CHAPTER I

A. Introduction and Its Background

Onion (Allium cepa), also recognized as the bulb onion or common onion, is the most

extensively grown vegetable of the genus Allium (Hai, 2015). “Onion Production” (2019) noted that

onions first emerged in Central Asia and are among the ancient cultivated vegetables. It expressed that

it is a significant bulb vegetable in Filipino cuisine since it is one of the commonly used condiments. Also,

it said that the shallot onion (A. cepa cv.gr. ascalonicum), the medium-sized purple-skinned type

represented by ‘Red Creole’, and the large yellow-skinned type represented by ‘Yellow Granex’, are the

three types of onions being grown in the Philippines. Meanwhile, Central Luzon and Ilocos Region are

the highest onion producers in the country having 49.82% and 31.38% of the national production,

respectively (“Onion Production,” 2019).

The skins of onions contain various health benefits. According to “8 Onion Skin Uses” (2019), the

skins of onions are known to be rich in antioxidants and quercetin and have anti-obesity effects. It

remarked that their functionality has been proven by multiple clinical trials and studies. Furthermore, it

was indicated that onion peelings are a good source of nutrients such as phosphorus, potassium,

calcium, magnesium, and sulfur, needed by plants for growth. The web page also emphasized that onion

peelings should not be discarded as these can be useful in producing organic liquid fertilizer from their

extracts for all indoor or outdoor plants. Using the product will increase the disease resistance, growth,

strong stems, and productivity of plants (“8 Onion Skin Uses,” 2019). With this information, the

researchers developed the study on the effectivity of the onion peelings extract as an alternative to

liquid commercial fertilizer for pechay.

 Globally, “Organic Fertilizers Market” (2020) contended that given the low cost and healthy

long-lasting effect on soil, farmers are using organic fertilizers. Besides, it explained that various types of

fertilizers are sold in the markets, which are quite expensive, and commercial fertilizers can harm the

soil if not used properly. It also mentioned that the organic food industry has recently observed a

growing demand of consumers for organic foods. The web page emphasized that the growth of the

global organic fertilizers market is promoted by the increasing demand for organic foods. However, its

growth is likely to be hindered by the farmers’ ignorance on the advantages of organic fertilizers and the

usage of chemical fertilizers over organic fertilizers by many (“Organic Fertilizers Market,” 2020). Other

than that, the world is also facing challenges on the increase of bio-waste especially onion waste. Choi,

Moon, Cho, and Bae (2015) pointed out that in 2014, the global onion production was approximately 89

million tonnes, increasing by more than 25% over the past decade. Consequently, more than 550,000

tonnes of onionskin bio-waste are yearly generated (Choi et al., 2015). The aforementioned statements

are enough for the researchers to conduct the study.

Across the nation, “Organic Fertilizer Market” (2018) posited that despite the developing

agriculture and industry of the Philippines with the robust economic growth coupled with the increase

of the population, agricultural and industrial wastes are also increasing in recent times. Therefore, the

government has pursued sustainable environmental and economic development through the

implementation of some related policies (“Organic Fertilizer Market,” 2018). It also cited that an

example of which is the issued fertilizer policies that are vital elements of the Philippine agricultural

policy. Hence, the commercial production and usage of organic fertilizers are rising and have led to the

fast growth of the organic fertilizer market, which addresses industrial waste disposal problems and

promotes sustainable development (“Organic Fertilizer Market,” 2018). But even so, the problem of

industrial waste disposal has not ceased, prompting the researchers to conduct the study to help

minimize the problem.

 Locally, Cebu is not exempted from the industrial waste problems in our country. In fact, Climate

and Clean Air Coalition (2016) claimed that the city’s main produced wastes, that is about 67% of the

total waste generation, are organic such as leftover food and spoiled fruits and vegetables. Recyclable

waste is calculated at roughly 21 % and the remainder is hazardous and residual (Climate and Clean Air

Coalition, 2016). Villarete (2017) has asserted that similar to other thriving cities, Cebu is facing

challenges on solid waste management (SWM). He reported that poor institutional and organizational

framework for SWM, upper waste stream issues, and downstream problems are the general

classifications of the city’s major issues with handling waste. To address these challenges, he claimed

that the city has been exercising waste segregation and organic farming through the regulation of the

compost or organic fertilizer facility at the city nursery. Villarete (2017) also indicated that to promote

the practice of waste segregation and recycling among Cebuanos, the city undertook the project on the

₱160, 000 compost facility that aims to turn biodegradable waste into organic fertilizer. He added that a

staff from the City Agriculture Department gathers at least one ton of biodegradable waste from the

Carbon market every day, which is then deposited, into the composting facility, utilizing the technology

of Trichoderma. Three hundred fifty kilograms of organic fertilizer are generated by one ton of garbage,

that the demo farm situated at the nursery will use (Villarete, 2017).

