Juan Crisostomo Ibarra is a young Filipino who, after studying for seven years in

Europe, returns to his native land to find that his father, a wealthy landowner, has
died in prison as the result of a quarrel with the parish curate, a Franciscan friar
named Padre Damaso. Ibarra is engaged to a beautiful and accomplished girl, Maria
Clara, the supposed daughter and only child of the rich Don Santiago de los Santos,
commonly known as “Capitan Tiago.”

Ibarra resolves to forego all quarrels and to work for the betterment of his people. To
show his good intentions, he seeks to establish, at his own expense, a public school
in his native town. He meets with ostensible support from all, especially Padre
Damaso’s successor, a young and gloomy Franciscan named Padre Salvi, for whom
Maria Clara confesses to an instinctive dread.

At the laying of the cornerstone for the new schoolhouse, a suspicious accident,
apparently aimed at Ibarra’s life, occurs, but the festivities proceed until the dinner,
where Ibarra is grossly and wantonly insulted over the memory of his father by Fray
Damaso. The young man loses control of himself and is about to kill the friar, who is
saved by the intervention of Maria Clara.

Ibarra is excommunicated, and Capitan Tiago, through his fear of the friars, is forced
to break the engagement and agree to the marriage of Maria Clara with a young and
inoffensive Spaniard provided by Padre Damaso. Obedient to her reputed father’s
command and influenced by her mysterious dread of Padre Salvi, Maria Clara
consents to this arrangement, but becomes seriously ill, only to be saved by
medicines sent secretly by Ibarra and clandestinely administered by a girl friend.

Ibarra succeeds in having the excommunication removed, but before he can explain
matters, an uprising against the Civil Guard is secretly brought about through agents
of Padre Salvi, and the leadership is ascribed to Ibarra to ruin him. He is warned by a
mysterious friend, an outlaw called Elias, whose life he had accidentally saved; but
desiring first to see Maria Clara, he refuses to make his escape, and when the
outbreak page occurs, he is arrested as the instigator of it and thrown into prison in
Manila.

On the evening when Capitan Tiago gives a ball in his Manila house to celebrate his
supposed daughter’s engagement, Ibarra makes his escape from prison and
succeeds in seeing Maria Clara alone. He begins to reproach her because it is a
letter written to her before he went to Europe which forms the basis of the charge
against him, but she clears herself of treachery to him. The letter had been secured
from her by false representations and in exchange for two others written by her
mother just before her birth, which prove that Padre Damaso is her real father.
These letters had been accidentally discovered in the convento by Padre Salvi, who
made use of them to intimidate the girl and get possession of Ibarra’s letter, from
which he forged others to incriminate the young man. She tells him that she will
marry the young Spaniard, sacrificing herself thus to save her mother’s name and
Capitan Tiago’s honor and to prevent a public scandal, but that she will always
remain true to him.
Ibarra’s escape had been effected by Elias, who conveys him in a banka up the
Pasig to the Lake, where they are so closely beset by the Civil Guard that Elias leaps
into the water and draws the pursuers away from the boat, in which Ibarra lies
concealed.

On Christmas Eve, at the tomb of the Ibarras in a gloomy wood, Elias appears,
wounded and dying, to find there a boy named Basilio beside the corpse of his
mother, a poor woman who had been driven to insanity by her husband’s neglect
and abuses on the part of the Civil Guard, her younger son having page disappeared
some time before in the convento, where he was a sacristan. Basilio, who is ignorant
of Elias’s identity, helps him to build a funeral pyre, on which his corpse and the
madwoman’s are to be burned.

Upon learning of the reported death of Ibarra in the chase on the Lake, Maria Clara
becomes disconsolate and begs her supposed godfather, Fray Damaso, to put her in
a nunnery. Unconscious of her knowledge of their true relationship, the friar breaks
down and confesses that all the trouble he has stirred up with the Ibarras has been
to prevent her from marrying a native, which would condemn her and her children to
the oppressed and enslaved class. He finally yields to her entreaties and she enters
the nunnery of St. Clara, to which Padre Salvi is soon assigned in a ministerial
capacity.

