav, S.M. Mahajan & S.A.Adchitre
The Graph shows the main reasons for
accident were listening music while driving 66
(20.62%) ,high speed 46(14.38%) others person
mistakes 42(13.13%) , not following signals
41(12.81) , vehicles skid 33(10.31%) , bad
constructed road 24(7.50%) , fault of pedestrian
29(9.06%) .
Amongst boys listening music was main
reason 48( 21.92 % ) followed by over limit33
(15.0% ) , not following signals 31( 14.15%) ,
vehicle skid etc were the reasons, while in girls
listening music was the main reason 18(17.82%)
and other persons mistake by pedestrians mistake
16(15.84 %) & bad constructed roads 13(12.87%).
Discussion:
Present study was carried out to assess the
awareness and behaviour of adolescents towards
RTAs. More than 50 percent participants were males
and more than 70 percent participants were driving
two wheelers, among these females prefer to drive
two wheeler vehicles without gear whereas males
prefer to drive vehicles with gear.
All the study participants were aware about
red and green colour traffic signals, but for yellow
colour traffic signal awareness was 85 percent.
According to Priyanka et.al. , only 35 percent of
students know the indication of yellow traffic signal,
while after the intervention the number was
increased to 63 percent. This difference might be
due to different age group [ 8].
Chances of accidents are more during the
yellow colour signal because of confusion to go or
not to go. So awareness should be improved. Nearly
¾ of study participant showed good to average
score in identifying traffic signs and score was more
among males compared to females. Similar findings
were recorded by Raj et.al. [9] in their Study.
However in another study carried out by V. Kulkarni
et.al. [10] and Swami et al. [11] and Gharaibeh et al.
[12] awareness was much less than the expected
satisfactory level.
The better knowledge of traffic sign among
participant may be due to more exposure to sign
board while travelling. Awareness towards vehicles
maintenance was good among study participants.
Males were more aware than females.
Present study shows that 68 percent
participants drive the vehicle without valid driving
license and 66% participants do not follow signs.
While traffic signals were followed by more than 68
percent and lane discipline were followed by 43
percent participants. More than ¾ participants keep
International Journal of Current Medical And Applied Sciences [IJCMAAS] volume 4, Issue 1.
their vehicles in working condition. Traffic signals
were followed by ¾ participants. Similar findings
are observed by V. Kulkarni. They have observed
that nearly half of participants always followed
traffic rules and more than 2/3 had got their
vehicles serviced regularly [10].
This better practices of vehicle maintenance
are more among males compare to females and this
practices should be improved in females too, as
badly maintained vehicles are among the important
reason for increasing road traffic fatalities in
developing countries.
Hajar Abdul Rehaman [13] also reported
that more than 50% participants were not having
license. Abhishek Singh and Anil Bhardwaj [14] also
reported that more than 71% participants did not
wear a helmet at the time of Road Traffic Accident
and 16.25% were not having license. Nilamber Jha
[16] had observed that 15% had no valid license.
Ashish Trivedi also reported that 15% driver were
driving without license. In present study percentage
was quite high and this difference might be due to
casual attitude of Traffic Police and overcrowded
city roads so difficult to keep watch on defaulters .
In present study risk taking behaviour like
driving with triple seat, perform stunts, listening
music, talking on cell phones was recorded amongst
40 percent of participant and in males percentage
was higher compared to females. Similar findings
were recorded by V Kulkarni et. al. that ¼ of study
participant were involved in driving in drunken
state [10] .
Driving in drunken state is well known
notorious combination responsible for increase in
morbidity and mortality in association with RTAs.
They had recorded that nearly 1/5 of participant
were admitted to use mobile phones without hand
free devices while driving further more nearly 2/3
participants agreed to having exceeding speed limit.
Similar findings were also recorded by Gharaibeh et
al. in Saudi Arabia [12].
Such high risk behaviour while with driving is not
only dangerous to drivers but also to others. This
behavioral pattern need to be addressed proper
educative and legislative measures.
Present study shows that only 19%
participants wear helmet while driving. Ashish
Trivedi reported that regular use of safety measures
like helmet, while driving was less prevalent among
young drivers. Only 11% were using helmet
regularly. Unsafe driving practices like high driving
speed , not using helmet while driving and using
mobile phone while driving are very common
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 Logic Publications @2014, IJCMAAS, E-ISSN: 2321-9335,P-ISSN:2321-9327.
among young drivers and higher prevalence of Road
Traffic Accidents was observed among drivers with
these kind of unsafe driving practices. Ashish
Trivedi reported that 42% of young drivers use
mobile while driving. He also reported that almost
half of the participants drive with average speed of
more than 50 km/hr [16].
In present study prevalence of accidents
was more than 30% and it was more than double
(68.44%) among males as compared to females
(31.56%).(Male to Female difference was
statistically significant.) Nilambar [15] reported that
the accident rates were 4.9 times higher in males
than in females. Similar results were also observed
in Delhi (Mehta S.P.) [17] male to female ratio of
Road Traffic Accidents was very high (9:1)
according to Ghosh P.K. [18].
It shows that male drivers are much more
exposed to RTA than female drivers. Present study
shows that listening music while driving(20%), over
speed limit (14%), not following signals(12%), bad
constructed roads (7%), alcohol consumption (3%)
were the main reasons of accidents.
Abhishek Singh and Bhardwaj [14] reported
that 18% gave history of having consumed alcohol
within 6 hours before RTA. .Majority (84.41%) of the
victims responded that the road condition was the
main reason for RTA. According to Ashish Trivedi
[16] Fault of Pedestrian (37.4%) }, Poor road
condition (34%), High speed Vehicles (8%) and
Animal on Road (9%) were the Causes of Accidents.
Nilambar [15] reported that 15% of driver involved
in RTA had consumed alcohol. This was a higher
proportion compared to Ghosh P.K. [18] (4.6%) and
Sood S . [19] (8%) as reported from Delhi .
The role of alcohol in impairing driving
ability is well documented. Also the impairment
increases as the blood alcohol level rises. In
addition, the risk of accident is higher in youngsters
and elderly people for the same blood alcohol level
[20].
Conclusion:
Maximum adolescents were aware about
green and red colour signals, but awareness towards
yellow colour signal was less amongst boys and girls
as well. Use of helmet and following traffic discipline
was more amongst boys and risk taking behaviour
like driving with triple seat, performing stunts, using
cell-phones was also more amongst boys compared
to girls. Percentage of road traffic accidents was
more amongst boys and reasons were over-limit
speed, listening to music, drinking alcohol and
driving.
RTA are totally avoidable in a sense that it is
only needs to create a sense among people
International Journal of Current Medical And Applied Sciences [IJCMAAS] volume 4, Issue 1.
regarding road safety and to enhance its benefits in
their own interests.prevention is better than
rehabilitation and treatment in case of RTAs.
Recommendations:
A combined and conscious effort needs to
be carried out by schools, colleges, coaching classes
& RTO to create awareness about RTA & motivate
adolescents for usage of road safety measures which
will enhance its benefits in their own interests. Strict
implementation of legislative measures is also need
of the hour.
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