In Saint Theresa’s College of Cebu, many plants specifically vegetables are grown in the gardens

and most of which need to be fertilized. Since commercial fertilizers are technically costly, the

administrators or the caretakers of the gardens will be able to utilize a much affordable, safer, and

healthier fertilizer for their plants. Minimization of food wastes specifically from the onion peelings that

are used by some concessionaires for their food products will be promoted as well. Through this, the

school’s mission of having a green campus will be further strengthened.

B. Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the effectivity of onion peelings extract as an alternative to liquid

commercial fertilizer for plants. Specifically, this study tries to answer the following questions:

What is the difference of the effect the liquid fertilizer from onion peelings extract from the liquid

commercial fertilizer to the growth of pechay in terms of:

a) height of the plant

b.) number of leaves

c.) leaf surface area

C. Formulation of the Hypothesis

Null: Onion peelings extract is not an effective alternative to liquid commercial fertilizer for pechay

because there is no significant difference to the growth of pechay in terms of the height of the plant,

number of leaves, and leaf surface area.

D. Significance of the Study

General Statement:

This study will benefit the following:

 People

The outcome of the experiment will help the people specifically, farmers, growers, and consumers in

several ways. Firstly, they will be able to grow and produce healthy plants by using a naturally

occurring organic fertilizer from the onion peelings extract that is accessible and safe. As stated by
the European Consortium of the Organic-Based Fertilizer Industry (n.d.), some of the benefits of

organic-based fertilizers like the onion peelings extract, include enhancing both nutrient efficiency

use and organic matter content of the soil, ameliorating the nutrient use efficiency to yield strong

crops, and keeping soil fertility to support plant growth. Secondly, livelier manufacturing and

farming communities are developed as local and regional job opportunities in both rural and urban

areas are created by the organic-based fertilizer industry (European Consortium of the Organic-

Based Fertilizer Industry, n.d.). Lastly, the people will contribute to the reduction of waste by

converting the onion peelings into a liquid fertilizer rather than throwing them away, which in return

protects them from the adverse health effects of overflowing wastes as it can lead to air pollution

causing multiple respiratory diseases (Ecube Labs, 2016).

 STC Community

With the usage of homemade and natural materials such as the study suggests, the community finds

a safer and convenient way of fertilizing their various plants from the said product. The STC

community will also ingest the nutritive value of the onion peelings extract applied in their plants

such as vegetables and fruits. Additionally, the community can also reduce the cost of purchasing

commercial fertilizers from the market. The materials that constitute the liquid fertilizer from the

onion peelings extract and the beneficial natural processes they produce, contribute to a

sustainable, resource-efficient, and zero-waste environment in which the STC community is devoted

to developing. To prove this, “STC Launches Zero Plastic” (2019) reported that environment-friendly

activities like proper garbage segregation, recycling, composting and the zero plastic initiative have

been observed by the STC community (para. 9). Also, the fertilizer industry where organic fertilizers

are a part of intends to save lives and the soil, and increase the communal level of human nutrition

and health (The Fertilizer Institute, 2012).

 Environment

The product will greatly help the environment in several ways as opposed to inorganic fertilizers.

According to Vinje (2012), many chemical fertilizers are manufactured from oil, thus their

production needs crucial expenditure in fossil fuels, which can cause more damage when they spill

off into waterways. Hunt (2010) indicated that the oxygen necessary for aquatic animals can be

depleted due to the chemical run-off of the extra fertilizer. Chemical fertilizers may lead to chemical

burn to crops, increased air pollution, and acidification of the soil (Hunt, 2010). Vinje (2012) stressed

that organic fertilizers like the product, not purifying and simplifying chemicals, are complex

compounds that include numerous secondary nutrients and micronutrients besides the ones that

they are usually known for. Significant micronutrients of organic fertilizers from manures, powdered

rocks, and wood ash, enhance the soil quality and boost its capacity to hold water and nutrients

(Lipford, 2008). These fertilizers like the onion peelings extract have little to no threat of harmful

chemical and salt accumulation that can be fatal to plants (Lipford, 2008). This study also helps the

environment through the minimization of bio-waste from onion peelings.