Characters:
Juan Crisóstomo Ibarra y Magsalin (Ibarra)
A wealthy young mestizo who has just returned to the Philippines after seven years of studying in Europe,
Ibarra is sophisticated, highly esteemed, and very idealistic. The priests of San Diego all view him with
great wariness on account of his highly liberal education and connections. His father, the equally idealistic
Don Rafael, was labeled a subversive and a heretic by the corrupt priesthood and incarcerated, ultimately
leading to his death. Ibarra hopes to create a school in San Diego in order to carry out his father's dreams
and ideals, but he becomes entangled in conflicts with the church and is forced to flee San Diego as a result
of a conspiracy led by the scheming Father Salví. In contrast to his more radical friend Elías, Ibarra
generally wants to work within systems to reform the Philippines, rather than overthrow them, but he shifts
towards Elías's beliefs as the novel progresses.
María Clara
A woman of high social standing, she is thought to be the daughter of Capitan Tiago and goddaughter of
Father Dámaso. She is actually the biological daughter of Father Dámaso, the product of a scandalous
relationship between the old priest and Capitan Tiago’s wife. María Clara grew up alongside Ibarra and
planned to marry him, but Father Dámaso disapproved of the union. After Ibarra is excommunicated from
the church, her guardians set her up to be wed to Linares, a wealthy young man of Spanish descent, and
she tries to go along with the plan to avoid hurting her father, the weak-willed Capitan Tiago. When Ibarra
is put on trial for sedition, she is coerced into surrendering the letters Ibarra has sent her as evidence of his
guilt. Ultimately, when she hears of Ibarra's apparent death, she refuses to marry Linares and joins a
convent.
Father Dámaso
Father Dámaso is an old, power-hungry, and shamelessly corrupt Spanish priest who has lived among the
native Filipinos for nearly two decades. In spite of having spent all that time among them, the years have
done nothing to endear him or develop any sympathy in him for his “flock.” He is deeply racist, as well as
petty and vindictive, and he thinks nothing of using his considerable influence to ruin the lives of those
who have slighted him, regardless of how small the offense is. He masterminded the death of Don Rafael
Ibarra, then brazenly taunted the younger Ibarra. After he publically insults Ibarra's father, Ibarra attacks
him and he excommunicates Ibarra from the church. He is also the godfather (and, in fact, the biological
father) of María Clara, giving him influence over her relationship with Ibarra.
Elías
A mysterious character, Elías is a man on the run from the law who resents both the Spanish colonial
government and the Catholic Church, despite his strong religious convictions. He crosses paths with the
more temperate Ibarra when Ibarra bravely saves him from a crocodile. Elías uncovers a plot against
Ibarra's life and works closely with him throughout the second half of the novel. He and Ibarra have
several long conversations regarding the ethics of politics and governance, with Elias taking a more
revolutionary stance.
Father Salví
A younger, more cunning Spanish priest who assumes control over Father Damaso’s post as friar curate of
San Diego. He is in many regards more dangerous that his precursor as he is a more gifted strategist who
uses his religious role for political influence as well as personal vendettas. He frequently fights with the
town's ensign for power. His most significant role in the novel comes through his plot to ruin Ibarra, who is
engaged to María Clara, who he is in love with.
Captain Tiago (Don Santiago de los Santos)
Capitan Tiago is a rarity in that he is a wealthy Filipino who is native-born. He keeps close ties with high-
ranking members of the Catholic Church, despite actually having no respect for religion, and shamelessly
joins in others' racist insults against his own people. His primary concern is to marry off his daughter,
María Clara, to an affluent man from an influential family. This is one of the main reasons that he is quick
to toss aside his loyalties to Ibarra when he is labeled a subversive. His predilection for advantageous
social pairings makes him quick to assent to Linares as a potential new match for his daughter.
The Ensign
The nameless head of the Civil Guard of the township of San Diego. A man of Spanish descent, he is in a
constant bitter feud with Father Salví to gain power in the town. He imposes curfews that make it all but
impossible for the citizens of San Diego to attend mass at the proper schedule. He drinks excessively and is
married to Doña Consolación, who he frequently fights with.
Doña Consolación
The pugnacious wife of The Ensign, Doña Consolación is an older Filipina woman who is ashamed of her
heritage and pretends to be unable to speak Tagalog, her own native language. She fights with her husband
frequently and makes many of her husband's decisions for him. Despite being described as very ugly, she
is proud and demands respect from others.
Don Rafael Ibarra
Crisóstomo Ibarra’s father is posthumously mentioned in the novel. A critic of the corrupt practices of the
Spanish friars, he earns the ire of the vitriolic Father Dámaso, who accuses him of sedition and heresy. He
dies in prison before his name can be cleared. His remains are buried in the Catholic cemetery in the town