 Students/Future Researchers

The results derived from the experiment will help students or future researchers to be fully aware of

a natural alternative in fertilizing plants. They will be motivated to inform others, especially those

who need fertilizers about the product. Moreso, they will be challenged to foster new ideas in

providing an organic alternative to commercial fertilizers to supplement plants with required

elements found naturally in soil. The results may also inspire them to conduct further studies about

the potential of bio-waste as fertilizers and share their findings to the community to solve

environmental problems such as solid waste problems and preservation of plants.

E. Scopes and Limitations of the Study

The researchers conducted the study at St.Theresa’s College of Cebu to have a proper observance of

the product. The scope of the research was to produce an alternative liquid fertilizer for plants

specifically pechay, using onion peelings extract. The experimental method of research was applied and

pechay seeds were used for the experiment. For the experiment, three set-ups were prepared where a

commercial fertilizer was applied to the first set-up, liquid fertilizer from onion peelings extract was fed

to the second set-up and the last set-up was not fed with any fertilizer since it was the control group.

Three clay pots with the same height, loose soil, nine pechay seeds, and measuring cups were needed to

prepare the set-ups. Equal amounts of soil and 300 ml of water were applied to all set-ups. Three

pechay seeds were placed in each pot, and they were given a week to germinate before the plants in pot

A and pot B were fertilized. The mean height and number of leaves of the plants in each set-up were

recorded after a week of being planted and prior to the application of fertilizers. In creating the product,

three onion bulbs, a pitcher, an empty plastic bottle, and water were needed. The pitcher was filled with

1 liter of water and the peelings of the three onions were taken off, placed inside it, and soaked for the

next 24 hours. After a day, the onion peelings and its extract were separated by being strained into a

1.5 L plastic bottle. To formulate the commercial fertilizer, an empty plastic bottle was filled with 1 liter

of water. Four tablespoons of granules from the commercial fertilizer were then poured into the bottle

and was left for 24 hours. The fertilizers were applied in their respective set-ups once a week. All set-ups

were watered with 300 ml of water every day except for the plants in pot A and pot B on Fridays since

they were fed with 250 ml of fertilizer and only received 50 ml of water. After 1 week, the plant height

and number of leaves of each plant were recorded every weekday. The researchers took pictures weekly

to document their growth and the set-ups were observed for 19 days. On the last day of the experiment,

the leaf surface area of the plants was measured. Technically, the study was limited to families,

individuals, and farmers who cannot afford to buy commercial fertilizers.

F. Definition of Terms

 Antioxidant- a substance that prevents oxidation or reactions stimulated by oxygen, peroxides,

or free radicals, like those of beta-carotene or vitamin C.

 Calcium-a metallic chemical element of the alkaline-earth group that naturally exists only in

combination and is important for cellular processes in organisms.

 Chemical fertilizers - any inorganic material of entirely or partly synthetic origin applied to the

soil to support the growth of plants.

 Commercial fertilizer- A formulated chemical mixture designed to be used as a fertilizer that is

distinct from natural substances like those of farm manures.

 Compost- a mixture mostly of decomposed organic material, used for fertilizing and maintaining

the soil.

 Copper- a micronutrient essential for plant growth, as it performs a function in many enzyme

processes and is crucial for chlorophyll formation.

 Disease Resistance- the potential of certain species to resist the attack of pathogens and stay

completely uninfluenced and is used most frequently when referring to plants.

 Fertilizer- a substance utilized to create a more fertile soil such as manure or a chemical mixture.

 Iron- is a micronutrient needed by plants in small quantities and is involved in the production of

chlorophyll in plants, which provides oxygen and a healthy green color.

 Magnesium- an essential plant nutrient that has a wide range of functions in plant processes. It

also serves a fundamental part in the process of photosynthesis, and its lack is harmful to plant

growth.

 Nitrogen- an essential plant nutrient and an important element of chlorophyll, the compound in

which plants use sunlight energy to manufacture sugars from water and carbon dioxide.
 Organic- it entails the use of food produced with the use of feed or fertilizer from plants or

animals without the engagement of chemical fertilizers, growth stimulants, antibiotics, or

pesticides.

 Phosphorus- it takes part in numerous plant processes such as photosynthesis, respiration,

energy storage, and transfer, cell division, and cell enlargement.

 Potassium- a soft silvery-white reactive metal of the alkali metal group and the chemical

element of atomic number 19. It is an essential plant nutrient and is required in large amounts

for proper growth and reproduction of plants. This is the chemical element of atomic number

19, the soft silver-white reactive metal of the alkali metal group. It is an important plant nutrient

needed in large amounts for suitable plant growth and propagation.

 Quercetin- a yellow crystalline pigment present in plants, used as a food supplement to reduce

allergic responses or boost immunity.

 Sulfur- a nonmetallic chemical element that is an essential element for all life, resembles oxygen

in chemical properties, and is used especially in the form of sulfuric acid to

extract phosphorus from ores.

 Trichoderma- a form genus of imperfect fungi of the family Moniliaceae having nonseptate

conidia borne in heads on 2-branched or 3-branched conidiophores.  

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

 Related Literature

The bulb onion (Allium cepa L.) locally known as "sibuyas" is perhaps the most important

culinary ingredient in the world particularly in seasoning as it is suitable for spicing up meat, salads and

vegetable dishes due to its strong smell and pungent flavor (Department of Agriculture, 2012).

Notwithstanding the onions’ ability to bring watery eyes when being chopped, they may also offer

potential medical advantages which include lowering the risk of different types of cancer, improving

mood, and keeping healthy skin and hair (Ware, 2019). Additionally, the vegetable is known to be used

in treating many physiological ailments such as cough, obesity, insomnia, hemorrhoids, and constipation

(Department of Agriculture, 2012). Aside from that, van der Meer and Leong (2016) noted that onions

hold a key role in traditional medicine as a diuretic, for example. Moreover, its function in inhibiting

both the blood sugar level and platelet aggregation has recently been revealed.

Since ancient healers were unaware of the richest component of the onion, “How to Use Onion”

(2014) claimed that they spontaneously used it as a remedy for many diseases. The web page

highlighted that the vegetable’s components of potassium, phosphorus, calcium, zinc, iron, magnesium,

fluorine, iodine, sulfur, nitrogenous substances, and saponins, doesn’t only benefit humans but also

impact the growth and development of crops. The six essential nutrients needed by plants for growth

and survival are nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sulfur, and calcium (Ersek, 2012).

Noticeably, these nutrients are present in onions.

 “How to Use Onion” (2014) wrote that onions, especially the red ones, are known to have a rich

source of quercetin, an element belonging to the group of flavonoids. Quercetin can reinforce the

plants' root system, providing them with adequate nourishment because of its proven antioxidant,

immunostimulating, anti-inflammatory, regenerative, anti-allergic, anti-tumor, and cardioprotective

properties (“How to Use Onion,” 2014). Thus, “8 Onion Skin Uses” (2019) suggested that an organic

liquid fertilizer rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron, and copper can be

made from onion peelings. Disease resistance, growth, strong stems, and productivity of plants will be

raised by the usage of the liquid fertilizer from the peelings (“8 Onion Skin Uses,” 2019). Onion peelings

produced after preparing the onions for cooking, not only substantially enhance the soil structure and

deter pests but also contain substances that eliminate pathogens (Ersek, 2012).

A fertilizer is a chemical or natural substance that is added to soil or tissues of plants to supply

the nutrients necessary for plant growth (Scherer, Mengel, Kluge, & Severin, 2009). As stated by Miller

(2018), the soil is supplemented with nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium, the macronutrients

needed in large amounts by fertilizers. The British Broadcasting Corporation (n.d.) wrote that fertilizers

contribute to fast-growing and bigger crops in order to increase yields. Likewise, it explained that the

compounds employed must be water-soluble, so they can be consumed by plants from their roots.

Furthermore, Miller (2018) pointed out that organic fertilizers have natural origins of either plant or

animal that can be an output of naturally occurring processes like manures, leaves, and compost; while

inorganic fertilizers are produced through synthetic procedures and contain minerals. Though several

inorganic or chemical fertilizers originated from natural mineral deposits, Pokorny (2015) discussed that

these are sometimes referred to as commercial fertilizers since they undergo a manufacturing process.

Accordingly, farmers are using organic fertilizers because of their inexpensiveness and favorable impacts

on soil (“Organic Fertilizers Market,” 2020).

 Brust (2019) affirmed that fertigation, the application of liquid organic fertilizers through a drip

irrigation system, renders chances for more effective use of nitrogen. Buchanan (2000) asserted that the

absorption of any nutrient in a water-soluble form is easily accessible by plants immediately after

employment, contributing to an improved fertilizer usage (as cited in Brust, 2019, p. 206). Brust (2019)

suggested that individuals can lessen nutrient deficiencies from the root zone if nutrients are supplied to

plants shortly before they are necessary. He also added that the utilization of liquid fertilizers can be

frequent, based on the required nutrients of the crops. Marr (1993) acknowledged that this results in

better management of the producers on the availability of nutrients to their crops (as cited in Brust,

2019, p. 206).