of San Diego, but Father Dámaso hires a gravedigger to disinter his body to have him buried at the Chinese
cemetery because of his status as a heretic.
Crispín
A young boy studying to be a church caretaker, Crispín and his brother Basilio work ceaselessly to send
support money to their beleaguered mother, Sisa. Crispín is blamed for stealing money from the church
coffers by the head sexton and is kept a virtual prisoner until the debt is paid. On the night that he and his
brother were to visit their mother, the head sexton keeps them until the curfew, effectively barring the
brothers from travelling. The head sexton beats him and he is never seen again afterward, presumably
dying at the hands of the cruel head sexton, though another church official claims he escaped.
Basilio
Basilio is Crispín's older brother. Like his younger brother, he works as a sexton. Basilio makes a
desperate run for their home the night Crispín is dragged away and attempts to locate his younger brother
the day after, but his search efforts are fruitless. The following day, the Civil Guard comes looking for him
and his brother. Fearing for his life, he runs to the forest where he goes into hiding, living with kind family
until Christmas Eve. When he finally locates Sisa, he learns that she has gone mad from grief and is thus
unable to identify him as her son. He follows her to the forest, where she regains her wits temporarily and
then dies from the shock.
Doctor Tiburcio de Espadaña
A fraud and a hustler, the Spaniard who calls himself Doctor Tiburcio de Espadaña was actually a customs
officer who was dismissed from his post shortly after arriving in the Philippines. Despite having no
medical experience, he travels the countryside posing as a doctor, charging extortionate fees for his so-
called services after his wife encourages him to pretend to be a doctor. His patients eventually catch wind
of his schemes and he is forced to relocate to another area where he is all but unknown. He finds his way to
San Diego, where he resumes his fake medical practice.
La Doctora Victorina de los Reyes de Espadaña
A brazen and determined Filipina social climber, Doña Victorina is the spouse of the counterfeit doctor,
Tiburcio de Espadaña. She is well past her prime and relies on garish make-up to carry on a façade of
youth. She eagerly tries to marry off her nephew to María Clara, likely as a means to further advance her
social status.
Lt. Guevara
A morally upright man of Spanish descent who holds both Crisóstomo Ibarra and the late Don Rafael in
high esteem, he is also the lieutenant of the Civil Guard. He is one of the few who openly support the
Ibarras and is vocal about his dislike of Father Dámaso’s control. He informs Crisóstomo Ibarra of the fate
of his father and how Father Damaso was involved in his death.
Linares
Dr. de Espadaña’s nephew, a respectable young Spanish man. Like his uncle, he has forged credentials and
hopes to climb through the social ranks.
The Schoolmaster
A teacher that Don Rafael housed, thus allowing him to suitably attend to the task of instructing students;
he informs Crisóstomo Ibarra of the sorry state of education of San Diego since the passing of his father.
The friars closely watch the material being taught in the school, forbidding him from teaching Spanish.
The schoolmaster is grateful to the Ibarra family, but he is not hopeful that he’ll make headway in getting
any lasting educational reforms to happen.
Don Filipo (Filipo Lino)
Don Filipo Lino is a representative of the younger, less religiously shackled generation of movers and
shakers in San Diego, and he also serves as the vice mayor of the town. He despises the idea of spending
lavish amounts of money on the numerous feast days that mark the religious calendar, seeing it as both
wasteful and burdensome to the citizens. His words, however, fall on deaf ears as he is only deputy mayor,
and the mayor himself is a dedicated follower of the Catholic church and the de facto  mouthpiece of the
friars.
The Mayor
Nothing more than a marionette of the Catholic priesthood, the unnamed mayor of San Diego is very
conservative and bows down to the religious officials of the town.
The Yellow Man
An assassin tasked to kill the younger Ibarra, his plot to murder the young man is thwarted by the cunning
Elias. He is given this moniker for his permanently sallow, jaundiced complexion.
Sisa
The long-suffering mother of sextons-in-training Crispin and Basilio, she goes mad upon the loss of her
sons. Impoverished and married to a violent drunkard, she is allied only with her sons. She wanders the
town, clothes tattered and hair disheveled, calling out for her sons. When she actually does meet Basilio,
she cannot recognize him.
Father Sibyla
A priest serving in the Binondo district in the city of Manila, Father Sibyla serves as a foil to the otherwise
largely corrupt Father Dámaso and the perverse Father Salví as he is rational and calm. Father Sibyla is an
adept and shrewd orator who takes obvious delight in antagonizing the pompous Father Dámaso at Ibarra’s
return party.
Aunt Isabel
A cousin of Capitan Tiago who raised Maria Clara as her own child after her mother’s untimely death.
Old Tasio (Don Anastasio)
An old man who previously studied philosophy and is believed to be crazy by most of the community. He
respects Ibarra and gives him valuable advice, and also helped Ibarra's father before him.