 Related Studies

Pellejero, Miglierina, Aschkar, Turcato, and Jiménez-Ballesta (2017) proven the productive

impacts in the application of organic fertilizer to soils through studying the outcomes of organic fertilizer

from the onion residue compost in the lower valley of the Rio Negro in Argentina. Pellejero et al. (2017)

assessed the effectivity of compost based on a mix of onion waste and bovine manure as organic

fertilizer in improving soil quality through an experiment in a completely randomized design (CRD) that

included ten copies of each of the five treatments and one control. The study also examined the results

between the application of differing compost dosages and the product of growing lettuce (Lactuca

sativa). Plant pots and experimental plots in Aridisol which is a typical soil of the region with low content

of organic matter, pH 8.3 and 2.2% of organic matter combined with varying compost quantities (20, 40,

60 and 80 Mg ha −1) and urea (0.26 Mg ha −1) which is the chemical treatment, were used inside a

greenhouse to plant the lettuces and execute the tests for two consecutive years (Pellejero et al., 2017).
 The findings of the study exhibited that each treatment resulted in higher yields than control

and the increase in output variables was caused by the application of increasing compost quantities

(Pellejero et al., 2017). Furthermore, they discovered that the largest root lengths, the highest fresh

weights, and the total weights of the lettuces were provided by the employment of urea and the highest

compost doses of 60 Mg ha−1 and 80 Mg ha−1. Overall, in the treatments and the highest compost

dosages, the highest nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus content in lettuce leaves were observed

(Pellejero et al., 2017). As a result, Pellejero et al. concluded that the addition of organic fertilizer to soils

has a positive effect on the fresh weight of the plant, endorsed the use of doses of 60 Mg ha −1, and

recognized that the dose of 80 Mg ha −1 could substitute the use of chemical fertilizers such as urea with

adequate outcomes.

Martínez-Alcántara, Martínez-Cuenca, Bermejo, Legaz, and Quiñones (2016) showed that

mandarins fertilized with animal-based liquid fertilizers displayed higher total tree biomass with a more

abundant growth of new developing organs due to its inherent structure. Martínez-Alcántara et al.

(2016) conducted a comparative study in Moncada, Spain on the two liquid fertilizers, an animal-based

fertilizer from sheep manure and a plant-based fertilizer obtained from maize residues, with mineral

fertilization on citrus trees. Nevertheless, the study didn’t undermine the performance of the liquid

plant-based fertilizer as it demonstrated that liquid organic fertilization has facilitated the increase in the

amount of organic matter and nutrient concentration of citrus plants as opposed to mineral fertilized

citrus trees. Likewise, the study also reported that organic fertilization had beneficial effects on the

carbohydrate content and increased the content of organic matter in the soil (p. 1). Because they

improve soil chemical fertility, avoid uncontrolled concentration of nitrate nitrogen, foster plant growth

and carbon assimilation in the plant, Martínez-Alcántara et al. supported the use of liquid organic

fertilizers as an effective alternative for mineral fertilizers in managing nutrients of citrus trees under
drip irrigation. Moreover, these fertilizers would minimize the use of chemicals and reuse crop residues

and animal manure, granting them added value (Martínez-Alcántara et al., 2016).

Khairnar and Nair (2019) revealed the potential of organic materials such as eggshell powder,

sweet lime peel powder, and banana peel powder as fertilizers during a study at the University of

Mumbai, India. Khairnar and Nair (2019) focused on the use of eggshell and fruit peels for successful

plant growth. The study experimented on the formulation of eggshell and fruit peels for pH evaluation,

to control the amount of eggshell powder, sweet lime powder, and banana peel powder needed for a

certain soil (Khairnar & Nair, 2019). In addition, the pH testing of samples in the study revealed that

eggshell is less acidic and banana naturally alkaline while sweet lime is acidic, because of the presence of

citric acid. Additionally, a CNHS Analyzer was utilized to investigate the carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and

hydrogen (H) content from eggshell powder and fruit peels (Khairnar & Nair, 2019).

Eggshell has a high supply of calcium that decreases soil acidity which enhances crop production

indirectly and regulates other metabolic processes and biochemical functions (Khairnar & Nair, 2019).

Additionally, the results showed that sweet lime peel powder had a higher percentage of nitrogen with

1.197 percent in 2.114 mg and carbon with 38.053 percent in 2.114 mg, while banana peel powder had

a higher percentage of hydrogen with 6.153 percent in 2.256 mg compared to the remaining samples

(Khairnar & Nair, 2019). The experimental study proved that all three powders can be used as fertilizers

without cost bearing as these organic wastes are obtained from household waste.
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